This document provides information on various blood tests, including their names, definitions, and normal ranges. It covers complete blood count tests, liver function tests, kidney function tests, lipid profiles, blood sugar tests, urine tests, cardiac blood tests, thyroid function tests, and blood tests for infertility. The tests measure important components of blood and other bodily fluids to screen for conditions, monitor health, and diagnose issues.
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
This document provides information on kidney function tests. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the kidney including glomerular filtration and tubular function. It then discusses various tests used to evaluate kidney function including clearance tests measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using substances like inulin, creatinine, urea and tests of tubular function like concentration and dilution tests. It provides details of procedures, normal values and interpretation for various kidney function tests.
This document provides information about lipid profiles and their normal ranges. It discusses how to collect and process blood specimens for lipid profiles. It then defines the components of a lipid profile including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL cholesterol. For each component, it provides the normal ranges and clinical significance of abnormal levels. It also briefly discusses apolipoprotein B, phospholipids, chylomicrons, and factors that can increase or decrease their levels.
The document discusses renal function tests (RFTs). It provides information on:
- The functions of the kidney including homeostasis, excretion, and hormonal functions.
- Common RFTs including urine analysis, serum creatinine, BUN, eGFR, and cystatin C. These tests are used to evaluate glomerular filtration rate and detect kidney problems.
- Additional details are given on clearance tests using inulin, creatinine and urea to estimate GFR. Urine analysis and tests of tubular function are also summarized.
This document discusses renal function tests and their importance in assessing kidney function. It covers urine analysis including physical, chemical and microscopic examination. It also discusses various blood tests like serum creatinine, blood urea, uric acid and electrolytes to evaluate glomerular function. Tests of tubular function examined include urine concentration, vasopressin and water load tests. The significance of renal function tests in acute kidney injury is also highlighted. An addendum discusses cystatin C as a novel marker for non-invasive estimation of glomerular filtration rate and early renal impairment.
The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
This document discusses renal function tests (RFTs). It begins by describing the functions of the kidney including formation of urine, excretion of waste products, and regulation of water, electrolytes and acid-base balance.
It then explains that RFTs are used to assess renal damage, monitor progression of renal disease, and adjust dosing of nephrotoxic drugs. RFTs provide information on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, tubular function, and urine output. Tests include urine analysis, measurements of glomerular function like creatinine clearance, and tests of tubular function like concentration and dilution tests. The document describes several RFTs in detail.
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
This document provides information on kidney function tests. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the kidney including glomerular filtration and tubular function. It then discusses various tests used to evaluate kidney function including clearance tests measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using substances like inulin, creatinine, urea and tests of tubular function like concentration and dilution tests. It provides details of procedures, normal values and interpretation for various kidney function tests.
This document provides information about lipid profiles and their normal ranges. It discusses how to collect and process blood specimens for lipid profiles. It then defines the components of a lipid profile including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL cholesterol. For each component, it provides the normal ranges and clinical significance of abnormal levels. It also briefly discusses apolipoprotein B, phospholipids, chylomicrons, and factors that can increase or decrease their levels.
The document discusses renal function tests (RFTs). It provides information on:
- The functions of the kidney including homeostasis, excretion, and hormonal functions.
- Common RFTs including urine analysis, serum creatinine, BUN, eGFR, and cystatin C. These tests are used to evaluate glomerular filtration rate and detect kidney problems.
- Additional details are given on clearance tests using inulin, creatinine and urea to estimate GFR. Urine analysis and tests of tubular function are also summarized.
This document discusses renal function tests and their importance in assessing kidney function. It covers urine analysis including physical, chemical and microscopic examination. It also discusses various blood tests like serum creatinine, blood urea, uric acid and electrolytes to evaluate glomerular function. Tests of tubular function examined include urine concentration, vasopressin and water load tests. The significance of renal function tests in acute kidney injury is also highlighted. An addendum discusses cystatin C as a novel marker for non-invasive estimation of glomerular filtration rate and early renal impairment.
The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
This document discusses renal function tests (RFTs). It begins by describing the functions of the kidney including formation of urine, excretion of waste products, and regulation of water, electrolytes and acid-base balance.
It then explains that RFTs are used to assess renal damage, monitor progression of renal disease, and adjust dosing of nephrotoxic drugs. RFTs provide information on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, tubular function, and urine output. Tests include urine analysis, measurements of glomerular function like creatinine clearance, and tests of tubular function like concentration and dilution tests. The document describes several RFTs in detail.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) and their use in evaluating liver diseases. It provides details on 3 key LFTs:
1. Bilirubin tests which are used to diagnose prehepatic (hemolytic), hepatic, and obstructive jaundice. Elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates obstructive jaundice while elevated unconjugated bilirubin indicates hepatic or hemolytic jaundice.
2. Liver enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT which provide information on liver health and injury. Elevated ALT and AST indicate liver parenchymal damage while elevated ALP and GGT can indicate obstructive jaundice.
3
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and tests related to evaluating the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest organ located in the upper right abdomen and contains hepatocytes as its main cells. The liver has important metabolic, excretory, hematological, storage, protective, and detoxification functions. Common tests to evaluate liver function include assessing serum enzymes like AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, and bilirubin levels. Tests can also examine the liver's metabolic capacity through galactose tolerance or its synthetic function using prothrombin time.
Proteinuria – early indicator of renal disease
Increases the risk of renal impairment, hypertension & cardiovascular disease.
Proteinuria of 1+ or more persisting on 2 subsequent dipstick tests at weekly intervals – requires further investigations.
