Clinical chemistry involves analyzing bodily fluids like blood to aid diagnosis and treatment. Tests can be qualitative, relying on descriptions, or quantitative using numbers. Blood analysis examines components like hemoglobin, white blood cells, glucose, lipids, platelets, enzymes and more. Normal ranges are established but values may indicate issues like infection, blood disorders, diabetes and other conditions. Together clinical chemistry tests provide important health insights.

1. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
BLOOD ANALYSIS
Unit .1 Lec.No 1.
Clinical Chemistry
Dr.K.Parameswari, Dept of Chemistry

2. Clinical Chemistry
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 Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical
pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical
biochemistry) is the area of clinical pathology that
is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids
for diagnostic and therapeutic (healing) purposes

3. Types of Measurements in Chemistry
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 Qualitative measurement relies on words (some,
many, none, pale) to tell us quality.
 The liver enzymes are high.
 Quantitative measurement relies primarily on
numbers as the main unit of analysis.
 The blood glucose is 100mg/ml.

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8. Blood Analysis
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 Hemoglobin
 WBC
 Glucose
 Lipid Profile
 Platelet count
 Salicylate level
 Muscle enzyme tests (CPK aldolase)
 Liver enzyme tests (SGOT SGPT) bilirubin alkaline
(Electrolytes)
 Thyroid

9. Hemoglobin
 Hb is the iron containing coloring matter of RBC
If the count is low -
chronic inflammation(inflammation is a body process that
can result in pain swelling warmth or redness)
Low hematocrit and hemoglobin counts may be signs that
your medication is causing a loss of blood from your
stomach and passing through your bowel. Low counts
also may indicate a decrease in red blood cell production.
bone marrow problem

10. If the count is more –
blood volume increase
in case of smoking
high altitude

11. Hb Count
 Normal Count : 14 – 16 g/dL
but it can vary from age to age
At birth : 25g/dL
After 3rd month : 20g/dL
After 1 year : 17g/dL
from puberty onwards : 14 – 16g/dL
it can also vary in age –
Adult males : 15g/dL
Adult females : 14.5g/dL

12. WBC
 WBC tests measure the number of white blood cells
present. When you have an infection your body makes
more white blood cells. Some medications can decrease
the number of white blood cells which could increase
your chances of getting an infection

13. Normal Values
 total count(TC)-
 4000 – 11000/cu mm of blood differential count(DC)-
% Absolute
volume/cu mm
of blood
neutrophils 50-70 3000-6000
eosinophils 2-4 150-450
basophils 0-1 0-100
monocytes 2-6 200-600
lymphocytes 20-30 1500-2700

14. SIGNIFICANS
 If the count is less-
o may be due to some medications
o decrease count indicate more prone for infection
If the count is more-
o disease in bone marrow
o disorder in immune system
o acute lymphocytic leukemia
o acute myelogenous leukemia(AML)

15. Significance
 If the count is less- (thrombocytopenia)
more bleeding
TB
infections and other disease
If the count is more- (thrombocytosis)
allergic conditions
hemorrhage
bone fracture
rheumatic fever
trauma

16. Examples of Measuring Biochemicals:
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 Blood glucose, or blood sugar levels indicate how the
body handles glucose.
 Measuring glucose levels after fasting can help diagnose
diabetes or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
 Cardiac enzyme levels indicate the health of heart
muscles.
 Measuring cardiac enzymes can help the doctor determine if
the patient has had a heart attack, when the episode occurred
and how severe it was.

17. Glucose in the Blood
Glucose Test Person without
diabetes
Person with diabetes
Fasting Test 70-110mg/dL > 140mg/dL
2 hours after eating <110mg/dL > 200mg/dL

18. Category Systolic reading
(mmHg)
Diastolic reading
(mmHg
Follow-up recommendation
Optimal 120 80 Recheck in two years
Normal 130 85 Recheck in 2 years
High Normal 130-139 85-89 Recheck in one year
Hypertension
Stage 1 (Mild)
140-159 90-99 Confirm within two months
Hypertension
Stage 2
(Moderate)
160-179 100-109 Evaluate within one month
Hypertension
Stage 3
(Severe)
179 109 Evaluate immediately or within one
week depending on situation

19. CHOLESTEROL
A fatty substance found only in animal foods.
It is also made by our bodies.
Small amounts are needed by the body for essential functions.
Excessive cholesterol forms a fatty plaque, which sticks to the
inside of our arteries and can cause heart disease.

20. GOOD AND BAD CHOLESTEROL
 LDL “bad” cholesterol
 Carries cholesterol around in the blood
 Forms plaque in the arteries
 Increases risk of heart disease
 HDL “good” cholesterol
 Carries cholesterol to liver and out of body
 Helps avoid plaque and heart disease

21. MORE FATS IN THE BLOOD
 Triglycerides
 A fat that circulates in blood and increases risk of heart
disease
 Lipid profile
 Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides.
 Gives a picture of the balance between good and bad
cholesterol and other fats

22. NORMAL BLOOD LEVELS
 Cholesterol (total) < 200 mg/dL
 LDL 0-130 mg/dL
 HDL 33-96 mg/dL
 Triglycerides 40-157 mg/dL

23. Platelet count
 This test measures the number of "sticky" cells or platelets
that help the blood to clot (aspirin and some other
medications make the platelets less "sticky"). If the
number of platelets is low you could have too much
bleeding. Some powerful arthritis medications in rare
instances lower the platelet count.
Normal Value
2,50,000/cu mm of blood
range- 2,00,000 – 4,00,000/cu mm of blood

24. Salicylate level
 This measures the amount of salicylate in the blood to
find out if enough is being absorbed to reduce
inflammation (salicylate is the main ingredient in aspirin
and some other NSAIDs (nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs)). This is a helpful test for
people who are taking large doses of these medications for
a long time. High salicylate levels can be harmful with or
without such symptoms as ringing in the ears nausea
vomiting or even fever

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 These include:
 Electrolyte (K (proper func of nerve, muscle,
heart), Na (kidney, adrenal gland)
 Enzymes creatinine (kidney function), billurubin
(jaundice)
 Albumin (main protein made by liver, antibody
fighting disease)
Liver Function Tests

26. Thyroid Panel
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 Thyroid Panel: to help evaluate thyroid function and
diagnose thyroid disease.
 Commonly includes TSH, T4, T3
 The thyroid gland is an important organ that
regulates body metabolism. It is located in the front of
the neck just below the voice box.
 It secretes two main thyroid hormones – thyroxine (T4)
and triiodothyronine (T3).
 These hormones allow the body to use energy. If you have
too little of these hormones, you have not used the possible
energy and are tired.
 So, if the mechanisms are working badly, patient is feeling
tired, they could be suffering from hypothyroidism.

27. The Thyroid and Pituatary Glands
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 Together these two glands work to regulate
metabolism. So, if the patient is always tired, a
Thyroid Panel may be ordered to assess hormone
levels.

28. Enzyme Panels
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 Enzymes Panel – enzymes are in all cells. Enzymes
are released into the blood by organs that are
damaged or diseased. The type of enzyme released
can indicate which organ is affected; heart, liver,
pancreas, even bone.
 There are Cardiac Enzyme Panels, Liver Enzyme Panels, etc.,
which are measuring the amount of different enzymes released
by the particular organ being investigated.

29. DO YOU KNOW your
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HB
WBC
Glucose Level
Lipid Profile ……etc
Know to have better Health