Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include
Your sex, age and race
What you eat and drink
Medicines you take
How well you followed pre-test instructions
Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.
Electrolytes are minerals which are present in the blood and body tissues and are essential for metabolism, for proper nerve and muscle functioning, for maintenance of proper water balance, and proper blood pH (acid-base balance). The serum electrolyte test includes a group of tests to measure the following electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-).
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/serum-electrolyte-1761
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Electrolytes are minerals which are present in the blood and body tissues and are essential for metabolism, for proper nerve and muscle functioning, for maintenance of proper water balance, and proper blood pH (acid-base balance). The serum electrolyte test includes a group of tests to measure the following electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-).
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/serum-electrolyte-1761
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Detail information about Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
Here we discuss about the type, indications, contra-indications, precautions, Medication avoiding, Nursing care plan, Risks of OGTT & explain the technique, procedures of doing the test. Thus OGTT is a very important test in medical field. Upgrade your knowledge by reading this. Thanks.
The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
Lecture notes about blood cell count (RBCs, WBCs, PLTs, as well as DLC)
For first-level students, Medical Lab Technology Dept. (Middle Technical University)
Detail information about Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
Here we discuss about the type, indications, contra-indications, precautions, Medication avoiding, Nursing care plan, Risks of OGTT & explain the technique, procedures of doing the test. Thus OGTT is a very important test in medical field. Upgrade your knowledge by reading this. Thanks.
The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
Lecture notes about blood cell count (RBCs, WBCs, PLTs, as well as DLC)
For first-level students, Medical Lab Technology Dept. (Middle Technical University)
HIGH AND LOW BLOOD TEST RESULTS: What Do They Mean?Nelson Vergel
As patient self-education grows with access to information online, more people in the U.S. are taking charge of their health by buying their own blood tests online with no doctor visit via companies like DiscountedLabs.com . Large blood testing networks located all over the United States make it easy for empowered and educated patients to find a lab location near them where they can have their blood drawn or provide a urine or saliva sample. Discounted Labs makes it easy for those consumers to buy and interpret their blood test results so that they can have more educated discussions with their physicians.
After people buy their own blood tests and received their results, it is sometimes difficult to make sense of what high or low blood test values mean when compared with the “normal” ranges provided by blood testing companies. Searching on the Internet may only give people a limited explanation of the health consequences of these high or low blood test values. We will attempt to include the most common blood tests, their ranges and meaning of high or low values in the following article to save people time in their search for next steps.
Note: Consult your health care provider to get explanations about your blood test results and how he or she uses them to diagnose and treat your condition. This information is not meant to provide medical advice or guide any treatment decisions and it is only intended as an educational tool to enable you to have an educated discussion with your health care provider.
Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. This includes organic molecules and their chemical reactions.
Biochemistry deals with body substance like enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, proteins, hormones, DNA, RNA, pigments etc.
The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding of all chemical processes associated with living cells at the molecular level. Some of the objectives can be listed as follows:
1. Isolation, structural elucidation and the determination of mode of action of biomolecules.
2. Identification of disease mechanisms.
3. Study of in born errors of metabolism.
4. Study of oncogenes in cancer cells.
5. The relationship of biochemistry with the genetics, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology etc.
Biochemistry is related to almost all the life sciences and without biochemistry background and knowledge, a through understanding of health and well-being is not possible.
Interpretation and Clinical Significance of some Clinical Laboratory Tests - ...Bigin Gyawali
Certainly, clinical laboratory tests play a crucial role in assessing the function and health of various organ systems in the body. Let's discuss the clinical significance of some common laboratory tests for each of the mentioned systems:
1. **Cardiovascular System:**
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Evaluating red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels can help identify anemia, which may contribute to cardiovascular issues.
- **Lipid Profile:** Measures cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol), triglycerides, and can help assess the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
2. **Endocrine System:**
- **Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs):** TSH, T3, and T4 levels are assessed to diagnose thyroid disorders. An imbalance in thyroid hormones can affect metabolism and cardiovascular function.