Causes of transient proteinuria to be excluded
This document provides information about blood chemistry tests. It defines blood chemistry as identifying chemical substances found in blood. Important blood chemistry tests measure levels of substances that can indicate the functioning of organs like the liver and kidneys. These include tests for liver enzymes, kidney function, blood sugar, blood fats, blood proteins, and calcium. Abnormal results on these tests can help diagnose conditions affecting the organs they reflect. The document also outlines how blood chemistry tests are performed and some potential side effects.
This document discusses standardization of urinalysis, including specimen collection, preservation, and analysis techniques. It covers macroscopic examination of urine volume, appearance, odor, and color. Chemical analysis includes dipstick testing for glucose, bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, blood, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase. Microscopic examination standards are provided for cells, casts, crystals, bacteria, and yeast seen in urine sediment. Automated urine analyzers are also discussed. Standardization is important for uniformity and accurate interpretation of urinalysis results.
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify a person's average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. HbA1c is formed through a non-enzymatic process as glucose binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. The HbA1c test measures the amount of glycated hemoglobin and provides an indication of a person's blood glucose control over the past 120 days (3 months), which corresponds to the average lifespan of red blood cells. Several methods can be used to measure HbA1c levels including HPLC, immunoassay, and boronate affinity chromatography.
This document discusses renal function tests and their use in assessing kidney function. It covers tests that measure glomerular filtration rate like creatinine clearance and urea clearance. Creatinine clearance is considered the best measure of glomerular filtration as creatinine is filtered at the glomerulus and neither reabsorbed nor secreted. Stages of kidney disease are defined based on glomerular filtration rate. Tubular function tests like urine concentration are also discussed. Biochemical changes in blood that occur with impaired kidney function are outlined.
This document discusses various diagnostic procedures and dynamic tests used in chemical pathology, focusing on tests for disorders of growth hormone, cortisol, and aldosterone metabolism. It provides details on insulin hypoglycemic tests, glucose stimulation tests, clonidine stimulation tests, and exercise stimulation tests. These tests measure hormonal responses to stimuli like insulin-induced hypoglycemia, glucagon administration, clonidine administration, or exercise to evaluate the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axes. The document outlines the procedures, normal responses, and interpretations for each type of dynamic test.
This document provides an overview of urine analysis in dentistry. It discusses the processes of urine formation, reasons for performing urinalysis, sample collection methods, and the components evaluated in a urinalysis. Physical examination assesses volume, color, odor, turbidity, pH, and specific gravity. Biochemical examination tests for proteins, sugars, ketone bodies, bile, and blood. Microscopic tests identify cells, crystals, casts, and microorganisms. Together these evaluations can help diagnose and monitor diseases affecting the kidneys, urinary tract, and other body systems.
The document discusses liver function tests and bilirubin metabolism. It describes that liver function tests are useful for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases. A battery of tests are needed since the liver has diverse functions including excretion, metabolism, protein and plasma synthesis, and storage. Specific tests mentioned include liver enzymes, albumin, prothrombin time, tumor markers, bilirubin, and dye excretion tests. The types of jaundice - hemolytic, obstructive, and hepatic - are distinguished based on conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels as well as other factors. Various inborn errors affecting bilirubin metabolism are also outlined.
The document discusses kidney function tests. It describes the purpose of urine examination to diagnose kidney disorders and other diseases affecting kidney function. It covers macroscopic examination of urine including color, odor, pH, specific gravity and volume. Microscopic examination looks at cells, crystals, casts and microorganisms. Chemical examination tests for proteins, sugars, ketones, bile salts and blood. Clearance tests and urine concentration tests assess renal tubular function. Different types of kidney stones are also discussed.
Creatinine is a waste product of creatine phosphate in muscle. It is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Increased creatinine levels indicate reduced kidney function or muscle damage. Creatinine clearance estimates glomerular filtration rate and is calculated using creatinine levels in serum and a 24-hour urine sample. Normal creatinine clearance ranges from 90-135 mL/min for males and 80-125 mL/min for females.
A complete blood count (CBC) measures components of blood including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count. It provides information about the blood and bone marrow. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions such as anemia, infection, blood loss, bone marrow diseases, and cancers. The CBC is an important test used to screen for diseases, monitor treatment effectiveness, and identify acute and chronic illnesses.
This document discusses the clinical evaluation of liver disease through history, examination, and liver function tests. It describes taking a thorough history including risk factors. Physical exam may reveal non-specific findings or signs of liver dysfunction. Liver function tests can detect hepatocellular injury, assess protein synthesis, and evaluate cholestatic disorders through standard lab tests, quantitative tests, blood flow measurements, and radiologic/endoscopic methods. Normal ranges are provided for common liver enzymes and proteins.
This document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which assess the liver's metabolic, synthetic, excretory and detoxification functions. LFTs include tests of bilirubin, bile salts, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, ammonia, cholesterol and coagulation factors. Elevations in aminotransferases generally indicate liver injury, while alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase indicate cholestasis or bile duct injury. Interpretation of LFTs can help diagnose liver diseases and assess disease severity. Limitations include lack of specificity and inability to fully assess liver function.
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
The document discusses the functions and tests of the kidney. It notes that the kidney excretes waste, maintains water and electrolyte balance, and produces hormones. It describes renal clearance tests to assess glomerular and tubular function, including creatinine clearance and urine concentration tests. Normal ranges are provided for various blood and urine parameters. Renal function tests evaluate glomerular filtration rate and tubular function.
