The document summarizes key components of the hematologic system. It describes that the hematologic system includes blood and bone marrow. Blood consists of plasma and three main cell types: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Erythrocytes carry oxygen, leukocytes fight infection, and thrombocytes aid clotting. Bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell formation through hematopoiesis. Various factors influence blood cell production and recycling of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
This document discusses blood grouping and Rh typing. It begins by explaining that blood grouping is based on the antigens present on red blood cells, with ABO and Rh being clinically most important. It then covers the history and discovery of blood grouping, the various blood group systems, and Landsteiner's law regarding antigens and antibodies. The rest of the document discusses methods for blood grouping and Rh typing, including slide and tube methods. It covers interpretation of results, universal donor/recipient groups, and rare Bombay blood group. The importance and techniques of cross-matching for blood transfusions are also summarized.
Blood transfusion involves collecting blood from a donor and administering it to a recipient. It is used to treat blood loss from injury or illness, raise hemoglobin levels, and provide antibodies or clotting factors. Blood is typed and cross-matched to avoid incompatible transfusions. Components like red blood cells, plasma, and platelets can be transfused individually. Reactions may occur if the blood is incompatible or improperly stored and can range from mild allergic reactions to life-threatening hemolysis.
Blood transfusion -procedure,precaution and complicationPRANATI PATRA
medical and surgical,introduction,blood and blood products,GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR GIVING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,Nursing Implications -Before transfusion:
Check physician’s orders
Review hospital policy
Ensure informed and written consent is provided
Check laboratory values
Understand the indications and rationale
Verification procedure occurs with
two nurses
Before transfusion (con’t):
Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor
Inspect the blood product for discolouration, clots, leaking, or presence of bubbles
Check the unit number on the unit of blood and on the form
Check the expiration date and time on unit of blood
Ask client to state first and last name
Check patient’s identification number on wristband and record
Nursing Implications in a Reaction
Stop transfusion
Remove tubing that contains blood product
Infuse with 0.9% normal saline
Monitor vital signs
Notify physician
Notify blood bank and return blood component
Administer medication depending on type of reaction
Epinephrine, antihistamines, antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids
Blood contains formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. It can be transfused as whole blood or separated into components like packed red blood cells, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma. Proper monitoring during transfusion is important to watch for potential reactions caused by antigen-antibody interactions or other issues like circulatory overload. Immediate reactions require stopping the transfusion and treating the patient, while notifying the physician.
The bleeding time test measures the time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding. It evaluates platelet function and vascular integrity. The preferred method is the Surgicutt/Simplate method, which uses a spring-loaded device to make a standardized 1mm deep incision. The procedure involves inflating a blood pressure cuff to 40mmHg, making the incision, and blotting the wound every 30 seconds with filter paper to see when bleeding stops. The normal bleeding time range is 1-9 minutes. Sources of error include aspirin use, improper puncture technique, not timing correctly, or allowing the filter paper to touch the wound.
This document discusses the preparation of blood components from whole blood donations. Whole blood is collected and then separated via centrifugation into red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells. These components are then processed and stored under specific conditions to maximize their viability and function. Red blood cells are stored in additive solutions, platelets must be processed within 8 hours, and plasma can be frozen into fresh frozen plasma or plasma frozen within 24 hours. The document outlines the preparation methods and storage requirements for various blood components including red blood cells, platelets, plasma, cryoprecipitate, and plasma derivatives.
how to select a healthy donor & care of donor .A healthy donor is one of the most vital part of transfusion medicine for safe transfusion of blood & blood product
NURSES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD PRODUCTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT BLOOD, IT'S COMPONENTS, AND PRE-INTRA-POST TRANSFUSION RESPONSIBILITY.
This document discusses blood grouping and Rh typing. It begins by explaining that blood grouping is based on the antigens present on red blood cells, with ABO and Rh being clinically most important. It then covers the history and discovery of blood grouping, the various blood group systems, and Landsteiner's law regarding antigens and antibodies. The rest of the document discusses methods for blood grouping and Rh typing, including slide and tube methods. It covers interpretation of results, universal donor/recipient groups, and rare Bombay blood group. The importance and techniques of cross-matching for blood transfusions are also summarized.
Blood transfusion involves collecting blood from a donor and administering it to a recipient. It is used to treat blood loss from injury or illness, raise hemoglobin levels, and provide antibodies or clotting factors. Blood is typed and cross-matched to avoid incompatible transfusions. Components like red blood cells, plasma, and platelets can be transfused individually. Reactions may occur if the blood is incompatible or improperly stored and can range from mild allergic reactions to life-threatening hemolysis.