- **Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c):** Monitors long-term glucose control and is essential in managing diabetes, a condition that can impact multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular and renal systems.
3. **Gastrointestinal System:**
- **Liver Function Tests (LFTs):** Assess the health of the liver by measuring enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), bilirubin, and proteins. Abnormalities may indicate liver disease or dysfunction.
- **Stool Tests (e.g., fecal occult blood):** Detects blood in the stool, which may indicate gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.
4. **Hematologic System:**
- **Coagulation Panel (PT, aPTT, INR):** Evaluates the blood's clotting ability. Abnormalities may suggest bleeding disorders or an increased risk of thrombosis.
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Assesses the cellular components of blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets, helping to diagnose anemias, infections, and blood disorders.
5. **Renal System:**
- **Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine:** Evaluate kidney function. Elevated levels may indicate impaired renal function, suggesting acute or chronic kidney disease.
- **Urinalysis:** Examines urine for abnormalities such as protein, blood, or glucose, providing insights into kidney and urinary tract health.
6. **Respiratory System:**
- **Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis:** Assesses oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, helping diagnose respiratory and metabolic disorders.
- **Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs):** Measures lung function, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Interpretation of these tests requires a comprehensive understanding of the patient's medical history and clinical presentation. Abnormal results can guide further diagnostic investigations and help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans. Regular monitoring of these parameters is vital for managing chronic conditions and preventing complications.
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
Stereochemistry is the systematic presentation of a specific field of science and technology that traditionally requires a short preliminary excursion into history. Stereochemistry is the ‘chemistry of space ‘, that is stereochemistry deals with the spatial arrangements of atoms and groups in a molecule.
Stereochemistry can trace its roots to the year 1842 when the French chemist Louis Pasteur made an observation that the salts of tartaric acid collected from a wine production vessel have the ability to rotate plane-polarized light, whereas the same salts from different sources did not have this ability. This phenomenon is explained by optical isomerism.
Artificial Intelligence in Diabetes Care GOPAL KHODVE
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a fast-growing field and its applications to diabetes, a global pandemic, can reform the approach to diagnosis and management of this chronic condition. Principles of machine learning have been used to build algorithms to support predictive models for the risk of developing diabetes or its consequent complications.
Infectious Disease by Gopal Khodve.pptxGOPAL KHODVE
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.
Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by insects or other animals. And you may get others by consuming contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.
Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization.
Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from most infectious diseases.
What are infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that get into your body from the outside. Pathogens that cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and, rarely, prions. You can get infectious diseases from other people, bug bites and contaminated food, water or soil.
What’s the difference between infectious diseases and noninfectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside, like viruses and bacteria. Noninfectious diseases aren’t caused by outside organisms, but by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older and the environment you live in. You can’t get noninfectious diseases from other people, by getting a bug bite or from your food.
The flu, measles, HIV, strep throat, COVID-19 and salmonella are all examples of infectious diseases. Cancer, diabetes, congestive heart failure and Alzheimer’s disease are all examples of noninfectious diseases.
What are the types of infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases can be viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. There’s also a rare group of infectious diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Viral infections. Viruses are a piece of information (DNA or RNA) inside of a protective shell (capsid). Viruses are much smaller than your cells and have no way to reproduce on their own. They get inside your cells and use your cells’ machinery to make copies of themselves.
Bacterial infections. Bacteria are single-celled organisms with their instructions written on a small piece of DNA. Bacteria are all around us, including inside of our body and on our skin. Many bacteria are harmless or even helpful, but certain bacteria release toxins that can make you sick.
Fungal infections. Like bacteria, there are many different fungi. They live on and in your body. When your fungi get overgrown or when harmful fungi get into your body through your mouth, your nose or a cut in your skin, you can get sick.
