Detail information about Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
Here we discuss about the type, indications, contra-indications, precautions, Medication avoiding, Nursing care plan, Risks of OGTT & explain the technique, procedures of doing the test. Thus OGTT is a very important test in medical field. Upgrade your knowledge by reading this. Thanks.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
Glucose challenge test during Pregnancymedicomicro
In the Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) - Pregnancy, blood glucose level is measured two hours after the administration of 75 gms of glucose solution. It is done to screen for and diagnose gestational diabetes (diabetes developing during pregnancy).
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/glucose-challenge-test-pregnancy-32624
They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.
4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES AND PRE-ECLAMPSIASyedfahidali
Gestational Diabetes is a highly prevalent condition, which has a great impact on maternal and fetal Health. It a condition triggered by metabolic adaption, which occurs during the second half of pregnancy. The aim of this review to discuss the advances in management of GDM, as well as their implications in the field, the issue of hyperglycemia in early pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is a multisystemic disease characterized by the development of hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation, with the presence of proteinuria or, in its absence, of signs or symptoms indicative of target organ injury.
Glucose challenge test during Pregnancymedicomicro
In the Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) - Pregnancy, blood glucose level is measured two hours after the administration of 75 gms of glucose solution. It is done to screen for and diagnose gestational diabetes (diabetes developing during pregnancy).
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/glucose-challenge-test-pregnancy-32624
They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.
4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES AND PRE-ECLAMPSIASyedfahidali
Gestational Diabetes is a highly prevalent condition, which has a great impact on maternal and fetal Health. It a condition triggered by metabolic adaption, which occurs during the second half of pregnancy. The aim of this review to discuss the advances in management of GDM, as well as their implications in the field, the issue of hyperglycemia in early pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is a multisystemic disease characterized by the development of hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation, with the presence of proteinuria or, in its absence, of signs or symptoms indicative of target organ injury.
Diabetes mellitus is a long-term illness caused by the high amount of glucose levels in the blood, this presentation explains its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention briefly.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
Mouth care is very important for the unconscious, disable, handicapped people. Is it important because if we don not take care of the mouth properly it will affect the normal living. So, read the slide and learn.
Albumin is a large molecule protein found in the blood, under normal circumstances it does not pass into the urine. If albumin occurs in the urine it could indicate infection of the urinary tract, kidney damage as in nephritis and toxemia in pregnancy. A urine for albumin test is a screening test to look for the presence of albumin in the urine .An albumin test cheeks urine for a protein called albumin for urine . Albumin is normally found in blood and filtered by kidneys. When the kidneys are working as the slow, there may be very small amount albumin in the urine .But when the kidneys are damage ,abnormal amounts of albumin leaks in the urine. This is called albuminuria.
Urine sugar testing was established as a clinical laboratory procedure during the 19th century. A glucose in urine test measures the amount of glucose in urine. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is our body’s main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from our bloodstream into our cells. If too much glucose gets into the blood, the extra glucose will be eliminated through our urine. A urine glucose test can be used to help determine if blood glucose levels are too high, which may be a sign of diabetes. If sugar levels remain high and don’t receive treatment, complications may develop and may have serious condition like type-I and type-II diabetes.
Si, it is an important test for detecting diabetes.
Diabetes a known disease to everyone. If you are a diabetic patient & also have a wound then you are the person who know the sufferings. Here, we discussed about the care regarding diabetes. Following these, your sufferings will reduce. Thanks
The intramuscular injection is most common type of drug administration. Because of a single mistake we can do harm to our patient. So, we should know about the right way to administer IM injection. Here, in this slides we discuss details about the topic. It will increase your skill proficiently.
Thanks
Here, we discuss about the intake output chart.
The intake output chart is a vital in patient care. By maintaining intake output chart we can monitor the improvement of the patient. So, here we provide about the intake output chart, indications, procedure, precautions, maintaining chart and more.
Please read it attentively and upgrade your professional knowledge and apply it to practice.
Thanks
Details about subcutaneous injection. We know about subcutaneous injection but do we know about the right information? Maybe you know, I here try to upgrade your current knowledge about the topic. Here, we discuss about the indications, contraindications, precautions, procedure, nursing care plan of subcutaneous injection, complications and many more. Feel free to learn.
Thanks
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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3. Introduction
Glucose is a type of sugar getting from foods we eat and our body
uses it for energy. When we eat carbohydrate such as sugar or
sucrose, our body digest it into glucose, a simple sugar that can
easily be convert into energy. The glucose go straight from the
digestive system into the bloodstream after food is consumed and
digested. But glucose can only enter cells if there is insulin in the
bloodstream too. A glucose tolerance test measures how well the
body’s cells are able to absorb glucose after consuming a specific
amount of sugar. The glucose tolerance test is the most sensitive test
for detecting borderline DM. Glucose tolerance means the ability of
the body to utilize glucose in the circulation. Thus “OGTT” is a
valuable diagnostic aid in diagnosis of DM, insulin resistance,
impaired B-cell functioned relative hypoglycemia and acromegaly.
4. Definition
OGTT means “Oral Glucose Tolerance Test”. It is a
laboratory test to diagnose DM(Diabetes Mellitus).
