medical and surgical,introduction,blood and blood products,GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR GIVING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,Nursing Implications -Before transfusion:
Check physician’s orders
Review hospital policy
Ensure informed and written consent is provided
Check laboratory values
Understand the indications and rationale
Verification procedure occurs with
two nurses
Before transfusion (con’t):
Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor
Inspect the blood product for discolouration, clots, leaking, or presence of bubbles
Check the unit number on the unit of blood and on the form
Check the expiration date and time on unit of blood
Ask client to state first and last name
Check patient’s identification number on wristband and record
Nursing Implications in a Reaction
Stop transfusion
Remove tubing that contains blood product
Infuse with 0.9% normal saline
Monitor vital signs
Notify physician
Notify blood bank and return blood component
Administer medication depending on type of reaction
Epinephrine, antihistamines, antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
YouTube video is attached. In this high-yield, concise presentation, you will learn about the various blood collection tubes, color coding and the order of draw.
Lecture By:
Dr Hisham Fakher
Consultant Hematology
Medical Director of Regional Laboratory and Central Blood Bank
Ministry of Health –Almadinah Almonawarah
YouTube video is attached. In this high-yield, concise presentation, you will learn about the various blood collection tubes, color coding and the order of draw.
Lecture By:
Dr Hisham Fakher
Consultant Hematology
Medical Director of Regional Laboratory and Central Blood Bank
Ministry of Health –Almadinah Almonawarah
Define blood transfusion
Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
Brief the history of blood transfusion
Describe various component of blood
Understand types of blood transfusion
Perform the steps of the procedure
Recognize the adverse reaction of blood transfusion
A number of groups have issued clinical practice guidelines for blood component therapy in an effort to improve transfusion practices, minimize the incidence of adverse transfusion reactions, and decrease costs. This slideshow by Dr Somnath Longani, Consultant, Midland Healthcare & Research Center Lucknow explains about the Blood Component Therapy in detail.
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
General Physiological changes during puerperiumPRANATI PATRA
introduction
Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease markedly after expulsion of the placenta, reaching their lowest levels 1 week into the postpartum period.
The estrogen levels in non lactating women begin to increase by 2 weeks after birth, and higher by postpartum day 17.
If trauma to the urethra and bladder occur during the birth process, the bladder wall becomes edematous, often with small areas of hemorrhage.
Birth-induced trauma increased bladder capacity and the effects of anesthesia combine to cause a decrease in the urge to void.
introduction
anatomy and physiologic changes-UTERUS: At the end of third stage of labour, the uterus is in the midline , about 2cm below the level of umbilicus and weight 1000g
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES
CAUSES
MANAGEMENT-Management of 3rd stage bleeding
Actual management
MANAGEMENT OF 3RD STAGE BLEEDING
Steps of management
1. Placental site bleeding-
To palpate the fundus and massage the uterus to make it hard. The massage is to be done by placing four fingers behind the uterus and thumb in front.
To start crystalloid solution (NS or RL) with oxytocin (1L with 20 units) at 60 drops per minute and to arrange for blood transfusion if necessary.
Oxytocin 10 unit IM or methergine 0.2 mg is given intravenously.
To catheterize the bladder.
To give antibiotics (Ampicillin 2gm and Metronidazole 500mg IV)
2. Management of traumatic bleed
The uterovaginal canal is to be explored under general anesthesia after the placenta is expelled and haemostatic sutures are placed on the offending sites.
STEPS OF MANUAL REMOVAL OF PLACENTA
The patient is placed in lithotomy position. With all aseptic measures, the bladder is catheterized.
One hand is introduced into the uterus in cone shaped manner following the cord. While introducing the hand, the labia are separated by the fingers at the other hand.
Counter pressure on the uterine fundus is applied by the hand placed over the abdomens. The abdominal hand should steady the fundus and guide the movement of the fingers inside the uterine cavity till the placenta is completely separated.
Taking-In Phase
It takes 2-3 days, during which time the mother’s first concern is with her own needs (sleep and food).
The woman reacts passively, mostly dependent on others to meet her needs.