This document discusses blood grouping and Rh typing. It begins by explaining that blood grouping is based on the antigens present on red blood cells, with ABO and Rh being clinically most important. It then covers the history and discovery of blood grouping, the various blood group systems, and Landsteiner's law regarding antigens and antibodies. The rest of the document discusses methods for blood grouping and Rh typing, including slide and tube methods. It covers interpretation of results, universal donor/recipient groups, and rare Bombay blood group. The importance and techniques of cross-matching for blood transfusions are also summarized.
This document discusses albumin, the major protein in human plasma. Albumin is synthesized in the liver and plays important roles in transporting molecules through the blood and maintaining fluid balance. A serum albumin test measures the levels of this protein, which are normally between 3.4-5.4 g/dL. Lower levels can indicate liver or kidney disease, while higher levels may result from dehydration or fluid infusion. Certain drugs and medical conditions can also impact albumin levels. Risks of blood collection for albumin testing are generally minor.
Blood test normal values and it's importanceGOPAL KHODVE
Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include
Your sex, age and race
What you eat and drink
Medicines you take
How well you followed pre-test instructions
Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.
This document provides information on various blood tests, including their names, definitions, and normal ranges. It covers complete blood count tests, liver function tests, kidney function tests, lipid profiles, blood sugar tests, thyroid function tests, cardiac markers, tumor markers, tests for arthritis, and semen analysis. The tests measure important components of blood and other bodily fluids to screen for conditions, diseases, and overall health and provide clinicians with diagnostic information.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) and their use in evaluating liver diseases. It provides details on 3 key LFTs:
1. Bilirubin tests which are used to diagnose prehepatic (hemolytic), hepatic, and obstructive jaundice. Elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates obstructive jaundice while elevated unconjugated bilirubin indicates hepatic or hemolytic jaundice.
2. Liver enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT which provide information on liver health and injury. Elevated ALT and AST indicate liver parenchymal damage while elevated ALP and GGT can indicate obstructive jaundice.
3
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and tests related to evaluating the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest organ located in the upper right abdomen and contains hepatocytes as its main cells. The liver has important metabolic, excretory, hematological, storage, protective, and detoxification functions. Common tests to evaluate liver function include assessing serum enzymes like AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, and bilirubin levels. Tests can also examine the liver's metabolic capacity through galactose tolerance or its synthetic function using prothrombin time.
Proteinuria – early indicator of renal disease
Increases the risk of renal impairment, hypertension & cardiovascular disease.
Proteinuria of 1+ or more persisting on 2 subsequent dipstick tests at weekly intervals – requires further investigations.
Causes of transient proteinuria to be excluded
This document provides information about blood chemistry tests. It defines blood chemistry as identifying chemical substances found in blood. Important blood chemistry tests measure levels of substances that can indicate the functioning of organs like the liver and kidneys. These include tests for liver enzymes, kidney function, blood sugar, blood fats, blood proteins, and calcium. Abnormal results on these tests can help diagnose conditions affecting the organs they reflect. The document also outlines how blood chemistry tests are performed and some potential side effects.
This document discusses standardization of urinalysis, including specimen collection, preservation, and analysis techniques. It covers macroscopic examination of urine volume, appearance, odor, and color. Chemical analysis includes dipstick testing for glucose, bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, blood, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase. Microscopic examination standards are provided for cells, casts, crystals, bacteria, and yeast seen in urine sediment. Automated urine analyzers are also discussed. Standardization is important for uniformity and accurate interpretation of urinalysis results.
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify a person's average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. HbA1c is formed through a non-enzymatic process as glucose binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. The HbA1c test measures the amount of glycated hemoglobin and provides an indication of a person's blood glucose control over the past 120 days (3 months), which corresponds to the average lifespan of red blood cells. Several methods can be used to measure HbA1c levels including HPLC, immunoassay, and boronate affinity chromatography.
This document discusses renal function tests and their use in assessing kidney function. It covers tests that measure glomerular filtration rate like creatinine clearance and urea clearance. Creatinine clearance is considered the best measure of glomerular filtration as creatinine is filtered at the glomerulus and neither reabsorbed nor secreted. Stages of kidney disease are defined based on glomerular filtration rate. Tubular function tests like urine concentration are also discussed. Biochemical changes in blood that occur with impaired kidney function are outlined.
This document discusses various diagnostic procedures and dynamic tests used in chemical pathology, focusing on tests for disorders of growth hormone, cortisol, and aldosterone metabolism. It provides details on insulin hypoglycemic tests, glucose stimulation tests, clonidine stimulation tests, and exercise stimulation tests. These tests measure hormonal responses to stimuli like insulin-induced hypoglycemia, glucagon administration, clonidine administration, or exercise to evaluate the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axes. The document outlines the procedures, normal responses, and interpretations for each type of dynamic test.
This document provides an overview of urine analysis in dentistry. It discusses the processes of urine formation, reasons for performing urinalysis, sample collection methods, and the components evaluated in a urinalysis. Physical examination assesses volume, color, odor, turbidity, pH, and specific gravity. Biochemical examination tests for proteins, sugars, ketone bodies, bile, and blood. Microscopic tests identify cells, crystals, casts, and microorganisms. Together these evaluations can help diagnose and monitor diseases affecting the kidneys, urinary tract, and other body systems.
The document discusses liver function tests and bilirubin metabolism. It describes that liver function tests are useful for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases. A battery of tests are needed since the liver has diverse functions including excretion, metabolism, protein and plasma synthesis, and storage. Specific tests mentioned include liver enzymes, albumin, prothrombin time, tumor markers, bilirubin, and dye excretion tests. The types of jaundice - hemolytic, obstructive, and hepatic - are distinguished based on conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels as well as other factors. Various inborn errors affecting bilirubin metabolism are also outlined.
