Blood component therapy involves the intravenous administration of whole blood or blood components like red blood cells, platelets, or plasma to treat medical conditions. It is used to increase blood volume, oxygen carrying capacity, clotting factors, and fight infections. Potential complications include hemolytic transfusion reactions, allergic reactions, circulatory overload, and infectious disease transmission. Nurses are responsible for safely administering transfusions and monitoring for adverse reactions.
NURSES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD PRODUCTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT BLOOD, IT'S COMPONENTS, AND PRE-INTRA-POST TRANSFUSION RESPONSIBILITY.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
NURSES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD PRODUCTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT BLOOD, IT'S COMPONENTS, AND PRE-INTRA-POST TRANSFUSION RESPONSIBILITY.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
This presentation can help you understand the concept of Cardiogenic Shock more. It contains Definition, Causes, Risk Factors, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention, Prognosis, and Pathophysiology.
Cardiogenic Shock is a type of Shock wherein the main cause of problem is the inability of the heart itself to pump out the blood making the heart's workload and pressure increase.
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People suffering from hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood.
Cardiac catheterization (kath-uh-tur-ih-ZAY-shun) is a procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. During cardiac catheterization, a long thin tube called a catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in your groin, neck or arm and threaded through your blood vessels to your heart.
Using this catheter, doctors can then do diagnostic tests as part of a cardiac catheterization. Some heart disease treatments, such as coronary angioplasty, also are done using cardiac catheterization.
Usually, you'll be awake during cardiac catheterization, but given medications to help you relax. Recovery time for a cardiac catheterization is quick, and there's a low risk of complications.
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body.
Hypovolemic shock symptoms include:
Breathing faster than normal.
Feeling confused or anxious.
Sweating a lot.
Passing out.
Having skin that feels cool.
Feeling weak.
Having a low temperature and low blood pressure.
Having a fast pulse.
The most common cause of hypovolemic shock is blood loss when a major blood vessel bursts or when you're seriously injured. This is called hemorrhagic shock. You can also get it from heavy bleeding related to pregnancy, from burns, or even from severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Fluid resuscitation is the mainstay of therapy in patients with severe hypovolemia.
Define blood transfusion
Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
Brief the history of blood transfusion
Describe various component of blood
Understand types of blood transfusion
Perform the steps of the procedure
Recognize the adverse reaction of blood transfusion
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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2. DEFINITION
Blood transfusion is the IV
administration of whole
blood or its component
such as plasma , packed red
blood cells or platelets to
correct or treat any clinical
condition of a patient.
3. PURPOSES
To increasing circulating blood volume .
To increase the no. of red blood cells & to maintain
hemoglobin level.
To provide plasma clotting factors, to help in controlling
bleeding.
To combat infection due to decreased or defective white
cells or antibodies.
4. INDICATION
After surgery , trauma or hemorrhage .
Severe anemia.
Leucopenia (↓se WBC).
Agranulocytosis (bone marrow does not produce
enough or mature WBC)
5. BLOOD GROUP
Blood groups & their respective agents.
Group : AB A B O.
The group O is universal “donor”.
The group AB is universal “recipient “.
6. PRE-TRANSFUSION ASSESSMENT
1. Patient history of previous transfusion ,
reactions to transfusions ,
No. of pregnancies a women has ,
health problem ,
cardiac , pulmonary & vascular diseases.
2. Physical assessment –
baseline vital signs ,
auscultation of lungs & patients use of accessory muscles ,
edema , jugular vein distention ,
skin rashes , echymosis, etc.
3. Patients teaching :
patient should be taught about the sign & symptoms of adverse
reactions.
7. PREPARATION OF RECIPIENT
Explain the procedure to the patient & relatives
Ask whether he/she has undergone prio transfusion &
reactions
Take informed consent from the patient/relative
Provide comfortable position to the patient
8. CONT…
Check & record the vital signs of the patient.
Offer a bedpan before starting the procedure.
Educate the patient about adverse reactions & ask her/him
to report immediately
10. PREPARATION OF ARTICLES
1. A tray containing :
2. A blood transfusion set
3. A mackintosh & A towel
4. A tourniquet ,
5. Cotton swabs with Antiseptic
6. Adhesive tape & scissors ,
7. Gloves ,
8. kidney tray .