Blood transfusion -procedure,precaution and complicationPRANATI PATRA
medical and surgical,introduction,blood and blood products,GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR GIVING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,Nursing Implications -Before transfusion:
Check physician’s orders
Review hospital policy
Ensure informed and written consent is provided
Check laboratory values
Understand the indications and rationale
Verification procedure occurs with
two nurses
Before transfusion (con’t):
Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor
Inspect the blood product for discolouration, clots, leaking, or presence of bubbles
Check the unit number on the unit of blood and on the form
Check the expiration date and time on unit of blood
Ask client to state first and last name
Check patient’s identification number on wristband and record
Nursing Implications in a Reaction
Stop transfusion
Remove tubing that contains blood product
Infuse with 0.9% normal saline
Monitor vital signs
Notify physician
Notify blood bank and return blood component
Administer medication depending on type of reaction
Epinephrine, antihistamines, antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids
Blood contains formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. It can be transfused as whole blood or separated into components like packed red blood cells, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma. Proper monitoring during transfusion is important to watch for potential reactions caused by antigen-antibody interactions or other issues like circulatory overload. Immediate reactions require stopping the transfusion and treating the patient, while notifying the physician.
The bleeding time test measures the time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding. It evaluates platelet function and vascular integrity. The preferred method is the Surgicutt/Simplate method, which uses a spring-loaded device to make a standardized 1mm deep incision. The procedure involves inflating a blood pressure cuff to 40mmHg, making the incision, and blotting the wound every 30 seconds with filter paper to see when bleeding stops. The normal bleeding time range is 1-9 minutes. Sources of error include aspirin use, improper puncture technique, not timing correctly, or allowing the filter paper to touch the wound.
This document discusses the preparation of blood components from whole blood donations. Whole blood is collected and then separated via centrifugation into red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells. These components are then processed and stored under specific conditions to maximize their viability and function. Red blood cells are stored in additive solutions, platelets must be processed within 8 hours, and plasma can be frozen into fresh frozen plasma or plasma frozen within 24 hours. The document outlines the preparation methods and storage requirements for various blood components including red blood cells, platelets, plasma, cryoprecipitate, and plasma derivatives.
how to select a healthy donor & care of donor .A healthy donor is one of the most vital part of transfusion medicine for safe transfusion of blood & blood product
NURSES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD PRODUCTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT BLOOD, IT'S COMPONENTS, AND PRE-INTRA-POST TRANSFUSION RESPONSIBILITY.
A blood bank is a center that stores and preserves donated blood for transfusions. It tests blood to reduce transfusion risks. Key functions include blood collection, processing, testing, separation, and storage. Blood has red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells. It is grouped by the ABO and Rh blood group systems. Donor selection, counseling, collection and testing ensure safe blood. Components are stored separately as whole blood, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelet rich plasma or cryoprecipitate.
This document defines blood transfusion and discusses its purposes, situations where it is needed, potential reactions, and nursing interventions for reactions. It also classifies different blood products, how they are used, and blood compatibility. Specifically, it states that blood transfusion is a procedure where a patient receives blood products intravenously. Its main purposes are to replace lost blood from injury or surgery, restore oxygen levels, and provide clotting factors. Potential reactions include hemolytic, febrile, allergic, circulatory overload, and sepsis. Nursing interventions depend on the reaction but may include stopping the transfusion and notifying the provider. The document also describes various blood products like packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and
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This document discusses blood collection methods. It describes the three main types of blood collection: venous, capillary, and arterial. Venous blood collection is the most common, involving puncturing a vein with a needle and collecting blood into a tube or syringe. Capillary collection involves a small skin puncture to obtain a small blood sample, while arterial collection is rarely needed and involves puncturing an artery. The document outlines the equipment, procedures, and safety measures for performing venipuncture. It also discusses different types of blood collection tubes and their uses based on the additive used.
This document summarizes guidelines for examining various body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, and semen. For cerebrospinal fluid, normal volumes and cell counts are provided. Guidelines are given for collection into tubes and microscopic examination, including normal cell differentials. Similar information is provided for examining pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, and semen, including gross appearance, cell counts, differentials, and factors that affect analysis.
This document discusses cross-matching, which is an important procedure for safe blood transfusion. Cross-matching involves testing a donor's red blood cells with a recipient's serum to check for antigen-antibody reactions. It helps detect atypical or clinically significant antibodies that could cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. There are two main types of cross-matches: major involves donor red cells and recipient serum, while minor uses recipient cells and donor serum. The document outlines different techniques for cross-matching like immediate spin, indirect antiglobulin, and albumin addition, and discusses factors that can cause positive cross-match results.