Parasitic infections.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a fast-growing field and its applications to diabetes, a global pandemic, can reform the approach to diagnosis and management of this chronic condition. Principles of machine learning have been used to build algorithms to support predictive models for the risk of developing diabetes or its consequent complications. Digital therapeutics have proven to be an established intervention for lifestyle therapy in the management of diabetes. Patients are increasingly being empowered for self-management of diabetes, and both patients and health care professionals are benefitting from clinical decision support. AI allows a continuous and burden-free remote monitoring of the patient's symptoms and biomarkers. Further, social media and online communities enhance patient engagement in diabetes care. Technical advances have helped to optimize resource use in diabetes. Together, these intelligent technical reforms have produced better glycemic control with reductions in fasting and postprandial glucose levels, glucose excursions, and glycosylated hemoglobin. AI will introduce a paradigm shift in diabetes care from conventional management strategies to building targeted data-driven precision care.
Eicosanoids, from the Greek eicosa (“twenty”) are formed from precursor essential fatty acids that contain 20 carbons
Eicosanoids and PAF lipids function as signaling molecules in many biological processes, including the regulation of vascular tone, renal function, hemostasis, parturition, GI mucosal integrity, and stem cell function.
Eicosanoids are the most universally distributed autacoids in the body.Practically every cell and tissue is capable of synthesizing one or more types of PGs or LTs
The Organization for Economical and Co-operation Development was used for testing of chemicals.
The original OECD guideline 451 for carcinogenecity study was adopted in 1981.
A Major carcinogenicity study is done on rodents
Mainly there routes of administration: oral, dermal, and inhalation.
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia.
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a very sensitive immunochemical technique which is used to access the presence of specific protein (antigen or antibody) in the given sample and it’s quantification.
It is also called solid-phase enzyme immunoassay as it employs an enzyme linked antigen or antibody as a marker for the detection of specific protein.
ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology and in the food industry as a quality control check.
Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5), functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphodiesterase.
Nickel containing metalloenzyme.
Ureases are found in numerous bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and some invertebrates, as well as in soils, as a soil enzyme.
Not synthesized by animals.
James B. Sumner in 1926, Noble Prize in Chemistry in 1946.
Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to from ammonia and
Carbon dioxide
A variety of viruses and bacteria can cause upper respiratory tract infections including acute bronchitis, the common cold, influenza, and respiratory distress syndromes.
• Defining most of these patient diseases is difficult because the presentations connected with upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) commonly overlap and their causes are similar.
• Upper respiratory tract infections can be defined as self-limited irritation and swelling of the upper airways with associated cough with no proof of pneumonia, lacking a separate condition to account for the patient symptoms, or with no history of COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis. Influenza Viruses
• Small hairs (cilia) in the sinuses fail to properly move mucus out. This may be due to some medical conditions.
• Colds and allergies may cause too much mucus to be made or block the opening of the sinuses.
• A deviated nasal septum, nasal bone spur, or nasal polyps may block the opening of the sinuses.
Why should you do the Skin Prick Test?
SPT is an essential test procedure to find sensitization in IgE-mediated allergic disease in subjects with Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, Dermatitis (eczema), anapylaxis, urticaria, atopic eczema and food and drug allergy.
Procedure for skin prick test
This is not a painful test. A needle(lancet) is used to prick your skin during the test which is not at all painful or you lose any blood. Follow are the steps of the test.
• Your skin is cleaned by alcohol
• A nurse/technician marked your skin and put a drop of allergen beside every mark
• Using a lancet the technician pricks your skin to allow a tiny amount of the solution to enter just below the surface
• Now you should wait for a specific amount of time. Usually 30 min.
• Now your allergist checks the marks for a observes your skin for signs of allergic reactions. If you are allergic to one of the substances tested, you’ll develop a raised, red, itchy bump (wheal) that may look like a mosquito bite. A nurse will then measure the bump’s size.