She is quite talkative during this phase about every detail of her labor and delivery experience
Taking-Hold Phase (Taking Responsibility as a Mother)
It starts the 3rd day postpartum
She progresses from the passive individual to the one who is in command of the situation.
This phase lasts about 10 days.
Once the mother has taken control of her physical being and accepted her role as a mother, she is able to extend her energies to her mate and other children.
Letting-go Phase
This generally occurs when the mother returns home.
In this phase there are two separations that the mother must accomplish.
One is to realize and accept physical separation from the infant. The other is to relinquish her former role as a childless person and accept the enormous implications and responsibilities of her new situation.
Letting-go Phase
This generally occurs when the mother returns home.
In this phase there are two separations that the mother must accomplish.
One is to realize and accept physical separation from the infant. The other is to relinquish her former role as a childless person and accept the enormous implications and responsibilities of her new situation.
Physical Assessment is necessary to identify individual needs or potential problems
Explain to pt purposes of the examination.
Obtain her consent.
Record your findings and report results to the mother.
Ensure privacy and environment where the mother can lie on her back with her head supported.
Ensure bladder is empty & lay patient supine with legs flexed.
The midwives hands should be clean and warm
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
AMNIOINFUSION--
definition-An amnioinfusion is a technique of instilling an isotonic fluid {such as a normal saline or lactated ringer’s solution} into the amniotic cavity during labor to relieve umbilical cord compression and alleviate fetal distress from severe prolonged variable decelerations in the presence of oligohydramnios.
INDICATIONS
Fetal heart rate abnormalities
APGAR scores for those with low scores
Asphyxia during time of birth
Decreasing the rates of cesarean birth related with FHR problem
PROCEDURE
The amnio infusion procedure involves the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC), or a single or double lumen type of IUPC.
The IUPC has been designed to attain an accurate monitoring of uterine contractions among women in the intrapartum period.
It has a special port from which the saline fluid or lactated ringer’s solution is being injected, passing through the tubing and going its way into the uterus.
An IUPC is inserted through standard technique once the membranes ruptures, and then it is attached to intravenous extension tubing. If IUPC is not available, a pediatric nasogastric tube can be used instead.
Lactated ringer’s solution without dextrose is infused into the amniotic cavity; normal saline can be an acceptable fluid alternative
Assisting Physician with Amnioinfusion
Explain the procedure to the patient.
Assist in dorsal recumbent position. Assist with draping and exposing vaginal area.
Connect IUPC tubing to IV fluid, flush
Connect the catheter to the monitor cable
Assist physician with insertion of double lumen IUPC and connect IV tubing to the amnioport to begin amnioinfusion.
The placenta is said to be retained when it is not expelled from the uterus even 30 minutes after the delivery of the baby
Manual placenta removal is a procedure to remove a retained placenta from the uterus after childbirth.
Mannual removal of placenta is done under GA.
Patient placed in lithotomy position
Bladder is catheterized
newborn assessment-
intriduction-Definition of neonatal period:
A period from birth 4 weeks postnatal.
The exam will cover the following:
Record date and time of exam
General assessment and measurements
Skull bones
Face
Mouth & palate
Nose
Ears
Eyes
Chest
Abdomen
Arms
Hands
Legs
Feet
Genitals
Anus
Spine
Skin
reflxes-
Obsterics and Gynaecology-
introduction-Preventive obstetrics is the concept of prevention or early detection of particular health deviations through routine periodic examinations and screening .
The concept of preventive obstetrics concerns with the concepts of the health & wellbeing of the mother her baby during the antenatal,intranatal & postnatal period.
The goal of the preventive obstetrics is the delivery of a healthy infant by a healthy mother at the end of a healthy pregnancy.
Pregnancy & child birth normal physiological
process that change from conception to
delivery.
Objectives
To promote , protect and maintain the health of the mother during pregnancy.
To detect “high risk” cases and give them special attention
To foresee complications and prevent them.
To remove anxiety and dread associated with delivery
physiology and management of third stage of labourPRANATI PATRA
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
physiology and management of third stage of labour-introduction
labour
stages of labor
physiology
management of third stage of labour.