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in suspension. It makes up 55% of the blood's total volume and is mostly composed of water (92%) and dissolved proteins (8%). Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to tissues and transports waste products away from tissues. It plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte balance and protects the body from infection. Plasma is separated from blood cells when a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge.
This document provides an overview of blood transfusions including:
- Defining a blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components between individuals.
- Blood products include red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and whole blood which serve purposes like restoring blood volume or oxygen carrying capacity.
- Nursing plays an important role in procuring blood products and supervising transfusions, which requires carefully verifying patient identity and monitoring for complications.
- Proper storage, transport, and administration of blood is important to avoid issues like hemolysis or bacterial contamination.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, donor selection, collection and storage of blood, administration of blood to recipients, and complications. It defines blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components from one person to another. The main components of blood for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Proper blood grouping and cross matching is essential to ensure compatibility. Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is described as a serious complication that can develop within 15 minutes of a transfusion due to ABO or Rh incompatibility.
The document discusses the process of blood collection and preservation, including the roles and skills of phlebotomists, proper procedures for venous and capillary blood draws, handling and storage of blood samples, and potential issues that may occur during the blood collection process. It provides detailed guidance on selecting appropriate veins, preparing the patient, using the correct equipment and procedures, and storing blood samples to preserve their integrity for diagnostic testing.
Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure to remove a small amount of bone marrow fluid through a needle inserted into the bone. It is indicated to investigate various hematological conditions like anemia, infections, and cancers. The common sites for aspiration are the posterior iliac crest, sternum, and tibia. The procedure involves preparing equipment like needles, sterile drapes and applying local anesthesia before inserting the needle and aspirating the bone marrow sample. Post procedure, pressure must be applied to prevent bleeding and vital signs must be monitored for any complications like infection.
Diseases involving blood clotting factors can be inherited or acquired. The coagulation cascade involves several clotting factors that work together as enzymes to form a blood clot. Deficiencies or defects in these clotting factors can result in bleeding disorders. Some of the major clotting factor deficiencies include hemophilia A caused by factor VIII deficiency, hemophilia B caused by factor IX deficiency, von Willebrand disease caused by von Willebrand factor deficiency, and fibrinogen deficiencies that cause bleeding issues. Diagnostic tests evaluate clotting factor levels and clotting times. Treatment focuses on replacing the deficient clotting factor through blood products or concentrates.
This document provides an overview of leucopoiesis, the process by which white blood cells are produced. It discusses the classification, morphology, properties, functions, and applied physiology of the main white blood cell types - granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, and agranulocytes like lymphocytes and monocytes. It also covers pathological variations in white blood cell counts, disorders like cyclic neutropenia and hypereosinophilic syndrome, and recent advances in areas like bone marrow transplantation and flow cytometry.
This document discusses bone marrow examination, including its purpose, types (aspiration and biopsy), indications, contraindications, procedure details, instruments used, complications, and findings in conditions like iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia. Bone marrow examination assesses hematopoiesis through aspiration or biopsy of the medullary cavity in bones. Aspiration is used to evaluate cellularity and differentials while biopsy allows evaluation of morphology, architecture, and focal lesions. Common sites include the iliac crest and sternum.
Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the bone marrow to obtain a tissue sample. It is used to diagnose or stage diseases like leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The nurse's roles include preparing equipment aseptically, assisting the doctor during the procedure, monitoring the client's vital signs, and observing the client post-procedure to check for complications like bleeding or infection.
Platelets are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. They have no nucleus and an average lifespan of 8-9 days. Platelets attach to damaged blood vessel walls and release chemicals that attract more platelets to form a hemostatic plug to stop bleeding. Low platelet counts can cause excessive bleeding while high counts have few symptoms. Platelet counts are regulated by thrombopoietin and can be affected by disease, medications, and lifestyle factors.
The document provides information about blood transfusion. It defines blood transfusion as the transfusion of whole blood or its components from one person to another. The purposes of blood transfusion include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage, raising hemoglobin levels, and treating deficiencies. The components of blood used for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done to match donor and recipient blood types to avoid transfusion reactions. The document discusses different types of transfusion reactions and their management.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood banking. It discusses the purpose of blood banking as collecting, typing, separating, storing, and preparing blood for transfusion. It outlines the major blood group systems including ABO and Rh, which are the most immunogenic. The document compares ABO and Rh in terms of antigen location, distribution, development, and nature of antibodies. It also describes the types of blood donation and the donor selection process involving counseling, medical history, physical exam, and hemoglobin estimation. Finally, it briefly mentions types of blood bags, anticoagulants, component separation, and screening tests for diseases.