• After the recording of the result, the nurse/technician clean your testing surface with alcohol
THE FUTURE OF NANOMEDINE
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials (materials whose structure is on the scale of nanometers, i.e. billionths of a meter).
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. COMPLETE BLOOD
COUNT
NAME DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE
Hb or Hbg
(hemoglobin)
This is the protein in your blood
that holds the oxygen.
men -14 to 17 gm/dl
women - 12 to 15 gm/dL
White blood cells
(WBCs)
also called leukocytes or
leucocytes, are the cells of the
immune system
4,500 to 10,000 cells per
microliter (cells/mcL).
RBC (red blood
cell count)
they carry oxygen through your
body. They also help filter carbon
dioxide
Men- 14 to 17 gm/dL
women - 12 to 15 gm/dL.
Hct (hematocrit). is the volume % percentage of
red
blood cell.
It is normally 40% for men
and 31% for women.
MCV (mean
corpuscular
volume).
This is the average size of your
red
blood cells.
MCV score - 80 to 95.
Platelets. also called thrombocytes are a
component of blood whose
function is to stop bleeding by
140,000 to 450,000 cells/mcL
3. NAME DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE
ESR (Westegren) 1hr An ESR test can help
determine if you have
a condition that
causes inflammation.
If your ESR is high, it may
be related to an
inflammatory condition
Male - 1-10mm
Female - 5-15mm
4. Liver Function Tests (LFT)
Bilirubin Total
Bilirubin is a reddish yellow pigment made during the
normal breakdown of red blood cells.
0-1 mg/dl
Conjugated
(D.Bilirubin)
Direct bilirubin is the more soluble, less toxic and
conjugated with glucuronic acid.
0-0.35 mg/dl
Unconjugated
(I.D.Bilirubin)
Bilirubin that is bound to a certain protein (albumin) in
the blood
0.2-0.65
mg/dl
SGOT (AST)
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, an
enzyme
that is normally present in liver and heart cells.
10-40 iu/l
SGPT (ALT)
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme
that is
normally present in liver and heart cells
10-40 iu/l
Alkaline
Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found
throughout the body. However, it tends to be most
concentrated in the liver, the bile ducts, bones and
placenta.
40-112 u/l
Total Protein
is a biochemical test for measuring the total
amount of protein in serum. Protein in the serum is
made up of albumin and globulin.
6-8.5 gm/l
Albumin
is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion
of
3.5-5 gm/l
5. KIDNEY FUNCTION
TEST
Test Name Defination Normal value
Blood urea Urea is the terminal product of protein
metabolism, and 1g of protein can produce
about 0.3g of urea
10-50 mg/dl
Serum Creatinine Creatinine is a chemical waste product in
the blood that passes through the kidneys
to be filtered and eliminated in urine.
6. –1.1 mg/dl In Women &
7. –1.3 mg/dl In Men.
Serum Uric Acid Uric acid is a product of the metabolic
breakdown of purinenucleotide, and it is a
normal component of urine.
2.4-6.0 mg/dl (female) and
3.4-7.0 mg/dl (male).
Serum Sodium Sodium is key to controlling the amount of
fluid in your body. body needs it for brain and
muscles to work the right way.
135-145 mmol /L.
Serum
Potassium
A potassium test is used to measure the
amount of potassium in your blood.
Potassium is an electrolyte that’s essential
for proper muscle and nerve function..
Adults: 3.5-5.1 mEq/L
or mmol/L
Children: 3.4-4.7 mEq/L or
mmol/L (age dependent)
Chloride Chloride is an electrolyte that helps keep a
proper fluid and acid-base balance in body.
98-106 mmol/L
Total Protein Albumin and globulin are two types of
protein in your body. The total protein test
measures the total amount albumin and
6 -8.3 grams per deciliter
(g/dL).
