This document provides an overview of the key components and functions of human blood. It discusses that blood is composed of plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells are involved in immune responses. Platelets aid in blood clotting. The document also covers blood groups, blood typing, and compatibility for transfusions. In summary, it provides a high-level introduction to the composition, components, and functions of the human circulatory system.

1. Slide 2.1
HHuummaann AAnnaattoommyy
Blood
Pavemedicine.com

2. Slide 10.1a
BBlloooodd:: GGeenneerraall IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn
· The only fluid tissue in the human body
· Classified as a connective tissue
· Living components = “formed elements”
· Some are not true cells
· Non-living matrix = plasma

3. Slide 10.1b
BBlloooodd
Figure 10.1

4. Slide 10.1a
BBlloooodd:: FFuunnccttiioonnss
· Transportation system
· Temperature regulation
· Acid-base balance (blood buffers)
· Protection
·Clotting
·Antibody production

5. Slide 10.2
C Physical Chhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss ooff BBlloooodd
· Color is due to Oxygen carrying
pigment: hemoglobin
·Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
· Contains oxyhemoglobin
·Oxygen-poor blood is bluish
· Contains deoxyhemoglobin

6. Slide 10.2
C Physical Chhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss ooff BBlloooodd
· Average volume: 4.5-5.5 liters
· pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
· Is this acidic or alkaline??
· Blood temperature is slightly higher than
body temperature

7. Slide 10.3
BBlloooodd PPllaassmmaa
· Approximately 90% water
· Transports dissolved substances
· Nutrients
· Salts (electrolytes, ions)
· Respiratory gases
· Hormones
· Proteins
·Waste products

8. Slide 10.1b
BBlloooodd
Figure 10.1

9. Slide 10.4
PPllaassmmaa PPrrootteeiinnss
· Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure
· Clotting proteins – active in clot
formation
· Antibodies – help protect the body from
illness and infection

10. Slide 10.5a
FFoorrmmeedd EElleemmeennttss
· Erythrocytes = red blood cells (RBCs)
· Leukocytes = white blood cells (WBCs)
· Platelets = cell fragments (thrombocytes)

11. Slide 10.6
Erythrocytes ((RReedd BBlloooodd CCeellllss))
· The main function is to carry oxygen
· Anatomy of erythrocytes
· Biconcave disks
· Essentially bags of hemoglobin
· Anucleate (no nucleus)
· Contain few organelles

12. An Erythrocyte
Figure 17.3

13. Slide 10.6
Erythrocytes: LLeevveellss iinn BBlloooodd
· Live only four (4) months or ~120 days
· Average RBC count:
·Males: 5.4 million/mm3
· Females: 4.8 million/mm3
· Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1

14. FFaattee ooff EErryytthhrrooccyytteess
· Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize
proteins
· Wear out in 100 to 120 days
· Removed by phagocytes in the spleen
or liver
· New RBCs made by stem cells in bone
marrow
Slide 10.15

15. Slide 10.15
DDiidd yyoouu kknnooww……
· About 2 million RBCs are destroyed each
second
· About 2 million RBCs are produced each
second (by what process??)
· Humans have over a trillion RBCs
· Blue Whales have 7,000 GALLONS of
blood
· Blood is thicker than water (4x)

16. Slide 10.6
EErryytthhrrooccyytteess:: DDiissoorrddeerrss
·Anemias:
·Hemorrhagic: due to blood loss
·Aplastic: RBCs not made
·Hemolytic: RBCs destroyed
·Polycythemia: too many RBCs

17. Slide 10.7
HHeemmoogglloobbiinn
· Iron-containing protein
· Binds reversibly to oxygen
· Each molecule has four oxygen binding
sites
· Each erythrocyte can carry 250 million
hemoglobin molecules

18. Slide 10.8
Leukocytes ((WWhhiittee BBlloooodd CCeellllss))
· Play a role in immune response
· Typical cells with nucleus, organelles
· Able to move into and out of blood
vessels by…
·Diapedesis: Gr. “leaping through”

19. Types of Leukocytes
 L to R: lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte,
neutrophil, eosinophil

20. Slide 10.8
Leukocytes ((WWhhiittee BBlloooodd CCeellllss))
· Move by ameboid motion
· Respond to chemicals released by
damaged tissues
· “chemotaxis” – chemical attraction
· Allows for immune response

21. Slide 10.9
Leukocyte LLeevveellss iinn tthhee BBlloooodd
· Normal levels are between 4,000 and
11,000 cells per mm3
· Abnormal leukocyte levels
· Leukocytosis
· Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
· Generally indicates an infection