This document discusses whole blood, blood components, and blood derivatives. Whole blood contains all blood components, while blood components are parts separated from whole blood through centrifugation or apheresis. Blood derivatives are products made from fractionating plasma from multiple donors. The document describes various blood components like packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. It also discusses blood derivatives including albumin, coagulation factor concentrates, and immunoglobulins. It provides details on how these products are prepared, stored, and used to treat different conditions.
A blood bank is a center that stores and preserves donated blood for transfusions. It tests blood to reduce transfusion risks. Key functions include blood collection, processing, testing, separation, and storage. Blood has red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells. It is grouped by the ABO and Rh blood group systems. Donor selection, counseling, collection and testing ensure safe blood. Components are stored separately as whole blood, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelet rich plasma or cryoprecipitate.
This document defines blood transfusion and discusses its purposes, situations where it is needed, potential reactions, and nursing interventions for reactions. It also classifies different blood products, how they are used, and blood compatibility. Specifically, it states that blood transfusion is a procedure where a patient receives blood products intravenously. Its main purposes are to replace lost blood from injury or surgery, restore oxygen levels, and provide clotting factors. Potential reactions include hemolytic, febrile, allergic, circulatory overload, and sepsis. Nursing interventions depend on the reaction but may include stopping the transfusion and notifying the provider. The document also describes various blood products like packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and
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This document discusses blood collection methods. It describes the three main types of blood collection: venous, capillary, and arterial. Venous blood collection is the most common, involving puncturing a vein with a needle and collecting blood into a tube or syringe. Capillary collection involves a small skin puncture to obtain a small blood sample, while arterial collection is rarely needed and involves puncturing an artery. The document outlines the equipment, procedures, and safety measures for performing venipuncture. It also discusses different types of blood collection tubes and their uses based on the additive used.
This document summarizes guidelines for examining various body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, and semen. For cerebrospinal fluid, normal volumes and cell counts are provided. Guidelines are given for collection into tubes and microscopic examination, including normal cell differentials. Similar information is provided for examining pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, and semen, including gross appearance, cell counts, differentials, and factors that affect analysis.
This document discusses cross-matching, which is an important procedure for safe blood transfusion. Cross-matching involves testing a donor's red blood cells with a recipient's serum to check for antigen-antibody reactions. It helps detect atypical or clinically significant antibodies that could cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. There are two main types of cross-matches: major involves donor red cells and recipient serum, while minor uses recipient cells and donor serum. The document outlines different techniques for cross-matching like immediate spin, indirect antiglobulin, and albumin addition, and discusses factors that can cause positive cross-match results.
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in suspension. It makes up 55% of the blood's total volume and is mostly composed of water (92%) and dissolved proteins (8%). Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to tissues and transports waste products away from tissues. It plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte balance and protects the body from infection. Plasma is separated from blood cells when a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge.
This document provides an overview of blood transfusions including:
- Defining a blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components between individuals.
- Blood products include red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and whole blood which serve purposes like restoring blood volume or oxygen carrying capacity.
- Nursing plays an important role in procuring blood products and supervising transfusions, which requires carefully verifying patient identity and monitoring for complications.
- Proper storage, transport, and administration of blood is important to avoid issues like hemolysis or bacterial contamination.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, donor selection, collection and storage of blood, administration of blood to recipients, and complications. It defines blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components from one person to another. The main components of blood for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Proper blood grouping and cross matching is essential to ensure compatibility. Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is described as a serious complication that can develop within 15 minutes of a transfusion due to ABO or Rh incompatibility.
The document discusses the process of blood collection and preservation, including the roles and skills of phlebotomists, proper procedures for venous and capillary blood draws, handling and storage of blood samples, and potential issues that may occur during the blood collection process. It provides detailed guidance on selecting appropriate veins, preparing the patient, using the correct equipment and procedures, and storing blood samples to preserve their integrity for diagnostic testing.
Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure to remove a small amount of bone marrow fluid through a needle inserted into the bone. It is indicated to investigate various hematological conditions like anemia, infections, and cancers. The common sites for aspiration are the posterior iliac crest, sternum, and tibia. The procedure involves preparing equipment like needles, sterile drapes and applying local anesthesia before inserting the needle and aspirating the bone marrow sample. Post procedure, pressure must be applied to prevent bleeding and vital signs must be monitored for any complications like infection.
Diseases involving blood clotting factors can be inherited or acquired. The coagulation cascade involves several clotting factors that work together as enzymes to form a blood clot. Deficiencies or defects in these clotting factors can result in bleeding disorders. Some of the major clotting factor deficiencies include hemophilia A caused by factor VIII deficiency, hemophilia B caused by factor IX deficiency, von Willebrand disease caused by von Willebrand factor deficiency, and fibrinogen deficiencies that cause bleeding issues. Diagnostic tests evaluate clotting factor levels and clotting times. Treatment focuses on replacing the deficient clotting factor through blood products or concentrates.