6. Lipid profile: Lipid profile (Cholesterol and
triglycerides)
Test Name Defination Normal Range
Total Cholesterol Total cholesterol: This is the total
amount of cholesterol in your blood.
<200 mg/dL
Triglycerides Triglycerides, another type of fat that
causes hardening of the
arteries
10 to 150 mg/dL
HDL
Cholester
ol High-
density
lipoprotein
This is referred to as “good”
cholesterol because it helps remove
LDL cholesterol from your blood.
> 40 to 60 mg/dL
LDL
Cholester
ol Low-
density
lipoprotein
This is referred to as “bad”
cholesterol. Too much of it raises
your risk of heart attack, stroke,
and atherosclerosis.
70 to 130 mg/dL
VLDL-
Very Low-
Density
Lipoprotein
VLDL cholesterol is a type of blood
fat. It's considered one of the "bad"
forms of cholesterol, along with LDL
cholesterol and triglycerides.
less than or equal to 2 to 30
mg/dL (0.1 to 1.7 mmol/l).
7. BLOOD SUGER
TEST
Plasma
glucose
test
Definition Normal Prediabetes
Random
A random blood sugar test
checks your blood glucose at a
random time of day.
79–160 mg/dl N/A
Fasting
Fasting, as the name suggests,
means refraining from eating of
drinking any liquids other than
water for eight hours. It is used as
a test for diabetes.
90 to 110mg/dL 110 to 125 mg/dl
2 hour
post-
prandial
postprandiaL blood glucose test
measures blood glucose exactly 2
hours after eating a meal,timed
from the start of the meal.
Below 140 mg/dl 140 to 199 mg/dl
Glucose
tolerance test
A glucose tolerance test measures
how well your body’s cells are able
to absorb glucose(75 gm), or
sugar, after you ingest a given
Fasting 60 to 100 mg/dL
1 hour <200 mg/dL
2 hour <140 mg/dL
8. HbA1c Blood
Test
HbA1c HbA1c is a marker that can determine your average blood
sugar
(glucose) levels over the previous 3-months
9. URINE
TEST
Measurement Reference
range
Color yellow cloudy, dark, or blood-colored.
Appearance Clear Cloudy urine may be caused by crystals, deposits,
white cells, red cells, epithelial cells or fat globules.
Specific gravity
(g/ml)
1.005-
1.030
Increases in specific gravity - dehydration,
diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary
tract/bladder infection, glucosuria , renal artery
s tenosis ...
PH 5.0-8.0 A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by severe
vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract
infections, and asthma.
Protein (mg/dl) Negative Protein may be present in the urine because of
acute inflammation or kidney stone disease, or
as a sign of kidney damage.
Glucose (mg/dl) Negative when blood sugar levels rise well above a target
range- which can occur in type 1 and type 2
diabetes-the kidneys often release some of the
excess sugar from the blood into the urine.
Ketones (mg/dl) Negative High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic
10. Bilirubin Negative In certain liver diseases, such as biliary obstruction
or hepatitis, excess bilirubin can build up in the
blood and is eliminated in urine.
Blood Negative Painful blood in the urine can be caused by a
number of disorders, including infections and stones
in the urinary tract. Painless blood in the urine can
also be due to many causes, including cancer.
Nitrite Negative This test is commonly used in diagnosing urinary tract
infections (UTI). A positive nitrite test indicates that the
cause of the UTI is a gram negative organism, most
commonly Escherichia coli.
Urobilinogen 0.2-1.0 Too much urobilinogen in urine can indicate a liver
disease
such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
Leukocyte
esterase
Negative Leukocyte esterase is a screening test used to detect a
substance that suggests there are white blood cells in
the urine. This may mean you have a urinary tract
infection.
WBC/HPF
(WBCs
per high power
field, HPF).
0-4 This test is usually ordered to determine is someone has
a urinary tract infection. ... If both WBC and
leukoesterase are
elevated, it more strongly suggests a UTI.