The document discusses kidney function tests. It describes the purpose of urine examination to diagnose kidney disorders and other diseases affecting kidney function. It covers macroscopic examination of urine including color, odor, pH, specific gravity and volume. Microscopic examination looks at cells, crystals, casts and microorganisms. Chemical examination tests for proteins, sugars, ketones, bile salts and blood. Clearance tests and urine concentration tests assess renal tubular function. Different types of kidney stones are also discussed.
Creatinine is a waste product of creatine phosphate in muscle. It is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Increased creatinine levels indicate reduced kidney function or muscle damage. Creatinine clearance estimates glomerular filtration rate and is calculated using creatinine levels in serum and a 24-hour urine sample. Normal creatinine clearance ranges from 90-135 mL/min for males and 80-125 mL/min for females.
A complete blood count (CBC) measures components of blood including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count. It provides information about the blood and bone marrow. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions such as anemia, infection, blood loss, bone marrow diseases, and cancers. The CBC is an important test used to screen for diseases, monitor treatment effectiveness, and identify acute and chronic illnesses.
This document discusses the clinical evaluation of liver disease through history, examination, and liver function tests. It describes taking a thorough history including risk factors. Physical exam may reveal non-specific findings or signs of liver dysfunction. Liver function tests can detect hepatocellular injury, assess protein synthesis, and evaluate cholestatic disorders through standard lab tests, quantitative tests, blood flow measurements, and radiologic/endoscopic methods. Normal ranges are provided for common liver enzymes and proteins.
This document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which assess the liver's metabolic, synthetic, excretory and detoxification functions. LFTs include tests of bilirubin, bile salts, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, ammonia, cholesterol and coagulation factors. Elevations in aminotransferases generally indicate liver injury, while alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase indicate cholestasis or bile duct injury. Interpretation of LFTs can help diagnose liver diseases and assess disease severity. Limitations include lack of specificity and inability to fully assess liver function.
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
The document discusses the functions and tests of the kidney. It notes that the kidney excretes waste, maintains water and electrolyte balance, and produces hormones. It describes renal clearance tests to assess glomerular and tubular function, including creatinine clearance and urine concentration tests. Normal ranges are provided for various blood and urine parameters. Renal function tests evaluate glomerular filtration rate and tubular function.
This document discusses blood grouping and Rh typing. It begins by explaining that blood grouping is based on the antigens present on red blood cells, with ABO and Rh being clinically most important. It then covers the history and discovery of blood grouping, the various blood group systems, and Landsteiner's law regarding antigens and antibodies. The rest of the document discusses methods for blood grouping and Rh typing, including slide and tube methods. It covers interpretation of results, universal donor/recipient groups, and rare Bombay blood group. The importance and techniques of cross-matching for blood transfusions are also summarized.
This document discusses albumin, the major protein in human plasma. Albumin is synthesized in the liver and plays important roles in transporting molecules through the blood and maintaining fluid balance. A serum albumin test measures the levels of this protein, which are normally between 3.4-5.4 g/dL. Lower levels can indicate liver or kidney disease, while higher levels may result from dehydration or fluid infusion. Certain drugs and medical conditions can also impact albumin levels. Risks of blood collection for albumin testing are generally minor.
Blood test normal values and it's importanceGOPAL KHODVE
Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include
Your sex, age and race
What you eat and drink
Medicines you take
How well you followed pre-test instructions
Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.
This document provides information on various blood tests, including their names, definitions, and normal ranges. It covers complete blood count tests, liver function tests, kidney function tests, lipid profiles, blood sugar tests, thyroid function tests, cardiac markers, tumor markers, tests for arthritis, and semen analysis. The tests measure important components of blood and other bodily fluids to screen for conditions, diseases, and overall health and provide clinicians with diagnostic information.
This document provides information on various blood and medical tests including their definitions and normal ranges. It discusses kidney, liver, and lipid profile tests as well as complete blood count, blood sugar, and bilirubin tests. The tests measure electrolytes, enzymes, proteins, cholesterol, blood cells, glucose, and other components to evaluate organ function and detect abnormalities. Maintaining levels within the normal ranges provided is important for overall health and disease prevention or diagnosis.
HIGH AND LOW BLOOD TEST RESULTS: What Do They Mean?Nelson Vergel
As patient self-education grows with access to information online, more people in the U.S. are taking charge of their health by buying their own blood tests online with no doctor visit via companies like DiscountedLabs.com . Large blood testing networks located all over the United States make it easy for empowered and educated patients to find a lab location near them where they can have their blood drawn or provide a urine or saliva sample. Discounted Labs makes it easy for those consumers to buy and interpret their blood test results so that they can have more educated discussions with their physicians.
After people buy their own blood tests and received their results, it is sometimes difficult to make sense of what high or low blood test values mean when compared with the “normal” ranges provided by blood testing companies. Searching on the Internet may only give people a limited explanation of the health consequences of these high or low blood test values. We will attempt to include the most common blood tests, their ranges and meaning of high or low values in the following article to save people time in their search for next steps.
Note: Consult your health care provider to get explanations about your blood test results and how he or she uses them to diagnose and treat your condition. This information is not meant to provide medical advice or guide any treatment decisions and it is only intended as an educational tool to enable you to have an educated discussion with your health care provider.
This document summarizes information about several common blood tests:
- Albumin measures the protein made by the liver to transport molecules through the blood. Abnormal levels may indicate liver or kidney disease.
- Bilirubin measures a pigment from broken down red blood cells. High levels cause jaundice and can indicate liver problems.