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING-
MINOR AILMENT DURING PREGNANCY-
INTRODUCTION-Many women experience some minor
disorder during pregnancy.
These disorder should be treated adequately as they may escalate and become life-threatening.
DEFINITION-“The minor complaints of pregnant women that occur due to physiological alterations of hormones and other causative factors which can be managed without medical interventions.”
- Every system of body may affected by pregnancy.
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
GENETIC COUNSELLING DURING PREGNANC
INTRODUCTION-
COUNSELLING-Counselling is consultation, mutual interchange of opinions, deliberating together.A process in which the counsellor assist the counselee .
Provides concrete, accurate information about inherited disorders.
Provides information about prognosis and follow up.
Discuss ways in which disease can be prevented.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. OBJECTIVES
At the end of class student will be
• Able to define blood transfusion.
• Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
• List out the blood products
• Enumerate the general instruction follow before, during
and after blood transfusion ?
• List out the articles needed before blood transfusion
• Explain the procedure blood transfusion ?
• Describe the complication arises in blood transfusion ?
4. DEFINITION
• Blood transfusion is the transfusion of whole
blood or its components such as blood cells and
plasma from one person to another person
through an intravenous live .
• Transfusions usually involve the use of two
sources of blood – ONE’S OWN
(AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION) OR
SOMEONE ELSE’ (ALLOGENIC
TRANSFUSION).
5. PURPOSE
• To replace blood volume and blood
pressure during hemorrhage
{ hemoptysis, hematemesis,operation} ,
trauma and burns .
• To increase the hemoglobin level in
cases of severe anemia.
• To correct and treat deficiency of
plasma proteins, clotting factors.
6. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
• PURPOSE:
– increase RBC mass and oxygen-carrying capacity
– assists the body to rid carbon dioxide and other
waste products
• INDICATIONS:
– Symptomatic and chronic anaemia
- Blood loss due to injury or surgery
7. WHOLE BLOOD
COMPOSITION:
– Red Blood Cells
– White Blood Cells
– Plasma
– Platelets
INDICATIONS –
• Red cell replacement in acute blood loss with hypovolaemia
• exchange transfusion
CONTRAINDICATIONS
chronic anaemia
cardiac failure
8. FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
FRESH FROZEN PLASMA IS RICH IN COAGULATION FACTORS.
• Composition:
– Plasma
– All coagulation factors
• Purpose:
– Increase blood plasma
– Replenish clotting factors
• Indications:
– Bleeding in patients with coagulation factor deficiencies;
plasmapheresis
– Liver Failure
– Severe Infection
9. PLATELETS
• Composition:
– Platelets
– Plasma
– RBCs
– WBCs
• Purpose:
– Helps to stop bleeding (restore clotting ability)
– Essential for coagulation of blood
PLATELETS
11. BLOOD TYPES
There are four blood types:
1. A
2. B
3. AB
4. O
• Every person has one of the above four blood types. In
addition, each person's blood is either:
• Rh-positive, or
• Rh-negative.
12. CONT….
Rh-positive and Rh-negative
• People who have Rh-positive blood can receive Rh-
positive or Rh-negative blood.
• If a person has Rh-negative blood, they should only
receive Rh-negative blood.
• Rh-negative blood is used for emergencies when
there is not time to test a person's Rh type.
13. Donors should not have any history of cancer
,jaundice , hepatitis,tuberculosis ,allergies.
Donors must have normal temperature, pulse and
blood pressure.
They should be physically healthy, and should be
between 18 and 65 years of age with in average
height and weight.
GENERAL INSTRUCTION
14. CONT….
• Explain the procedure to the donor and reassure
him/her to win his confidence and co-operation.
• Blood should not be collected empty stomach.
Following the donation of blood the donor should be
given a sweetened drink and asked to take rest for
one to two hr to prevent fainting attacks.
15. CONT…….
• The donor’s haemoglobin level is checked.
• Once collected, the blood is examined and screened
for possible infectious agents such as HIV and
hepatitis.
• Blood should be fresh.
• Blood should be stored at a temperature 1’C to 6’C.
16. - Don’t administered medication through the same
line, where blood product is transfused.