Squamous 0-4 The presence of squamous epithelial cells may indicate
11. CARDIAC BLOOD
TESTS
Test Definition Norm
al
Range
Creatine
phosphokinase -
MB (CPK-MB)
CPK-MB test is a cardiac marker
used to assist diagnoses of an
acute myocardial infarction.
5 to 25 IU/L.
Troponin A troponin test measures the
levels troponin T or troponin I
proteins in the blood. These
proteins are released when the
heart muscle has been damaged,
such as occurs with a heart attack.
less than
0.01 ng/mL
C-Reactive
Protein and
Heart Disease
Risk
CRP seems to predict the chance of
having cardiovascular problems at
least as well as cholesterol levels.
Test Result Risk
Less than 1.0
mg
Low
1.0-2.9 mg Intermediate
12. THYROID FUNCTION
TEST
HORMONES DEFINATION NORMAL
RANGE
TRIIODOTHYRONIN
E
(T3)
Abnormally high levels most
commonly indicate a condition
called Grave’s disease.This is
an autoimmune disorder
associated with
hyperthyroidism.
75 -200 ng/dL
THYROXINE (T4) A high level of T4 indicates an
overactive thyroid
(hyperthyroidism). Symptoms
include anxiety, unplanned
weight loss, tremors, and
diarrhea.
4.5 -11.5 ug/dL
THYROID-
STIMULATING
HORMONE
(TSH)
is a pituitary hormone that
stimulates the thyroid gland to
produce (T4), and then (T3)
which stimulates the
metabolism of almost every
tissue in the body.
0.3 - 5.0 U/mL
13. Blood Tests for
Infertility
It helps control a 5-20 IU/L (THIRD DAY OF
FSH woman’s menstrual
cycle
MENSTRUAL PERIOD)
Follicle-
stimulating
and the production of
hormone eggs.
LH In women, luteinizing 5 – 20 mIU/ ml
25 – 40 mIU/ml (24 – 36
hours before ovulation)
Luteinizing
Hormone Level
hormone (LH) is linked
to
ovarian hormone
production and egg
maturation.
Prolactin In women, a prolactin Non pregnant females: 2
to 29 ng /mL.
Pregnant females: 10 to 209
ng/mL.
test is done to find out
why they are not
menstruating, or why
they are having infertility
problems or abnormal
nipple discharge
Ovarian
Reserve
The level of AMH in a
woman's blood is High (often PCOS)
Normal
Over 4.0 ng/ml
1.5-4.0 ng/ml
14. Blood Tests for
Infertility
Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a
water- soluble vitamin that has a key role in
the normal functioning of the brain and
nervous system via the synthesis of myelin
(myelinogenesis), and the formation of red
blood cells.
300-900 pg/ml
Vitamin D Vitamin D is a nutrient essential for proper
growth and formation of teeth and bones. A
vitamin D test measures the level of 25-
hydroxyvitamin D and/or 1,25-
dihydroxyvitamin D in the blood to detect a
deficiency or excess.
20 nanograms/milliliter
to 50 ng/mL
Serum
Calcium
All cells need calcium in order to
work. Calcium helps build strong bones and
teeth. It is important for heart function, and
helps with muscle contraction, nerve
signaling, and blood clotting
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
Bone
density
test
A bone density test is the only test that can
diagnose osteoporosis before a broken bone
occurs. This test helps to estimate the
density of your bones and your chance of
A T-score -1.0 or above
is normal bone density.
A T-score of -2.5 or
below is a diagnosis
15. SEMAN
ANALYSIS
Volume
The average volume of semen
produced at Ejaculation.
1.5 – 5 mL
Concentration
(sperm count)
sperm per milliliter 50 to 150 million
Motility How many moving sperm are present.
Low motility can also indicate
hormonal problems or a varicocele.