- Creatinine measures kidney function by detecting the waste product cleared from the blood by the kidneys. High levels mean reduced kidney function.
- ALT, AST, and ALP measure liver enzymes and are used to diagnose and monitor liver disease when abnormal.
The document provides reference ranges and normal values for various cardiac tests and assessments including:
- Blood gas analysis values such as pH, pCO2, and pO2.
- Complete blood count components like hemoglobin, RBC count, WBC count and differentials.
- Electrolytes including sodium, potassium, calcium and their normal ranges.
- Kidney and liver function tests including creatinine, BUN, bilirubin and liver enzymes.
- Lipid profiles like cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins.
- Cardiac markers like CK-MB, troponin and their significance in diagnosing heart attacks.
- Coagulation tests like PT
Clinical chemistry involves analyzing bodily fluids like blood and urine to evaluate health. Key tests include blood glucose, lipid profile, kidney and liver function, and cardiac markers. Blood glucose tests include fasting blood sugar and oral glucose tolerance tests. A lipid profile measures cholesterol, triglycerides, and other fats. Kidney function is assessed using creatinine, BUN, and GFR tests. Liver function tests examine bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, and protein levels. Cardiac markers like troponin and CK-MB are used to diagnose heart attacks. Additionally, tumor markers can detect various cancers early by testing for substances like AFP, PSA, and CA125.
Medical technology encompasses healthcare products that diagnose, monitor, or treat diseases. Medical technologists perform complex scientific tests on blood and body fluids to analyze results. Enzymes and vitamins play important roles in metabolic processes and sustaining life. Medical technologists perform blood tests involving enzymes like LDH, CPK, AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP, which can indicate tissue damage or diseases of the liver, heart, muscles and bones when levels are abnormal.
Clinical chemistry involves analyzing bodily fluids to aid in diagnosis and treatment. It uses both qualitative and quantitative measurements. Blood analysis tests include hemoglobin, white blood cell count, glucose, lipid profile, platelet count, electrolytes, muscle and liver enzymes, and thyroid function. These tests provide information about anemia, infection, diabetes, heart health, kidney and liver function, and thyroid function that can help clinicians identify health issues.
Interpretation of clinical laboratory testSmita Jain
Clinical laboratory test results are very important for diagnosis, monitoring, and screening as 70-80% of diagnostic decisions are based on them. It is imperative for patient care and safety that clinicians are familiar with the tests and how to interpret the results, as large amounts of data are provided to help guide treatment decisions.
Clinical chemistry involves analyzing bodily fluids like blood to aid diagnosis and treatment. Tests can be qualitative, relying on descriptions, or quantitative using numbers. Blood analysis examines components like hemoglobin, white blood cells, glucose, lipids, platelets, enzymes and more. Normal ranges are established but values may indicate issues like infection, blood disorders, diabetes and other conditions. Together clinical chemistry tests provide important health insights.
This document provides information on routine biochemistry parameters that are used to evaluate liver and kidney function as well as lipid levels. It describes several key liver function tests including ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, GGT, albumin and globulin that can indicate liver health. Renal function tests like BUN, creatinine, electrolytes and uric acid are also outlined. Finally, it discusses lipid profile measurements including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides that are used to assess heart disease risk.
This document provides information on various diagnostic tests including a complete blood count, serum electrolytes, liver function tests, lipid profile, blood glucose levels, urine tests, sputum culture, and radiologic procedures. It describes what each test measures, normal ranges, and conditions they can help screen for or diagnose. A complete blood count provides counts and percentages of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and can screen for many disorders. Serum electrolytes commonly measure sodium, potassium, and chloride levels which can be abnormal in cases of fluid imbalance, kidney disease, or other conditions. Liver function tests evaluate liver health through measures of bilirubin and liver enzymes. A lipid profile assesses cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Routine Body Check-up & Good Health Tips For Elder Personsaptarshi panigrahi
The document discusses the importance of routine health checkups for asymptomatic adults. It provides details on various screening tests that can be done for different organs like eyes, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys etc. These include tests like eye exam, spirometry, ECG, blood tests, mammography and PAP smear. The document also discusses BMI measurement and provides healthy ranges for various biomarkers. It emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet, exercise and lifestyle habits in maintaining overall health and preventing diseases.
This document discusses renal function tests. It describes why renal function is tested, such as to assess kidney function and detect impairment. It outlines when renal function should be assessed, such as in older age, diabetes, or hypertension. The document then describes the different types of renal function tests, including urine analysis, blood tests like creatinine and urea, and glomerular function tests. Urine analysis involves examining color, volume, specific gravity, pH, and microscopic sediment. Blood tests evaluate substances that are normally excreted by the kidneys. Glomerular function tests directly measure the glomerular filtration rate.
Interpretation and Clinical Significance of some Clinical Laboratory Tests - ...Bigin Gyawali
Certainly, clinical laboratory tests play a crucial role in assessing the function and health of various organ systems in the body. Let's discuss the clinical significance of some common laboratory tests for each of the mentioned systems:
1. **Cardiovascular System:**
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Evaluating red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels can help identify anemia, which may contribute to cardiovascular issues.
- **Lipid Profile:** Measures cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol), triglycerides, and can help assess the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
2. **Endocrine System:**
- **Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs):** TSH, T3, and T4 levels are assessed to diagnose thyroid disorders. An imbalance in thyroid hormones can affect metabolism and cardiovascular function.
- **Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c):** Monitors long-term glucose control and is essential in managing diabetes, a condition that can impact multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular and renal systems.
