Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and helps remove toxins. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. The document provides detailed information on the composition and functions of these blood components.

1. From Bloom & Fawcett, Textbook of Histology
Professor :
Dr. Sabangan, Maria Rhea F
Prepared by :
Khafi Makoo , Noorallah

2. Composition of Blood
Blood is responsible for…..
 Transporting gases
(oxygen & carbon dioxide)
 Transporting waste
products
 Transporting nutrients
 Helping remove toxins
from the body

3. Composition of Blood
• Blood makes up 6–8% of our
total body weight.
• Normal adult blood volume is 5 L.
• Blood is made up of cellular
material in a fluid called plasma.

4. Composition of Blood
• Contains cellular and liquid components
• A specialized connective tissue
• Blood cells – formed elements
• Plasma – fluid portion and fibrinogen
• Blood volume
• Males: 5 – 6 liters
• Females: 4 – 5 liters
• The pH of blood is about 7.35-7.45

5. Composition of Blood
• Blood is a circulating tissue consisting of three
types of cells.
1. Red Blood Cells  Erythrocytes
2. White Blood Cells  Leukocytes
3. Platelets  Thrombocytes
• The cells listed above are suspended in a liquid
known as plasma.

6. What makes up our Blood?
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of
the immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

7. Composition of Blood
• Each type of blood cell performs a different function.
• Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (Leukocytes)
• Platelets (Thrombocytes)

8. Why is blood red ?
• Blood is red because
it contains
hemoglobin and iron
rich pigment.

9. What does hemoglobin do ?
• Hemoglobin
picks up the
oxygen
molecules and
drops off CO2

10. • Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Stain pink-tan
 Center of cell is lighter
“central area of pallor”
Life span of about 120 days
Hemoglobin (iron protein)is
found in the RBC
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the
lungs to the rest of the body and carbon
dioxide binds to the RBC and is taken to
the lungs to be exhaled.

11. Erythrocytes
• Shaped like round
plates indented in the
center.
• Have no nucleus

12. Erythrocyte® 7.5mm in diameter
· Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone
marrow
· Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
· Function- transport respiratory gases
· Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 a chains and 2 b
chains
· Lack mitochondria. Why?
· 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
· Men- 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter
· Women- 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter
· Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC
graveyard)
Erythrocytes

13. What’s wrong with this picture?

14. Sickle Cell Anemia
• Genetic disease
• Red blood cells
become sickle shape
• Cant carry as much
oxygen

15. RRBBCC DDiisseeaasseess
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying
capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.
Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12
deficiency

16. RRBBCC DDiisseeaasseess
Sickle-cell anemia-
•HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in
the b chain in the globin molecule.
•Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
•Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested
countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.

17. RRBBCC DDiisseeaasseess
Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, ­ viscosity
of blood;
8-11 million cells/mm3
Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs
at high elevations
Blood doping- in athletes®remove blood 2 days
before event and then replace it- banned by
Olympics.

18. Blood Cell Production

19. White Blood Cells
• Fight infections
• Large in size
• Have a nucleus
• Phagocyte

20. White Blood Cells
• White blood cells
—Contain nuclei with DNA,
the shape depends on type of cell
— Certain WBCs produce antibodies
— Life span is from 24 hours to several years
— Size is 8-20 micrometers in diameter
— There are five different types of WBCs
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Lymphocytes
5. Monocytes

21. Types of Leukocytes
The Number of Leukocytes in the circulation ranges
from 5,000-9,000 cells/mm 3 (per cubic millimeter)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils- 55-60 %
Eosinophils- 1-3 %
Basophils- <1 % or 0-0.7 %
Nongranulocytes
Monocytes- 4-8 %
Lymphocytes- 25-33 %

22. White Blood Cells
Type Of White Blood
Cells
% By Volume Of WBC Description Function
Neutrophils 55 – 60 % Nucleus has many
interconnected lobes; blue
granules
Phagocytize and destory
bacteria; most numerous
WBC
Eosinophils 1 – 3 % Nucleus has bilobed nuclei;
red or yellow granules
containing digestive
enzymes
Play a role in ending allergic
reactions
Basophils < 1 % Bilobed nuclei hidden by
large purple granules full of
chemical mediators of
inflammation
Function in inflammation
medication; similar in
function to mast cells
Lymphocytes (B Cells
and T Cells)
25 – 33 % Dense, purple staining,
round nucleus; little
cytoplasm
the most important cells of
the immune system;
effective in fighting infectious
organisms; act against a
specific foreign molecule
(antigen)
Monocytes 4 – 8 % Largest leukocyte; kidney
shaped nucleus
Transform into
macrophages; phagocytic
cells

23. Granulocytes
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
Nongranulocytes
Lymphocyte Monocyte

24. Neutrophils
10 to 15 u diameter.
These cells
constitute 60% of
leukocytes and
usually have 2 to 5
nuclear lobes
connected by fine
filaments of
chromatin.
Neutrophils are the
most numerous of
all leukocytes

25. Eosinophils
10 to 15 um diameter.
Eosinophils
constitute 1.0 to
3.0% of leukocytes.
These cells usually
contain a bilobate
(two lobes) nucleus
and a cytoplasm full
of brightly stained
eosinophilic
(orange-red)
specific granules.

26. Basophils
10 to 15 u diameter.
Basophils constitute
approximately 0 to
0.7% of leukocytes
and are therefore
more difficult to
find in a routine
blood smear. The
nucleus consists of
2 to 3 lobes but is
usually not as
lobulated as
neutrophils.

27. Lymphocytes
9 to 14 um diameter.
Lymphocytes
constitute 25 - 33%
of agranulocytes and
may be small,
medium or large in
size. The nucleus is
rounded or oval, and
usually the same size
as an erythrocyte.
The chromatin is
densely packed with
no apparent nucleoli.

28. Monocytes
12 to 20 um diameter.
Monocytes comprise
3 - 7% of agranulocytes.
This large cell has a
lightly stained nucleus
that often appears
horseshoe or kidney
shaped. The chromatin
appears lacy and
nucleoli are usually not
apparent.

29. Photomicrographs
From
Bloom & Fawcett,
Textbook of
Histology

30. Leukopenia
• Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
Leukemias
• Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
• Named according to the abnormal WBC clone
involved
Mononucleosis
• highly contagious viral disease caused by
Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes;
fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

31. Platelets
The blood Platelets or Thromboplastids are minute, colorless, anucleste
corpuscles found in the blood of all mammals. They function in the clotting
of blood at sites of injury to blood vessels and serve to protect the organism
against excessive blood loss.
• Platelets
Formed in the bone marrow
Smallest of the blood cells
2-3 micrometers in diameter
Shape can be round, oval, or appear
spiky

32. • Platelets
Platelets
Life span of around 8-12 days
Involved in the clotting process
Seal wounds and prevent blood loss
Help repair damaged vessels
150,000 – 350,000 per cubic millimeter of
blood
Platelets stain bluish with reddish or purple
granules

33. Stem cell Developmental pathway
Hemocyto-blast
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte Platelets

34. Hemostasis:
1. Vessel injury
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation

35. Blood Clot
RBC
Platelet
Fibrin thread

36. Microscopic
Views
Bird Blood
Cat Blood
Dog Blood
Fish Blood
Frog Blood
Horse Blood
Human Blood Snake Blood

37. What are blood types?
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood
type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes,
there are 6 possible combinations.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type A
BB or BO = Type B
OO = Type O
AB = Type AB

38. 46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%
How common is your blood type?