In this test, glucose is administered to a person
orally and blood glucose levels are measured at
regular interval & interpretation is done between
blood glucose levels with various disorders
associated with carbohydrate metabolism.
5. Types of OGTT
Standard OGTT: A 2 hour 75gm oral glucose
tolerance test is used to tests for diabetes. A
fasting blood sample is collected before to test
glucose level.
I/V glucose tolerance test: Test is taken for
malabsorption patients.
Mini glucose tolerance test: As per WHO, here
2 samples are collected, fasting and 2 hours post
glucose load.
6. Purposes of OGTT
Screening & diagnosis of pre-diabetes or impaired
glucose tolerance.
Screening & diagnosis of type-ll diabetes.
Screening for GDM(Gestational Diabetes Mellitus).
Reactive hypoglycemia.
For detection of B-cell dysfunction.
7. Importance
To find out the ability of the body to cabohydrate
metabolism.
To detect:
1. DM
2. Endocrine function.
3. Renal glycosuria.
4. Alimentary glycosuria.
8. Indications
Patients with family history of diabetes.
Massive obesity.
H/O recurrent infection.
Patients with delayed healing of wounds.
Women who have H/O stillbirth, premature
birth or large baby.
Patients with transient glycosuria or
hyperglycosuria during pregnancy.
9. Contraindications
In proven case of DM.
OGTT is required only id doubtful
cases, it is not recommended for follow
up of patients.
The test should not be carried out in
acutely ill patients.
10. Complications
Infection, if the area is not properly
sterilized before the sample is taken.
Excessive bleeding from the area.
Bruising & swelling.
Feeling light headedness.
11. Precautions
The patients is instructed to eat good carbohydrate diet
for 3 days prior to the test. Diet containing about 35-
50gm of carbohydrate should be taken.
The patient should avoid certain drugs for at least 2
days prior to the test.
The patients should abstain from smoking.
Stressful exercise is to be avoided prior to test.
Exercise is to be avoided also.
12. Medications that should be avoided
Diuretics (thiazide specially)
Corticosteroids
Synthetic estrogen
Phynetoin (Dilantin)
13. Advantages
The OGTT is considered the most effective
way to determine in case of GDM.
Managing sugar level decrease the chances of
baby growing larger for dates.
Managing sugar level may decrease the risk
of intervention in labour & birth.
14. Disadvantages
It is a time consuming test.
Test result may be influenced by stress,
illness or medications.
Blood is less stable after collection due
to improper handling or storage of
blood.
15. Risks of OGTT
These tests have no serious risks. It has some
risks include-
Nausea
Stomach discomfort
Diarrhea
Constipation
Bloating
Headache
16. Patients preparation for OGTT
Normal diet for 3-5days.
Diet containing about 30-50gm of carbohydrate
should be taken on the evening before the test.
Certain should be avoided.
To remain fasting overnight.
Avoid going bathroom before test as urine sample
may be needed.
75gm glucose is to be administered.
Avoid smoking.
18. Explain about the test to the patient.
Instruct the patient to maintain a high carbohydrate diet
for 3 days.
75gm glucose in 250-300ml water is given by mouth.
Venous blood sample & urine samples are collected
either at the end of 2 hours or at half hourly intervals for
2-3 hours.
Inform the patient that she/he may feel a slight
discomfort due to needle puncture.
Plasma glucose is estimated on each sample.
19. Results:
1. Normal OGTT: Serum glucose values in all
samples are within normal range.
2. Impaired glucose tolerance:
Fasting- 5.5- 7 mmol/L
Postprandial glucose- 7.8- 11.1 mmol/L
20. 3. Renal glycosuria: Blood glucose normal but sugar
present is urine.
4. Alimentary glycosuria: Fasting sugar level is normal.
Half/one hourly glucose is threshold. Glucose level rises
and falls sharply.
5. Diabetes criteria:
Blood glucose Normal(mmol/L) DM(mmol/L)
Fasting <5.5 ≥7
2 hrs after
75gm glucose
<7.8 ≥11.1
21. Nursing care plans
Diagnosis Goal Interventions Evaluation
Risk for light
headedness
To prevent
light
headedness
1. Advise to drink more
water & low salt diet.
2. Gibe antiemetic drug.
3. Lying down with closed
eyes in quiet room.
4. Eat healthy diet.
Gradually relief
from light
headedness.
Risk for
infection
To prevent
infection
1. Assess vital sign 4 hourly.
2. Maintenance of aseptic
techniques.
3. Gently handling the
patient.
4. Antibiotic may be given.
Risk of infection
sub-sided.
22. Deficit
knowledge
about OGTT
Provide
information
about OGTT
1. Assess the patients
knowledge about OGTT.
2. Give general knowledge
about OGTT & its
importance.
3. Teach about normal range.
4. Advise to report any
abnormal sign.
Adequate
knowledge
about
OGTT
23. Summery
Though OGTT is time consuming still considered
as the Gold standard for diagnosing Diabetes
Mellitus or rest of the indications are negative.
OGTT evaluates the efficiency of the body to
metabolize glucose. Depending on the baseline
data doctor may recommend changes medication
or treatment. Consulting with health care providers
about any concerns regarding follow up care &
instructions.