3. **Gastrointestinal System:**
- **Liver Function Tests (LFTs):** Assess the health of the liver by measuring enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), bilirubin, and proteins. Abnormalities may indicate liver disease or dysfunction.
- **Stool Tests (e.g., fecal occult blood):** Detects blood in the stool, which may indicate gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.
4. **Hematologic System:**
- **Coagulation Panel (PT, aPTT, INR):** Evaluates the blood's clotting ability. Abnormalities may suggest bleeding disorders or an increased risk of thrombosis.
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Assesses the cellular components of blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets, helping to diagnose anemias, infections, and blood disorders.
5. **Renal System:**
- **Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine:** Evaluate kidney function. Elevated levels may indicate impaired renal function, suggesting acute or chronic kidney disease.
- **Urinalysis:** Examines urine for abnormalities such as protein, blood, or glucose, providing insights into kidney and urinary tract health.
6. **Respiratory System:**
- **Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis:** Assesses oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, helping diagnose respiratory and metabolic disorders.
- **Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs):** Measures lung function, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Interpretation of these tests requires a comprehensive understanding of the patient's medical history and clinical presentation. Abnormal results can guide further diagnostic investigations and help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans. Regular monitoring of these parameters is vital for managing chronic conditions and preventing complications.
The document provides information about common laboratory blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) test. A CBC measures red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, white blood cell count, platelet count, and can include a white blood cell differential. Normal ranges are provided for these components. Additional tests described include prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, bleeding time, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, sodium, calcium, blood urea nitrogen, and blood group/ABO testing.
Kenyatta university cholesterol level lab report.Lando Elvis
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2. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
NAME DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE
Hb or Hbg (hemoglobin) This is the protein in your blood
that holds the oxygen.
men -14 to 17 gm/dl
women - 12 to 15 gm/dL
White blood cells (WBCs) also called leukocytes or
leucocytes, are the cells of the
immune system
4,500 to 10,000 cells per
microliter (cells/mcL).
RBC (red blood cell
count)
they carry oxygen through your
body. They also help filter carbon
dioxide
Men- 14 to 17 gm/dL
women - 12 to 15 gm/dL.
Hct (hematocrit). is the volume % percentage of red
blood cell.
It is normally 40% for men
and 31% for women.
MCV (mean corpuscular
volume).
This is the average size of your red
blood cells.
MCV score - 80 to 95.
Platelets. also called thrombocytes are a
component of blood whose
function is to stop bleeding by
clumping and clotting blood vessel
140,000 to 450,000 cells/mcL
3. NAME DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE
ESR (Westegren) 1hr An ESR test can help
determine if you have a
condition that causes
inflammation.
If your ESR is high, it may be
related to an inflammatory
condition
Male - 1-10mm
Female - 5-15mm
4. Liver Function Tests (LFT)
Bilirubin Total
Bilirubin is a reddish yellow pigment made during the
normal breakdown of red blood cells.
0-1 mg/dl
Conjugated
(D.Bilirubin)
Direct bilirubin is the more soluble, less toxic and
conjugated with glucuronic acid.
0-0.35 mg/dl
Unconjugated
(I.D.Bilirubin)
Bilirubin that is bound to a certain protein (albumin) in
the blood
0.2-0.65
mg/dl
SGOT (AST)
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, an enzyme
that is normally present in liver and heart cells.
10-40 iu/l
SGPT (ALT)
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme that is
normally present in liver and heart cells
10-40 iu/l
Alkaline
Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found throughout
the body. However, it tends to be most concentrated in
the liver, the bile ducts, bones and placenta.
40-112 u/l
Total Protein
is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of
protein in serum. Protein in the serum is made up of
albumin and globulin.
6-8.5 gm/l
Albumin
is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion of
all plasma protein.
3.5-5 gm/l
Globulin
group of proteins in blood, play an important role in
liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection. 2-3.5 gm/l
5. KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST
Test Name Defination Normal value
Blood urea Urea is the terminal product of protein
metabolism, and 1g of protein can produce about
0.3g of urea
10-50 mg/dl
Serum Creatinine Creatinine is a chemical waste product in the
blood that passes through the kidneys to be
filtered and eliminated in urine.
0.6–1.1 mg/dl In Women &
0.7–1.3 mg/dl In Men.
Serum Uric Acid Uric acid is a product of the metabolic
breakdown of purinenucleotide, and it is a normal
component of urine.
2.4-6.0 mg/dl (female) and
3.4-7.0 mg/dl (male).
Serum Sodium Sodium is key to controlling the amount of fluid in
your body. body needs it for brain and muscles to
work the right way.
135-145 mmol /L.
Serum Potassium A potassium test is used to measure the amount
of potassium in your blood. Potassium is an
electrolyte that’s essential for proper muscle and
nerve function..
Adults: 3.5-5.1 mEq/L or
mmol/L
Children: 3.4-4.7 mEq/L or
mmol/L (age dependent)
Chloride Chloride is an electrolyte that helps keep a proper
fluid and acid-base balance in body.
98-106 mmol/L
Total Protein Albumin and globulin are two types of protein in
your body. The total protein test measures the
total amount albumin and globulin in your body.
6 -8.3 grams per deciliter
(g/dL).
6. Lipid profile: Lipid profile (Cholesterol and triglycerides)
Test Name Defination Normal Range
Total Cholesterol Total cholesterol: This is the total
amount of cholesterol in your blood.
<200 mg/dL
Triglycerides Triglycerides, another type of fat that
causes hardening of the
arteries
10 to 150 mg/dL
HDL
Cholesterol
High-density
lipoprotein
This is referred to as “good” cholesterol
because it helps remove LDL cholesterol
from your blood.
