During exercise, the respiratory system works to regulate gas exchange and maintain acid-base balance in the blood and tissues. Pulmonary ventilation increases to meet the higher oxygen demands of active muscles. Inspiration is an active process using respiratory muscles, while expiration is generally passive. Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the lungs, while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried mainly by hemoglobin and bicarbonate in the blood. Regulation of breathing is controlled by brainstem centers but can be overridden voluntarily. Ventilation increases with exercise intensity to maintain appropriate blood gas levels and pH. Limitations can occur from respiratory muscle work or airway issues that affect gas exchange.
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
Presentation of Dr. Lluis Blanch at 10th Pulmonary Medicine Update Course, Cairo, Egypt. Pulmonary Medicine Update Course is organized by Scribe : www.scribeofegypt.com
Presentation of Dr. Lluis Blanch at 10th Pulmonary Medicine Update Course, Cairo, Egypt. Pulmonary Medicine Update Course is organized by Scribe : www.scribeofegypt.com
Anatomically the respiratory system is divided into
Upper respiratory tract
From the nostril to the vocal cord
Lower respiratory tract
The lower respiratory tract is from bellow the vocal cord upto the alveoli
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiratory System Anatomy (fig.
9.1)
Pulmonary Ventilation
– commonly referred to as breathing
– process of moving air in and out of the
lungs
– nasal breathing: warms, humidifies, and
filters the air we breathe
– pleural sacs suspend the lungs from the
thorax and contain fluid to prevent friction
against the thoracic cage.
3. Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiration
– is an active process of the diaphragm and
the external intercostal muscles.
– air rushes in into the lungs to reduce a
pressure difference.
– forced inspiration is further assisted by
the scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and
pectoralis muscles.
Expiration
– is a passive relaxation of the inspiratory
muscles and the lung recoils.
– increased thoracic pressure forces air out
of the lungs
– forced expiration is an active process of
the internal intercostal muscles
(latissimus dorsi, quadratus lumborum &
abdominals).
4. Pulmonary Diffusion
Is the gas exchange in the lungs
and serves two functions:
– it replenishes the blood’s oxygen supply in
pulmonary capillaries
– it removes carbon dioxide from the
pulmonary capillaries
The respiratory membrane (fig.
9.4)
– gas eschange occurs between the air in the
alveoli, through the respiratory membrane,
to the red blood cells in the blood of the
pulmonary capillaries.
5. Pulmonary Diffusion
Partial Pressures of gasses
– the individual pressures from each gas in
a mixture together create a total pressure.
– air we breathe = 79% (N2), 21% (O2),
and .03% (CO2) = 760mmHg
– differences in the partial pressures of the
gases in the alveoli and the gases in the
blood create a pressure gradient. (fig.
9.5, 9.6)
6. Pulmonary Diffusion
Oxygen’s rate at which it
diffuses from the alveoli int the
blood is referred to as the oxygen
diffusion capacity.
– untrained (45 ml/kg/min) vs trained (80
ml/kg/min)
due to increased cardiac output,
alveolar surface area, and reduced
resistance to diffusion across the
respiratory membranes.
– large athletes (males) vs small athletes
(females)
due to increased lung capacity,
increased alveolar surface area, and
increased blood pressure from muscle
pumping.
7. Pulmonary Diffusion
Carbon dioxide’s membrane
solubility is 20 times greater than
that of oxygen, so CO2 can
diffuse across the respiratory
membrane much more rapidly.
8. Transport of Oxygen By
The Blood
Dissolved in the blood plasma
(2%)
Dissolved with hemoglobin of red
blood cells (98%)
– complete hemaglobin saturation at sea
level is 98%.
– many factors influence hemoglobin
saturation (fig. 9.7)
Po2 values (fig. 9.7a)
decline in pH level from increasing lactate
levels allows more oxygen to be unloaded and
higher Po2 is needed to saturate the
hemaglobin. (fig. 9.7b)
increased blood temperature allows oxygen to
unload more efficiently and higher Po2 is
needed to saturate the hemaglobin. (fig. 9.7c)
anemia reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying
capacity.
9. Athletes
Athletes with larger aerobic
capacities often also have
greater oxygen diffusion
capacities due to increased
cardiac output, blood pressure,
alveolar surface area, and
reduced resistance to diffusion
across respiratory membranes.
10. Transport of Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood
CO2 released from the tissues is
rarely (7%) dissolved in plasma.
