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Blood transfusion
This document defines blood transfusion and discusses its purposes, situations where it is needed, potential reactions, and nursing interventions for reactions. It also classifies different blood products, how they are used, and blood compatibility. Specifically, it states that blood transfusion is a procedure where a patient receives blood products intravenously. Its main purposes are to replace lost blood from injury or surgery, restore oxygen levels, and provide clotting factors. Potential reactions include hemolytic, febrile, allergic, circulatory overload, and sepsis. Nursing interventions depend on the reaction but may include stopping the transfusion and notifying the provider. The document also describes various blood products like packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and
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Blood transfusion
- 1. BLOOD TRANSFUSION By- Dr.Armaan Singh
- 2. At the endof 30 minutes, the group should be able to: Define Blood Transfusion Identify purposes of the procedure Cite situations in which blood transfusion is needed Enumerate the different transfusion reactions with its clinical signs and appropriate nursing interventions Classify and describe the different blood products and how it is being used
- 3. BLOOD TRANSFUSION It isa procedure in which a patient receives a blood product through an intravenous line. It is the introduction of blood components into the venous circulation. Process of transferring blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another.
- 4. Purposes To replace bloodlost during surgery or a serious injury. To restore oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. To provide plasma factors to prevent or treat bleeding. Done if patient’s body is not capable of making blood properly because of an illness.
- 5. Typical Situations inwhich blood products are given Major injuries after an accident or disaster Surgery on an organ such as the liver and the heart Severe Anemia Bleeding such as Haemophilia and Thrombocytopenia
- 6. BLOOD TYPES Blood Typesand their Compatibility
- 7. BLOOD TYPES •Each personhas one of the following blood types: A, B, AB, or O. •O can be given to anyone but can only receive O. • AB can receive any type but can only be given to AB. • Also, every person's blood is either Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
- 8. BLOOD TYPES Theblood used in a transfusion must be compatible with the patient's blood type. Type O blood is called the universal donor People with type AB blood are called universal recipients People with Rh-positive blood can get Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. But people with Rh-negative blood should get only Rh-negative blood.
- 9. BLOOD BANKS Blood bankscollect, test, and store blood. Autologous transfusion - If surgery is scheduled months in advance, patients may be able to donate their own blood and have it stored.
- 10. PREPARATION Before a bloodtransfusion, a technician tests the patient's blood to find out what blood type they have (that is, A, B, AB, or O and Rh positive or Rh negative). Some patients may have allergic reactions even when the blood given does work with their own blood type.
- 11. ADMINISTERING BLOOD Blood transfusionstake place in either a doctor's office or a hospital. They can be done at the patient's home, but this is less common.
- 12. ADMINISTERING BLOOD A needleis used to insert an intravenous (IV) line into a blood vessel. Through this line, the blood is transfused. The procedure usually takes one to four hours. The time depends on how much blood is needed, which blood product is given, and whether the patient's body can safely receive blood quickly or not.
- 13. ADMINISTERING BLOOD During theblood transfusion, a nurse carefully watches the patient, especially for the first 15 minutes. This is when bad reactions are most likely to occur.
- 14. ADMINISTERING BLOOD After ablood transfusion, vital signs are checked (such as temperature, blood pressure, respiration rate, and heart rate).
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- 16. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS REACTION:CAUSE CLINICALSIGNS NURSING INTERVENTIONS Hemolytic Reaction: incompatibility between client’s blood and donor’s blood Chills, fever, headache, backache, dyspnea, cyanosis, chest pain, tachycardia, hypotension 1. Discontinue the transfusion immediately. NOTE: when the transfusion is discontinued, use new tubing for the normal saline infusion. 2. Notify primary care provider immediately. 3. Monitor vital signs. 4. Monitor fluid intake and output. 5. Send the remaining blood, bag, filter, tubing, a sample of the client’s blood, and a urine sample to the laboratory.
- 17. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS REACTION:CAUSE CLINICALSIGNS NURSING INTERVENTIONS Febrile Reaction: sensitivity of the client’s blood to white blood cells, platelets, or plasma proteins Fever, chills, warm and flushed skin, headache, anxiety, muscle pain 1. Discontinue the transfusion immediately. 2. Give antipyretics as ordered. 3. Notify the primary care provider. 4. Keep the vein open with a normal saline infusion.
- 18. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS REACTION:CAUSE CLINICALSIGNS NURSING INTERVENTIONS Allergic Reaction (Mild) Flushing, itching, urticaria, bronchial wheezing 1. Stop or slow the transfusion, depending on agency protocol. 2. Notify the primary care provider. 3. Administer antihistamines as ordered. Allergic Reaction (Severe) Dyspnea, chest pain, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest 1. Stop the transfusion. 2. Keep the vein open with a normal saline solution. 3. Notify the primary care provider immediately. 4. Monitor vital signs. Administer CPR if needed. 5. Administer medications or oxygen as ordered.
- 19. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS REACTION:CAUSE CLINICALSIGNS NURSING INTERVENTIONS Circulatory Overload: blood administered faster than the circulation can accommodate Cough, dyspnea, crackles (rales), distended neck veins, tachycardia, hypertension 1. Place the client upright, with feet dependent. 2. Stop or slow the transfusion. 3. Notify the primary care provider. 4. Administer diuretics or oxygen as ordered.
- 20. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS REACTION:CAUSE CLINICALSIGNS NURSING INTERVENTIONS Sepsis: contaminated blood administered High fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension 1. Stop the transfusion. 2. Keep the vein open with a normal saline solution infusion. 3. Notify the primary care provider. 4. Administer IV fluids, Antibiotics. 5. Obtain a blood specimen from the client for culture. 6. Send the remaining blood and tubing to the laboratory
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- 22. BLOOD PRODUCTS PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION A.Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) Most common type of blood product for transfusion Used to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Help the body get rid of carbon dioxide and other waste products 1 unit of PRBCs = raises hematocrit by 2- 3%
- 23. BLOOD PRODUCTS PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION B.Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) Plasma is the liquid component of blood; it has proteins called clotting factors Expands blood volume and provides clotting factors Contains no RBCs 1 unit of FFP = increases level of any clotting factor by 2-3%
- 24. BLOOD PRODUCTS PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION C.Platelets Also known as thrombocytes Tiny cell structures necessary in blood clotting process Replaces platelets in clients with bleeding disorders, or platelet deficiency 1 unit = increases the average adult client’s platelet count by about 5,000 platelets/microliter
- 25. BLOOD PRODUCTS PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION D.Whole Blood Not commonly used except for extreme cases of acute hemorrhage Replaces blood volume and all blood products E. Autologous Red Blood Cells Used for blood replacement following planned elective surgery Must be donated 4-5 weeks prior to surgery
- 26. BLOOD PRODUCTS PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION F.Albumin and Plasma Protein Fraction Blood volume expander Provides plasma protein G. Clotting Factors and Cryoprecipitate A portion of plasma containing certain specific clotting factors Used for clients with clotting factor deficiencies Contains Fibrinogen
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