22. Slide 10.9
Leukocyte LLeevveellss iinn tthhee BBlloooodd
· Leukopenia
· Abnormally low leukocyte level
·<4000/mm3
· May be caused by certain drugs
· Leukemia: cancer of WBCs
· myeloid
· lymphoid

23. Slide 10.10a
TTyyppeess ooff LLeeuukkooccyytteess
· Granulocytes
· Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained
· Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils
Figure 10.4

24. GGrraannuullooccyytteess Slide 10.11a
· Neutrophils:
· Multilobed nucleus with
· Fine, pale purple
granules in cytoplasm
· Act as phagocytes
·Most numerous in
blood

25. Slide 10.10a
TTyyppeess ooff LLeeuukkooccyytteess
· Neutrophils
Figure 10.4

26. GGrraannuullooccyytteess Slide 10.11a
· Eosinophils:
· Large brick-red
cytoplasmic granules
· Respond to allergies and
parasites
·Rare in blood

27. Slide 10.10a
TTyyppeess ooff LLeeuukkooccyytteess
· Eosinophils
Figure 10.4

28. GGrraannuullooccyytteess Slide 10.11b
· Basophils:
· Have dark blue/black granules
· Granules contain histamine,
serotonin, heparin
· Initiate inflammation
· Rarest in blood
· Most live in respiratory tract

29. Slide 10.10b
TTyyppeess ooff LLeeuukkooccyytteess
· Basophils
Figure 10.4

30. AAggrraannuullooccyytteess Slide 10.12
· Lymphocytes:
· Nucleus fills most of the
cell
· Major role in immunity
· “B” lymphocytes
· make antibodies
· plasma cells
· “T” lymphocytes: mediate
function of B cells

31. TTyyppeess ooff LLeeuukkooccyytteess Slide 10.10a
· Lymphocytes
Figure 10.4

32. AAggrraannuullooccyytteess Slide 10.12
· Monocytes:
· Largest of the white blood
cells
· Function as phagocytes
· Called macrophages in
tissues
· Fight chronic infection

33. Slide 10.10a
TTyyppeess ooff LLeeuukkooccyytteess
· Monocytes
Figure 10.4

34. Slide 10.13
PPllaatteelleettss
· Cytoplasmic fragments of marrow cells
(megakaryocytes)
· Needed for the clotting process
· Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
· Replaced in 24 hours
· (apheresis…)

35. Slide 10.10a
TTyyppeess ooff LLeeuukkooccyytteess
· Platelets
Figure 10.4

36. Slide 10.14
HHeemmaattooppooiieessiiss
· Blood cell formation
· Occurs in red bone marrow
· All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell
·Hemocytoblast

37. Slide 10.10a
HHeemmaattooppooiieessiiss
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.4

38. Slide 10.18
Hemostasis: BBlloooodd CClloottttiinngg
· Stoppage of blood flow
· Result of a break in a blood vessel
· Hemostasis involves three phases
· Platelet plug formation
· Vascular spasms
· Coagulation

39. PPllaatteelleett PPlluugg FFoorrmmaattiioonn
· Collagen fibers are exposed by injury to
vessel
· Platelets become “sticky” and cling to
fibers
· Platelets release chemicals to attract
more platelets
· Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
Slide 10.19

40. HHeemmoossttaassiiss, ccoonn’’tt…… Slide 10.19
Fig. 11.8
· Platelet plug
formation

41. Slide 10.20
VVaassccuullaarr SSppaassmmss
· Anchored platelets release serotonin
· Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
to spasm
· Spasms narrow the blood vessel,
decreasing blood loss

42. Slide 10.21a
CCooaagguullaattiioonn
· Injured tissues release thromboplastin
· Thromboplastin, clotting factors, and
calcium ions interact to trigger a clotting
“cascade”
· Prothrombin activator converts
prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

43. Slide 10.21a
CCooaagguullaattiioonn
Fig. 11.9
· “Cascade” of reactions in clot formation

44. Slide 10.21b
CCooaagguullaattiioonn
· Process requires Vit. K
· Thrombin converts fibrinogen proteins
into hair-like fibrin
· Fibrin forms a meshwork: traps RBCs
(the basis for a clot)

45. Slide 10.21b
CClloott RReettrraaccttiioonn
· After clot is formed, shrinkage occurs
· Squeezes out serum
·A clear yellow fluid
·Plasma minus clotting proteins

46. Slide 10.22
BBlloooodd CClloottttiinngg
· Blood should clot in 3 to 6 minutes
· The clot remains till endothelium
regenerates
· The clot is broken down after tissue
repair