This document provides an overview of leucopoiesis, the process by which white blood cells are produced. It discusses the classification, morphology, properties, functions, and applied physiology of the main white blood cell types - granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, and agranulocytes like lymphocytes and monocytes. It also covers pathological variations in white blood cell counts, disorders like cyclic neutropenia and hypereosinophilic syndrome, and recent advances in areas like bone marrow transplantation and flow cytometry.
This document discusses bone marrow examination, including its purpose, types (aspiration and biopsy), indications, contraindications, procedure details, instruments used, complications, and findings in conditions like iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia. Bone marrow examination assesses hematopoiesis through aspiration or biopsy of the medullary cavity in bones. Aspiration is used to evaluate cellularity and differentials while biopsy allows evaluation of morphology, architecture, and focal lesions. Common sites include the iliac crest and sternum.
Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the bone marrow to obtain a tissue sample. It is used to diagnose or stage diseases like leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The nurse's roles include preparing equipment aseptically, assisting the doctor during the procedure, monitoring the client's vital signs, and observing the client post-procedure to check for complications like bleeding or infection.
Platelets are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. They have no nucleus and an average lifespan of 8-9 days. Platelets attach to damaged blood vessel walls and release chemicals that attract more platelets to form a hemostatic plug to stop bleeding. Low platelet counts can cause excessive bleeding while high counts have few symptoms. Platelet counts are regulated by thrombopoietin and can be affected by disease, medications, and lifestyle factors.
The document provides information about blood transfusion. It defines blood transfusion as the transfusion of whole blood or its components from one person to another. The purposes of blood transfusion include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage, raising hemoglobin levels, and treating deficiencies. The components of blood used for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done to match donor and recipient blood types to avoid transfusion reactions. The document discusses different types of transfusion reactions and their management.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood banking. It discusses the purpose of blood banking as collecting, typing, separating, storing, and preparing blood for transfusion. It outlines the major blood group systems including ABO and Rh, which are the most immunogenic. The document compares ABO and Rh in terms of antigen location, distribution, development, and nature of antibodies. It also describes the types of blood donation and the donor selection process involving counseling, medical history, physical exam, and hemoglobin estimation. Finally, it briefly mentions types of blood bags, anticoagulants, component separation, and screening tests for diseases.
This document discusses whole blood, blood components, and blood derivatives. Whole blood contains all blood components, while blood components are parts separated from whole blood through centrifugation or apheresis. Blood derivatives are products made from fractionating plasma from multiple donors. The document describes various blood components like packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. It also discusses blood derivatives including albumin, coagulation factor concentrates, and immunoglobulins. It provides details on how these products are prepared, stored, and used to treat different conditions.
The document provides an overview of the components and functions of blood. It discusses the main constituents of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes the formation and roles of each blood cell type. The key functions of blood are also summarized as transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste removal, defense against pathogens through white blood cells, and homeostasis through temperature regulation and clotting.
Blood has four main components - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells help fight infection and disease. Platelets help the blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding from cuts or wounds. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood that carries nutrients, waste, proteins, and other substances. Together these components perform critical functions like transporting oxygen, fighting infections, clotting blood, and maintaining homeostasis.
The document discusses the composition and functions of blood. It describes the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It explains the process of hematopoiesis where blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. It details the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also outlines the mechanism of blood clotting through the coagulation cascade.
Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mostly water containing proteins, ions, nutrients, and waste. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs using hemoglobin. Platelets form blood clots to prevent blood loss from damaged vessels. White blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils which fight infection and disease. Each blood component has specialized functions in transporting substances and protecting the body.
Blood has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and protection. It is composed of blood plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body, while white blood cells help protect against disease. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding from injuries. Blood is produced through hematopoiesis, primarily in the red bone marrow, and circulates through the body in blood vessels at a temperature of 38°C with a pH of 7.35-7.45.
Blood is composed of plasma and various cells and cell fragments. It functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste, and regulatory molecules throughout the body, and to protect against pathogens. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The different blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A person's blood type must be matched to the donor's type before transfusion to avoid an immune response.
This document provides an overview of blood components and functions. It discusses:
1. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma.
2. Plasma volume, blood volume, and the composition and functions of plasma and blood cells like hemoglobin, iron transport, and immune functions are described.
3. Measurement techniques for blood components like packed cell volume and blood volume are outlined.
This document summarizes key aspects of human anatomy and physiology related to hematology. It discusses the composition and functions of blood, the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the roles of the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also describes the blood clotting process and fibrinolysis that helps control bleeding and maintain blood flow.
Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and helps remove toxins. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. The document provides detailed information on the composition and functions of these blood components.
The document summarizes key components and functions of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. It describes how blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste and helps regulate pH. The document also outlines the main cellular components of blood including plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Additionally, it discusses the lymphatic system's roles in draining fluid, transporting lipids and initiating immune responses through lymphatic vessels, nodes, tonsils, spleen and thymus gland.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products. It is composed of plasma, which is 90-92% water, and three types of blood cells suspended in the plasma - erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets, and leukocytes (white blood cells). Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while platelets help with clotting and leukocytes help fight infection. Tight regulation of blood volume and composition is maintained through homeostatic mechanisms.
Lecture 1: Hematology introducion For TID and HIV Medicine MSc studentsMulugeta Gobezie
This document provides an overview of basic hematology and hematopoiesis. It defines hematology as the study of blood and discusses the organization of blood and blood forming organs. Key points include: hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from stem cells; the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and thymus also play roles in blood cell production and filtration; and abnormalities in hematopoiesis can provide early signs of disease.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste. It also helps regulate pH, temperature, and water content in cells. Blood protects the body through clotting, white blood cells, and antibodies. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red bone marrow produces blood cells through hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis. Stem cells differentiate into various blood cell types including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
This document summarizes the three main types of blood cells:
1. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body in hemoglobin. They are biconcave discs that lack a nucleus.
2. White blood cells, which are part of the immune system and exist as granulocytes or agranulocytes. The main types are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
3. Platelets, which stop bleeding by clotting at injuries and are fragments of bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes. They have no nucleus and range from 2-3 micrometers in size.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports nutrients, waste, hormones, and other critical components. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues. White blood cells defend the body against infection and disease. Platelets help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. Together, these components perform vital functions for circulation and transport throughout the body.
Thromboembolism refers to the blocking of blood vessels by particles that have broken away from clots in the body. It is common in patients with cardiac disease or impaired circulation. Intracardiac thrombi, which can be detected by echocardiogram, are especially common in patients with atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus breaks off and travels to the lung, often from a deep vein thrombosis. It can be treated with anticoagulants or thrombolytics. Pericardial effusion involves a buildup of fluid in the sac around the heart, which can lead to cardiac tamponade if pressure increases and compresses the heart.
Management of patients with complications from heart diseasesKathy Clavano
This document discusses the management of patients with complications from heart disease. It begins by defining factors such as preload, afterload, and contractility that influence cardiac hemodynamics. Both noninvasive and invasive methods for assessing these factors are described, including measuring jugular venous distention, mean arterial blood pressure, and using a pulmonary artery catheter. Causes, clinical manifestations, and emergency management of cardiac arrest are also reviewed, along with medications commonly used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Heart failure is when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by conditions that damage the heart like heart attacks or heart valve disorders. Left-sided heart failure causes symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue due to fluid buildup in the lungs. Right-sided heart failure causes fluid buildup in the legs and abdomen due to the right ventricle failing. Both types are treated with medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers to help the heart pump more effectively and relieve symptoms.
The document describes pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. Pulmonary edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, causing anxiety, suffocation, pale skin, and noisy breathing. Diagnosis involves lung auscultation and chest x-ray. Treatment includes oxygen, diuretics, morphine, and positioning the patient. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot supply enough oxygen to tissues, causing hypoxia, low blood pressure, crackles, and decreased urine output. It is diagnosed using a pulmonary artery catheter and treated with vasodilators, diuretics, inotropic medications, and balloon pumps while monitoring the patient's condition.
This document discusses blood transfusion, which is a procedure where a patient receives blood products through an intravenous line. Blood transfusion involves introducing blood components into the circulatory system from one person to another. It is done to replace blood lost from surgery, injury, or illness. The document outlines the different blood types, potential reasons for transfusion, risks and complications, and components that are transfused.
The document discusses key concepts in population and demography including:
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In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
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Bob Boule
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2. The hematologic system consists of the blood and the
sites where blood is produced, including the bone
marrow and the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
Blood is a specialized organ that differs from other
organs in that it exists in a fluid state.
Blood is composed of plasma and various types of
cells. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood it contains
various proteins, such as albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen, and other factors necessary for clotting, as
well as electrolytes, waste products, and nutrients.
About 55% of blood volume is plasma.
3. Blood The cellular component of blood consists of
three primary cell types
Erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs], red
cells),
Leukocytes (white blood cells [WBCs]),
Thrombocytes (platelets).
4. blood normally make up 40% to 45% of the blood
volume. Because most blood cells have a short
lifespan, the need for the body to replenish its
supply of cells is continuous; this process is
termed hematopoiesis. The primary site for
hematopoiesis is the bone marrow.