- Cover the bag with a towel when it hangs on the iv
pole.
- Gently rotate the blood bag periodically .
- 1unit of blood contain 350ml of blood.
Preservative – Citrate Dextrose Phosphate Adenine.
17. Cont...
• Freezing ,heating of the blood will destroy the blood
cells.
when sending the recipients blood sample for grouping
and cross matching , it must be carefully labeled at the
bedside of the recipient with identification.
18. Cont...
• Re warming of blood may be done by covering the
blood with a blanket.
• Transfusion should be completed over a period of
4hrs.
35. Cont…..
4.Explain the procedure to the patient.
Obtain informed consent from patient
5.Obtain blood from blood bank in accordance with
agency policy.
6.Encourage patient to empty bowel and
bladder and assist to a comfortable
position .
37. 12. Inspect the blood product[by 2 nurses] for
1.Identification number
2.Expiry date.
3.Compartibility
4.Patients name
5.Abnormal colour,clots,excess air etc
38.
39.
40.
41. 13.Warm blood if needed using special blood
warmer.
14.Start infusion of blood product slowly , for first 15mn adjust
flow rate at 5 to 10ml/min .check vital signs every 15mn for
first 30mn or as per agency policy.
15.Increase infusion rate if no adverse reaction are
noticed. the flow rate should be within safe limits.
42. 16.Assess the condition of pt every 30minutes and if
any adverse effect is observed stop transfusion and
start saline. send urine sample ,blood sample, and
remaining blood product in container with
transfusion set, back to the blood bank.
17.Complete transfusion and administer saline [ as
per physician's order] if no adverse reaction is
observed.
18.Dispose blood product container and set in
a appropriate receptable.
43. 19.Wash hands.
20. Record the following ;product and volume transfused
,identification number and blood group.
-Time of administration. stated and completed.
-Name and signature of nursing staff caring out
procedure and patient condition. if agency policy
requires remove label from blood bag and paste it on
patients record.
48. NURSING INTERVENTION
• Stop transfusion as soon as a reaction is suspected.
• Replace the donor blood with normal saline.
• Examine the blood to determine if the patient was the intended
recipient and then send the unit back to the blood bank.
• Furosemide may be administered to increase renal blood flow.
• Low-dose dopamine may be considered to improve renal blood
flow.
• Make efforts to maintain urine output at 30-100 mL/h.
50. NURSING INTERVENTION
• Stop transfusion immediately and notify MD
• Support airway (endotracheal intubation may be
needed) and circulation as needed
• Anticipate administering epinephrine,
diphenhydramine, and corticosteroids
• Maintain intravascular volume
51. CIRCULATORY OVERLOAD
• CLINICAL SIGN-
Dyspnea, orthopnea, cyanosis, sudden anxiety
If severe:
Coughing of pink, frothy sputum, neck vein
distension, crackles in bases of lungs
52. NURSING INTERVENTION
• Position patient in sitting position
• Stop transfusion and notify MD
• Keep IV open with slow infusion of normal saline
.
• Anticipate diuretics, oxygen, morphine, and
aminophylline
53. FEBRILE REACTION
• Sensitivity of client to white blood cells ,platelets
and with plasma protein.
CLINICAL SIGN
- Fever
- Chills,
- Dyspnoea,
- Headache,
- Muscle pain.
54. NURSING INTERVENTION
• Discontinue the transfusion immediately.
• Give antipyretics as ordered.
• Keep a vein open with a normal saline.
55.
56.
57. CONCLUSION
• Transfusions of blood & blood components are
labour intensive & expensive but are frequently life
saving. In a few patients, however they can result in
potentially fatal complications. It is therefore
essential that they are only given when the benefits
outweight the risks
58. BIBILIOGRAPHY
1.The who handbook on the clinical use of blood – who blood
transfusion safety, Geneva, 2017.
2. Bailey & love’s short practice of surgery – 25th edition –2010
3.Davidson’s principle & practice of medicine – 21st edition –
2008.
4.Essential paediatrics –o.p. ghai– 6th edition.
5.Online text from the british medical journal
www.bmj.co.uk/bloodtransfusionsafety31781/o3.