47. Slide 10.23
UUnnddeessiirraabbllee CClloottttiinngg
· Thrombus
· A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
· Can be deadly
· Coronary thrombosis
· DVT: deep vein thrombosis

48. Thrombus in Artery

49. Slide 10.23
UUnnddeessiirraabbllee CClloottttiinngg
· Embolus
· Clot moving through a vessel
· Can be deadly in areas like the brain, lung
· Pulmonary embolism
· Cerebral embolism

50. Slide 10.24
BBlleeeeddiinngg DDiissoorrddeerrss
· Thrombocytopenia
· Platelet deficiency
· Causes bleeding from small blood vessels
· Can result from chemo, radiation
· May be age-related

51. Slide 10.24
BBlleeeeddiinngg DDiissoorrddeerrss
· Hemophilia
· Hereditary bleeding disorder
· Normal clotting factors are missing
· Many types, depending on clotting factor
· A gene mutation: Queen Victoria

52. Slide 10.25
Blood GGrroouuppss aanndd TTrraannssffuussiioonnss
· Large losses of blood have serious
consequences
· Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
· Loss of over 30 percent causes shock,
which can be fatal

53. Slide 10.25
Blood GGrroouuppss aanndd TTrraannssffuussiioonnss
· Transfusions are the only way to
replace blood quickly
· Transfused blood must be of the same
blood group
·Wrong group: dead patient
· First done: William Harvey, England
(1600’s?)

54. Slide 10.26a
HHuummaann BBlloooodd GGrroouuppss
· RBCs carry genetically determined
proteins
·Called antigens (Ag)
·Proteins embedded in cell membrane
· A foreign protein (Ag) may be attacked
by the immune system

55. Slide 10.26a
HHuummaann BBlloooodd GGrroouuppss
· How blood is “typed”:
·Uses antibodies (Ab)
·Made by body against foreign
proteins
· cause “different” blood to clump
(agglutination)

56. Blood Typing
 Blood antigens
 Type A
 Type B
 Agglutininins (Ab)
 Act in blood typing
 Antigen-antibody
reaction

57. Slide 10.26b
HHuummaann BBlloooodd GGrroouuppss
· There are over 30 red blood cell
antigens
· Two groups cause serious transfusion
reactions
·ABO group antigens
·Rh group antigens

58. AABBOO BBlloooodd GGrroouuppss
· Based on the presence or absence of two
antigens
Slide 10.27a
· Type A
· Type B
· The lack of both these antigens is called
type O

59. Slide 10.27b
AABBOO BBlloooodd GGrroouuppss
· The presence of A is called type A
· The presence B is called type B
· The presence of both A and B is called
type AB

60. Blood Groups
 Blood Types and
their corresponding
Abs
 Type A, anti-B
 Type B, Anti-A
 Type AB, neither
 Type O, both

61. Slide 10.28
RRhh BBlloooodd GGrroouuppss
· Depends on presence or absence of Rh
antigens (agglutinogen D)
· Most Americans are Rh+ (85%)
· Rest are Rh-
· Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood
into a body with Rh– blood

62. Slide 10.29a
Rh Dangers DDuurriinngg PPrreeggnnaannccyy
· Called hemolytic disease of the newborn
or Erythroblostosis fetalis
· Danger is only when
· the mother is Rh–
· the father is Rh+
· the child inherits the Rh+ factor

63. Slide 10.29b
Rh Dangers DDuurriinngg PPrreeggnnaannccyy
· Problem in an Rh– mother carrying an
Rh+ baby:
· The first pregnancy usually proceeds
without problems
· At birth, mother may receive some of
baby’s RBCs

64. Slide 10.29b
Rh Dangers DDuurriinngg PPrreeggnnaannccyy
· Mom’s immune system is sensitized
·Makes antibodies against Rh
· In a subsequent pregnancy:
·Mother’s blood carries antibodies
· Anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta
· Attack the Rh+ blood in the fetus

65. RRhh DDaannggeerrss DDuurriinngg PPrreeggnnaannccyy Slide 10.29b
Fig. 11.13
· Erythroblostosis
fetalis, or
· Hemolytic
disease of the
newborn

66. Slide 10.30
BBlloooodd TTyyppiinngg
· Blood samples are mixed with anti-serum
· anti-A: “against” A antigens
· anti-B: “against” B antigens
· Presence/absence of agglutination
determines blood type

67. Blood Typing

68. BBlloooodd TTyyppiinngg
· Typing for Rh factors is done in the same
manner
· Cross matching
· testing for agglutination of donor RBCs
by the recipient’s serum
· testing for agglutination of recipient
RBCs by the donor’s serum
Slide 10.30