During embryonic development and in other
conditions, the liver and spleen may also be
involved. Under normal conditions, the adult
bone marrow produces about 175 billion
erythrocytes, 70 billion neutrophils (a mature type
of WBC), and 175 billion platelets each day.
5. WBC (Leukocyte)
Fights infection Neutrophil Essential in preventing or
limiting bacterial infection via phagocytosis
Monocyte Enters tissue as macrophage; highly phagocytic,
especially against fungus; immune surveillance
Eosinophil - Involved in allergic reactions (neutralizes
histamine); digests foreign proteins
Basophil - Contains histamine; integral part of
hypersensitivity reactions
Lymphocyte - Integral component of immune system
T lymphocyte - Responsible for cell-mediated
immunity; recognizes material as ―foreign‖ (surveillance
system)
B lymphocyte - Responsible for humoral
immunity; many mature into plasma cells to form
antibodies
Plasma cell - Secretes immunoglobulin (Ig, antibody);
most mature form of B lymphocyte
6. RBC (Erythrocyte)
- Carries hemoglobin to provide oxygen to tissues;
average lifespan is 120 days
Platelet (Thrombocyte)
- Fragment of megakaryocyte; provides basis for
coagulation to occur; maintains hemostasis; average
lifespan is 10 day.
7. Bone Marrow
The bone marrow is the site of hematopoiesis, or
blood cell formation .In adults, blood cell formation is
usually limited to the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum.
Marrow is one of the largest organs of the body, making
up 4% to 5% of total body weight. It consists of islands of
cellular components (red marrow) separated by fat
(yellow mar- row). As people age, the proportion of
active marrow is gradually replaced by fats however, in
healthy adults, the fat can again be replaced by active
marrow when more blood cell production is required. In
adults with disease that causes marrow destruction,
fibrosis, or scarring, the liver and spleen can also resume
production of blood cells by a process known as
extramedullary hematopoiesis.
7
8. The marrow is highly vascular. Within it are
primitive cells called stem cells. The stem cells
have the ability to self- replicate, thereby
ensuring a continuous supply of stem cells
throughout the life cycle. When stimulated to
do so, stem cells can begin a process of
differentiation into either myeloid or lymphoid
stem cells. These stem cells are com- mitted to
produce specific types of blood cells.
Lymphoid stem cells produce either T or B
lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells differentiate
into three broad cell types: erythrocytes
9. Blood Cells
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
The normal erythrocyte is a biconcave disk that
resembles a soft ball compressed between two fingers . It
has a diameter of about 8 m and is so flexible that it can pass
easily through capillaries that may be as small as 2.8 m in
diameter.
The membrane of the red cell is very thin so that gases,
such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can easily diffuse across it;
the disk shape provides a large surface area that facilitates the
absorption and release of oxygen molecules. Mature
erythrocytes consist primarily of hemoglobin, which contains
iron and makes up 95% of the cell mass. Mature erythrocytes
have no nuclei, and they have many
10. Erythropoiesis
Erythroblasts arise from the primitive myeloid
stem cells in bone marrow. The erythroblast is an
immature nucleated cell that gradually loses its
nucleus. At this stage, the cell is known as a
reticulocyte. Further maturation into an erythrocyte
entails the loss of the dark-staining material within
the cell and slight shrinkage.
The mature erythrocyte is then released into the
circulation. Under conditions of rapid erythropoiesis
(ie, erythrocyte production), reticulocytes and other
immature cells (eg, nucleated RBCs) may be released
prematurely into the circulation. This is often seen
when the liver or spleen takes over as the site of
ery thropoiesis and more nucleated red cells appear
within the circulation.
11. Iron Stores and Metabolism.
The average daily diet in the United States contains
10 to 15 mg of elemental iron, but only 0.5 to 1 mg of
ingested iron is normally absorbed from the small
intestine.
The rate of iron absorption is regulated by the
amount of iron already stored in the body and by the
rate of erythrocyte production. Additional amounts
of iron, up to 2 mg daily, must be absorbed by
women of childbearing age.
12. Total body iron content in the average adult is
approximately 3 g, most of which is present in
hemoglobin or in one of its breakdown
products.
Iron is stored as ferritin and when required,
the iron is released into the plasma, binds to
transferrin, and is transported into the
membranes of the normoblasts (ery- throcyte
precursor cells) within the marrow, where it is
in- corporated into hemoglobin
13. Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Metabolism.
Vitamin B12 and folic acid are required for the synthesis
of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in RBCs. Both vitamin
B12 and folic acid are derived from the diet. Folic acid is
absorbed in the proximal small intestine, but only small
amounts are stored within the body.