> 40 to 60 mg/dL
LDL
Cholesterol
Low-density
lipoprotein
This is referred to as “bad” cholesterol.
Too much of it raises your risk of heart
attack, stroke, and atherosclerosis.
70 to 130 mg/dL
VLDL-
Very Low-Density
Lipoprotein
VLDL cholesterol is a type of blood fat.
It's considered one of the "bad" forms of
cholesterol, along with LDL cholesterol
and triglycerides.
less than or equal to 2 to 30
mg/dL (0.1 to 1.7 mmol/l).
7. BLOOD SUGER TEST
Plasma
glucose test
Definition Normal Prediabetes
Random
A random blood sugar test checks
your blood glucose at a random time
of day.
79–160 mg/dl N/A
Fasting
Fasting, as the name suggests, means
refraining from eating of drinking any
liquids other than water for eight
hours. It is used as a test for diabetes.
90 to 110mg/dL 110 to 125 mg/dl
2 hour post-
prandial
postprandiaL blood glucose test
measures blood glucose exactly 2
hours after eating a meal,timed from
the start of the meal.
Below 140 mg/dl 140 to 199 mg/dl
Glucose
tolerance test
A glucose tolerance test measures
how well your body’s cells are able to
absorb glucose(75 gm), or sugar, after
you ingest a given amount of sugar.
Fasting 60 to 100 mg/dL
1 hour <200 mg/dL
2 hour <140 mg/dL
8. HbA1c Blood Test
HbA1c HbA1c is a marker that can determine your average blood sugar
(glucose) levels over the previous 3-months
9. URINE TEST
Measurement Reference
range
Color yellow cloudy, dark, or blood-colored.
Appearance Clear Cloudy urine may be caused by crystals, deposits, white
cells, red cells, epithelial cells or fat globules.
Specific gravity (g/ml) 1.005-1.030 Increases in specific gravity - dehydration, diarrhea,
emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder
infection, glucosuria , renal artery s tenosis ...
PH 5.0-8.0 A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a
kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and
asthma.
Protein (mg/dl) Negative Protein may be present in the urine because of acute
inflammation or kidney stone disease, or as a sign of
kidney damage.
Glucose (mg/dl) Negative when blood sugar levels rise well above a target range-
which can occur in type 1 and type 2 diabetes-the kidneys
often release some of the excess sugar from the blood
into the urine.
Ketones (mg/dl) Negative High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes that can
10. Bilirubin Negative In certain liver diseases, such as biliary obstruction or
hepatitis, excess bilirubin can build up in the blood and is
eliminated in urine.
Blood Negative Painful blood in the urine can be caused by a number of
disorders, including infections and stones in the urinary
tract. Painless blood in the urine can also be due to many
causes, including cancer.
Nitrite Negative This test is commonly used in diagnosing urinary tract
infections (UTI). A positive nitrite test indicates that the cause
of the UTI is a gram negative organism, most commonly
Escherichia coli.
Urobilinogen 0.2-1.0 Too much urobilinogen in urine can indicate a liver disease
such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
Leukocyte
esterase
Negative Leukocyte esterase is a screening test used to detect a
substance that suggests there are white blood cells in
the urine. This may mean you have a urinary tract infection.
WBC/HPF (WBCs
per high power
field, HPF).
0-4 This test is usually ordered to determine is someone has
a urinary tract infection. ... If both WBC and leukoesterase are
elevated, it more strongly suggests a UTI.
Squamous
epithelium
0-4 The presence of squamous epithelial cells may indicate
contamination of the urine specimen.
11. CARDIAC BLOOD TESTS
Test Definition Normal
Range
Creatine
phosphokinase -MB
(CPK-MB)
CPK-MB test is a cardiac markerused to
assist diagnoses of an acute myocardial
infarction.
5 to 25 IU/L.
Troponin A troponin test measures the levels
troponin T or troponin I proteins in the
blood. These proteins are released
when the heart muscle has been
damaged, such as occurs with a heart
attack.
less than
0.01 ng/mL
C-Reactive Protein
and Heart Disease
Risk
CRP seems to predict the chance of
having cardiovascular problems at least
as well as cholesterol levels.
Test Result Risk
Less than 1.0
mg
Low
1.0-2.9 mg Intermediate
Greater than High
12. THYROID FUNCTION TEST
HORMONES DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE
TRIIODOTHYRONINE
(T3)
Abnormally high levels most
commonly indicate a condition
called Grave’s disease.This is an
autoimmune disorder associated
with hyperthyroidism.
75 -200 ng/dL
THYROXINE (T4) A high level of T4 indicates an
overactive thyroid
(hyperthyroidism). Symptoms
include anxiety, unplanned weight
loss, tremors, and diarrhea.
4.5 -11.5 ug/dL
THYROID-
STIMULATING
HORMONE (TSH)
is a pituitary hormone that
stimulates the thyroid gland to
produce (T4), and then (T3) which
stimulates the metabolism of
almost every tissue in the body.
0.3 - 5.0 U/mL
13. Blood Tests for Infertility
FSH
Follicle-stimulating
hormone
It helps control a
woman’s menstrual cycle
and the production of
eggs.
5-20 IU/L (THIRD DAY OF
MENSTRUAL PERIOD)
LH
Luteinizing
Hormone Level
In women, luteinizing
hormone (LH) is linked to
ovarian hormone
production and egg
maturation.
5 – 20 mIU/ ml
25 – 40 mIU/ml (24 – 36
hours before ovulation)
Prolactin In women, a prolactin
test is done to find out
why they are not
menstruating, or why
they are having infertility
problems or abnormal
nipple discharge
Non pregnant females: 2 to
29 ng /mL.