CO2 combines with H2O, then loses a
H+ ion to form a bicarbonate ion
(HCO3) and transports 70% of carbon
dioxide back to the lungs.
– the lost H+ binds to hemoglobin which
enhances oxygen unloading
– sodium bicarbonate as an ergogenic aid
serves the same purpose as a buffer and
neutralizer of H+ preventing blood
acidification.
CO2 can also bind with the amino
acids of the hemoglobin to form
carbaminohemoglobin and is
transported to the lungs.
11. Gas Exchange at the
Muscles
The arterial-venous oxygen
difference
(fig. 9.8, 9.9)
– as the rate of oxygen use increases, the
a-vO2 difference increases.
Factors influencing oxygen
delivery and uptake
– under normal conditions hemoglobin is
98% saturated with O2.
– increased blood flow increases oxygen
delivery and uptake
because of increased muscle use of
O2 and CO2 productions
because of increased muscle
temperature (metabolism)
12. Gas Exchange at The
Muscles
Carbon dioxide exits the cells
by simple diffusion in response
to the partial pressure gradient
between the tissue and the
capillary blood.
13. Regulation of
Pulmonary Ventilation
Mechanisms of pulmonary
ventilation (fig. 9.10)
– controlled by respiratory centers of the
brainstem by sending out periodic
impulses to the respiratory muscles.
– chemoreceptors also stimulate the brain to
stimulate the respiratory centers to
increase respiration to rid the body of
carbon dioxide.
– stretch receptors of the pleurae,
bronchioles and alveoli send impulses to
the expiratory center to shorten
inspiration.
– the motor cortex of the voluntary nervous
system can control ventilation but can also
be overriden by the involuntary system.
14. Regulation of
Pulmonary Ventilation
The goal of respiration is to
maintain appropriate levels of
the blood and tissue gases and
to maintain proper pH for
normal cellular function.
Exercise pulmonary ventilation
(fig. 9.11)
– the anticipatory response creates a pre-
exercise breathing increased depth &
rate of ventilation.
– gradual exercise ventilation increases
occur due to temperature and chemical
status.
– respiratory recovery creates a slow
decreased ventilation during post-
exercise breathing.
15. Regulation of
Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiratory problems hinder
performance
– Dyspnea is difficulty or labored
breathing from poor conditioning of the
respiratory muscles.
– Hyperventilation is a sudden increase in
ventilation (mainly expiration) that
exceeds the metabolic need for oxygen.
pre-exercise hyperventilation creates
CO2 unloading (swimmers).
Valalva maneuver occurs when air
is trapped in the lungs which
restricts venous return, and cardiac
output.
16. Ventilation and Energy
Metabolism
Ventilatory Equivalent for
Oxygen
– is the ratio of volume of air ventilated
and the amount of oxygen consumed by
the tissues Ve/Vo2 (fig. 9.12).
– the control systems for breathing keep
the Ve/Vo2 relatively constant to meet
the body’s need for oxygen.
Ventilatory Breakpoint
– is the point at which ventilation
increases disproportionately to the
oxygen consumption of the tissues to
try to clear excess CO2.
– this usually occurs at 55% to 70% of
Vo2 max and correlates to anaerobic
threshold and lactate threshold.
17. Ventilation and Energy
Metabolism
Ventilatory Equivalent for
Carbon Dioxide
– is the ratio of air ventelated to the
amount of CO2 produced.
– anaerobic threshold is measured by an
increase in Ve/Vo2 without an increase
in Ve/Vco2
(fig. 9.13).
18. Respiratory Limitations
to Performance
Energy produced by oxidation and used by
the respiratory muscles increases from 2% to
15% during heavy exercise.
Pulmonary Ventilation might be a limiting
factor in highly trained subjects during
maximal exhaustive exercise due to a high
Vo2 max.
Airway Resistance and Gas Diffusion in
the lungs do not limit exercise in a normal
healthy individual.
Restrictive or Obstructive Air Ways can
limit athletic performance by decreasing the
Po2 or increasing the Pco2.
– asthma
– bronchitis
– emphasema
19. Respiratory Regulation
of
Acid-Base Balance
Chemical Buffers
– bicarbonate, phosphates, and proteins
baking soda as an ergogenic aid to
buffer
– increased ventilation to decrease H+
– accumulated H+ is removed by the
kidneys and urinary system
– H+ is difussed throughout the body
fluids and reach equilibrium after only
5 to 10 minutes of recovery
this is facilitated by active recovery
(fig. 9.15).