If the diet is deficient in folic acid, stores within the body
quickly become depleted. Because vitamin B12 is found
only in foods of animal origin, strict vegetarians may
ingest little vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 combines with
intrin- sic factor produced in the stomach.
The vitamin B12– intrinsic factor complex is absorbed in
the distal ileum. Peo- ple who have had a partial or total
gastrectomy may have limited amounts of intrinsic factor,
and therefore the ab- sorption of vitamin B12 may be
diminished.
14. Red Blood Cell Destruction
The average lifespan of a normal circulating
erythrocyte is 120 days. Aged erythrocytes lose their
elasticity and become trapped in small blood vessels
and the spleen. They are re- moved from the blood by
the reticuloendothelial cells, par- ticularly in the liver
and the spleen. As the erythrocytes are destroyed,
most of their hemoglobin is recycled. Some he-
moglobin also breaks down to form bilirubin and is
secreted in the bile. Most of the iron is recycled to form
new hemo- globin molecules within the bone marrow;
small amounts
15. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Leukocytes are divided into two general
categories: granulocytes and lymphocytes.
In normal blood, the total leukocyte count is
4000 to 11,000 cells/mm3. Of these, approxi-
mately 60% to 80% are granulocytes and 20% to
40% are lymphocytes.
Both of these types of leukocytes primarily
protect the body against infection and tissue
injury.
16. Granulocytes
are defined by the presence of granules in the
cytoplasm of the cell. Granulocytes are divided into three
main subgroups, which are characterized by the staining
properties of these granules
Agranulocytes
Monocytes (also called mononuclear leuko- cytes)
are leukocytes with a single-lobed nucleus and a granule-
free cytoplasm—hence the term agranulocyte . In normal
adult blood, monocytes account for approximately 5% of
the total leukocytes. Monocytes are the largest of the
leukocytes. Produced by the bone marrow, they remain in
the circulation for a short time before enter-ing the tissues
and transforming into macrophages. Macrophages are
particularly active in the spleen, liver, peritoneum, and
alveoli; they remove debris from these ar- eas and
phagocytize bacteria within the tissues.
17. Lymphocytes.
Mature lymphocytes are small cells with scanty
cytoplasm Immature lymphocytes are produced in
the marrow from the lymphoid stem cells. A second
major source of production is the thymus. Cells de-
rived from the thymus are known as T lymphocytes
(or T cells); those derived from the marrow can also
be T cells but are more commonly B lymphocytes (or
B cells).
Lymphocytes complete their differentiation and
maturation primarily in the lymph nodes and in the
lymphoid tissue of the intestine and spleen after
exposure to a specific antigen. Mature lymphocytes
are the principal cells of the immune system,
producing antibodies and identifying other cells and
organisms as ―foreign.‖
18. Function of Leukocytes Leukocytes protect the body
from invasion by bacteria and other foreign entities.
The major function of neutrophils is phagocytosis.
Neutrophils arrive at a given site within 1 hour after
the onset of an inflammatory reaction and initiate
phagocytosis, but they are short-lived. An influx of
monocytes follows; these cells continue their
phagocytic activities for long periods as
macrophages.
This process constitutes a second line of defense for
the body against inflammation and infection.
Although neutrophils can often work adequately
against bacteria without the help of macrophages,
macrophages are
19. particularly effective against fungi and viruses.
Macrophages also digest senescent (aging or
aged) blood cells, primarily within the spleen.
The primary function of lymphocytes is to
attack foreign material
20. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are not technically cells; rather,
they are granular fragments of giant cells in the bone
marrow called megakaryocytes .
Platelet production in the marrow is regulated in part by
the hormone thrombopoietin, which stimulates the
production and differentiayion of megakaryocytes from
the myeloid stem cell. Platelets play an essential role in
the control of bleeding.
They circulate freely in the blood in an inactive state,
where they nurture the endothelium of the blood vessels,
maintaining the integrity of the vessel. When vascular in-
jury occurs, platelets collect at the site and are activated.
They adhere to the site of injury and to each other,
forming a platelet plug that temporarily stops bleeding
21. Plasma and Plasma Proteins
After cellular elements are removed from blood, the
remaining liquid portion is called plasma.
More than 90% of plasma is water. The remainder
consists primarily of plasma proteins, clotting factors
(particularly fibrinogen), and small amounts of other
substances such as nutrients, enzymes, waste
products, and gases. If plasma is allowed to clot, the
remaining fluid is called serum.
Serum has essentially the same composition as
plasma, except that fibrinogen and several clotting
factors have been removed during the clot- ting
process. Plasma proteins consist primarily of
albumin and the globulins.