50 – 60%
Morphology What percentage of sperm are normally
shaped?
more than 50 percent
Liquefaction
While semen is initially thick, its ability to
liquefy, or turn to a watery consistency,
helps sperm to move. If semen does not
liquefy in 15 to 30 minutes, fertility could
be affected
It should take 15 to
30 minutes before
semen liquefies.
pH level A pH level higher than 8.0 could indicatethe
donor has an infection
between 7.2 - 7.8
16. Tumor
marker
Tumor marker Associated tumor types
Alpha fetoprotein(AFP) Hepatocellular Carcinoma, germ cell tumor
CA15-3 Breast Cancer
CA27-29 Breast Cancer
CA19-9 Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal
cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer
CA-125 Mainly ovarian cancer, but may also be
elevated in endometrial cancer, fallopian tube
cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and
gastrointestinal cancer, in endometriosis
Calcitonin medullary thyroid carcinoma
Human chorionic
gonadotropin(hCG)
gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell
tumor, choriocarcinoma
17. Tumor
marker
Associated tumor types
Neuron-specific
enolase (NSE)
It is a substance that has been detected in patients with
certain tumors, namely: neuroblastoma, small cell lung
cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid tumors,
endocrine tumors of the pancreas, and melanoma.
CEA:
Carcinoembryo
nic antigen
is a protein found in many types of cells but associated
with tumors and the developing fetus. CEA is tested in
blood. CEA level is the tumor marker most often used
in colorectal cancer.
Prostate-
specific
antigen (PSA)
test
A prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) test
measures the amount
of prostate- specific
antigen in
the blood. PSA is
released
into a man's blood
Age Range (Years) Asian Americans
40 to 49 0 to 2.0 ng/mL
50 to 59 0 to 3.0 ng/mL
60 to 69 0 to 4.0 ng/mL
18. BLOOD TEST FOR
ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid
factor (RF)
RF are proteins produced by
your immune system that can
attack healthy tissue in your
body.
Less than 15 IU/mL
Antinuclear antibody
(ANA)
It detects antinuclear antibodies
(ANA) in your blood. Your
immune system normally
makes antibodies to help you
fight infection.
Positive or negetive
Anti-cyclic
citrullinated
peptide (anti-CCP)
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
(anti-CCP) is an antibody
present in most rheumatoid
arthritis patients.
Less than 20 u/ml
HLA-B27 Human leukocyte antigen B27
is a major histocompatibility
complex class 1 molecule that
is strongly associated with the
disease ankylosing spondylitis.
Positive or negetive
C-reactive protein – This test measures body-
wide inflammation. It
measures a substance
Below 3.0 mg/dL
22. Dengue
Serology
• NS1 is a glycoprotein that is common to
all dengue serotypes and can be used to
detect either primary or secondary
infections in the earliest stages.
• Serology testing for dengue virus-
specific antibodies, types IgG and IgM, can be
useful in confirming primary or secondary
diagnosis.
23. Chikungun
ya
• The type of testing performed is typically
dictated by the timing and volume of samples
available.
Blood test is the only reliable way to
identify chikungunya since the symptoms
are similar to much more deadly dengue
fever.
• Common laboratory tests for chikungunya
include for instance RT-PCR and serological
tests.
24. Name Defination
Hepatitis A It is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is
primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person
ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an
infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe
water or food, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene.
Hepatitis B HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface
antigen of
the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B
infection.
Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C
virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.During the initial
infection people often have mild or no symptoms.
Occasionally a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow
tinged skin occurs.
25. HIV -1 &
HIV-2
• HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS), in serum, saliva, or
urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA.
• The CD4 T-cell count is not an HIV test, but rather a procedure
where
the number of CD4 T-cells in the blood is determined.
• A CD4 count does not check for the presence of HIV.
• It is used to monitor immune system function in HIV-positive
people.
• A normal CD4 count can range from 500 cells/mm3
to 1000 cells/mm3.
• In HIV-positive people- CD4 count below 200 cells/μL