Pregnant females: 10 to 209
ng/mL.
Ovarian Reserve
(AMH) Test
Anti-Mullerian
Hormone
The level of AMH in a
woman's blood is
generally a good indicator
of her ovarian reserve.
High (often PCOS)
Normal
Low normal range
Low
Over 4.0 ng/ml
1.5-4.0 ng/ml
1.0-1.5 ng/ml
0.5-1.0 ng/ml
14. Blood Tests for Infertility
Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-
soluble vitamin that has a key role in the normal
functioning of the brain and nervous system via
the synthesis of myelin (myelinogenesis), and the
formation of red blood cells.
300-900 pg/ml
Vitamin D Vitamin D is a nutrient essential for proper
growth and formation of teeth and bones. A
vitamin D test measures the level of 25-
hydroxyvitamin D and/or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
in the blood to detect a deficiency or excess.
20 nanograms/milliliter
to 50 ng/mL
Serum Calcium All cells need calcium in order to
work. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth.
It is important for heart function, and helps with
muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood
clotting
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
Bone density
test
A bone density test is the only test that can
diagnose osteoporosis before a broken bone
occurs. This test helps to estimate the density of
your bones and your chance of breaking a bone.
A T-score -1.0 or above
is normal bone density. A
T-score of -2.5 or below is
a diagnosis
of osteoporosis.
15. SEMAN ANALYSIS
Volume
The average volume of semen produced at
Ejaculation.
1.5 – 5 mL
Concentration
(sperm count)
sperm per milliliter 50 to 150 million
Motility How many moving sperm are present. Low
motility can also indicate hormonal
problems or a varicocele.
50 – 60%
Morphology What percentage of sperm are normally
shaped?
more than 50 percent
Liquefaction
While semen is initially thick, its ability to
liquefy, or turn to a watery consistency,
helps sperm to move. If semen does not
liquefy in 15 to 30 minutes, fertility could be
affected
It should take 15 to 30
minutes before semen
liquefies.
pH level A pH level higher than 8.0 could indicate the
donor has an infection
between 7.2 - 7.8
16. Tumor marker
Tumor marker Associated tumor types
Alpha fetoprotein(AFP) Hepatocellular Carcinoma, germ cell tumor
CA15-3 Breast Cancer
CA27-29 Breast Cancer
CA19-9 Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal
cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer
CA-125 Mainly ovarian cancer, but may also be elevated
in endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung
cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer,
in endometriosis
Calcitonin medullary thyroid carcinoma
Human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell
tumor, choriocarcinoma
17. Tumor marker Associated tumor types
Neuron-specific
enolase (NSE)
It is a substance that has been detected in patients with certain
tumors, namely: neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer,
medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid tumors, endocrine tumors
of the pancreas, and melanoma.
CEA:
Carcinoembryonic
antigen
is a protein found in many types of cells but associated
with tumors and the developing fetus. CEA is tested in blood.
CEA level is the tumor marker most often used in colorectal
cancer.
Prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) test
A prostate-specific antigen
(PSA) test measures the
amount of prostate-
specific antigen in
the blood. PSA is released
into a man's blood by
his prostate gland .
Age Range (Years) Asian Americans
40 to 49 0 to 2.0 ng/mL
50 to 59 0 to 3.0 ng/mL
60 to 69 0 to 4.0 ng/mL
70 to 79 0 to 5.0 ng/mL
18. BLOOD TEST FOR ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid factor
(RF)
RF are proteins produced by your
immune system that can attack
healthy tissue in your body.
Less than 15 IU/mL
Antinuclear antibody
(ANA)
It detects antinuclear antibodies
(ANA) in your blood. Your immune
system normally makes antibodies
to help you fight infection.
Positive or negetive
Anti-cyclic citrullinated
peptide (anti-CCP)
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
(anti-CCP) is an antibody present in
most rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Less than 20 u/ml
HLA-B27 Human leukocyte antigen B27 is a
major histocompatibility complex
class 1 molecule that is strongly
associated with the disease
ankylosing spondylitis.
Positive or negetive
C-reactive protein – This test measures body-
wide inflammation. It measures a
substance produced by the liver
that increases in the presence of
inflammation.
Below 3.0 mg/dL
22. Dengue Serology
• NS1 is a glycoprotein that is common to
all dengue serotypes and can be used to detect
either primary or secondary infections in the
earliest stages.
• Serology testing for dengue virus-
specific antibodies, types IgG and IgM, can be useful
in confirming primary or secondary diagnosis.
23. Chikungunya
• The type of testing performed is typically dictated
by the timing and volume of samples available.
Blood test is the only reliable way to
identify chikungunya since the symptoms are
similar to much more deadly dengue fever.
• Common laboratory tests for chikungunya include
for instance RT-PCR and serological tests.
24. Name Defination
Hepatitis A It is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is
primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person
ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an
infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or
food, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene.
Hepatitis B HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of
the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C
virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.During the initial infection
people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally a fever, dark
urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin occurs.
25. HIV -1 & HIV-2
• HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS), in serum, saliva, or urine. Such
tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA.
• The CD4 T-cell count is not an HIV test, but rather a procedure where
the number of CD4 T-cells in the blood is determined.
• A CD4 count does not check for the presence of HIV.
• It is used to monitor immune system function in HIV-positive people.
• A normal CD4 count can range from 500 cells/mm3 to 1000
cells/mm3.
• In HIV-positive people- CD4 count below 200 cells/μL