9. IV stand
10. NS,
11. Paper bag ,
12. Blood or any of it components
with cover received from
blood bank with the name of
recipient
11. PROCEDURE
Wash hands , wear gloves
Perform vein puncture by selecting a large vein which allows
the patients mobility.
Check the blood to be transfused for group , Rh type , expiry
date etc. Also inspect for abnormal colour, cloudiness , clot &
excess air.
Open the packing of blood transfusion set aseptically & insert
infusion set into.
12. CONT..
Check the needle & solution of previous IV infusion whether
they are appropriate for administering blood. The needle
no.18 or 19 & solution must be NS.
Put pressure by placing tourniquet 10-12 cm above insertion
site & ask patient to clench fist
Clean the insertion site with iodine & spirit.
Insert the needle & start infusion with NS
13. CONT…
Firstly identify blood product & patient thoroughly & the
transfusion is begun
For first 15 min adjust flow at 2ml/min & remain with patient .
If any reaction is suspected , notify the physician
Monitor vital signs every 5 min for first 15 min
Observe for flushing , itching , dyspnea , rash or any other
adverse reaction
14. CONT…
Then infusion rate should be set as per physician’s order
Remove & dispose of gloves, wash hands
Record with date , time , blood group , adverse reactions &
amount of blood infused
1 unit of blood contains 350ml of blood
Preservative –citrate dextrose phosphate adenine
15. NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
Nurse is responsible for safety & effectively administering IV
infusion .
Nurse must have legal knowledge about infusion.
Nurse should do through assessment of patients Physical
condition , medical history , allergies & dietary pattern should
be known by nurse
16. CONT…
Nurse should have knowledge about calculation of flow rate &
methodical approach .
Nurse should apply physiological , anatomical & aseptic
principles .
Nurse should have vigilant observation throughout the
procedure so as to prevent adverse reactions which can
sometimes be fatal
17. COMPLICATIONS OF BT
1. Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction :-
Occurs due to incompatibility of blood,
Incomplete storage of blood ,
Storage beyond 21 days ,
Warming of blood above 40◦C or by exposure of red cells to
dextrose solutions It is indicated by fever , chills , head-ache ,
dyspnea , cyanosis , chest pain etc.
There may be a drop in B.P. , oliguria or may cause anuria.
18. CONT…
2. Pyogenic Reactions :
Its incidence gets decreased now a days due to use of
disposable sets .
It occurs when there are some external substances present in
the tubing, characterized by fever with chills , nausea ,
vomiting , diarrhea , headache , backache , delirium , shock &
renal failure
19. CONT…
3. Allergic Reactions :
There are due to individual sensitivity to plasma proteins
characterized by itching , laryngeal edema & bronchial spasms
4. Circulatory Overloads :
It occurs in people suffering from severe anemia , as they
need only RBC’s , but when they receive the whole blood .
Patients with heart failure are more vulnerable for circulatory
overload
20. CONT…
5. Transmission of infectious diseases :
Various diseases like hepatitis, AIDS , malaria , syphilis etc. are
transmitted through blood when not properly checked.
6. Anaphylactic reactions :
These occur rarely but are life threatening condition
characterized by a severe respiratory & cardio-vascular
collapse , severe GI disturbances
22. NURSING MANAGEMENT REGARDING
COMPLICATION OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
If occur : -
Stop the transfusion immediately
Notify the physician
Connect the Iv line with 0.9% normal saline.
Be with the client, observe the sign and symptoms and
monitor the vital signs till they becomes stable.
23. CONT…
Get ready the emergency drugs such as vasopressor ,
antihistamine, steroid, and fluids.
Obtain a urine specimen and send to the laboratory.
Save the blood container and tubing for return to the bank .
Document the reactions and measures carried out.
24. NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
Nurse is responsible for safety and effectively administering i/v
infusion.
Nurse must have legal knowledge about infusion.
Nurse should do through assessment of patients physical codition ,
medical history, allergies and dietary pattern.
Nurse should have knowledge about calculation of flow rate and
methodical.
Nurse should apply physiological, anatomical and aseptic principles.
Nurse should have vigilant observation through out the procedure so as
to prevent adverse reactions which can sometimes be fetal.
26. REFERENCES
Janne v. hickey the clinical procedure of nursing 6th edition
2009, page no . 435-436.
Annamma jacob, clinical nursing procedure . The art of nursing
practice second edition 2010.page no .435.