Improving livestock productivity and resilience in Africa: Application of gen...ILRI
Presented by Julie Ojango, Yumi Mingyan, Raphael Mrode and Okeyo Mwai at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
Population Structure & Genetic Improvement in LivestockGolden Helix Inc
The genetic improvement of livestock has been a hot topic for almost a century, bringing together researchers, industry, and producers to work towards a common goal. Many countries currently employ extensive genetic selection programs in their cattle with pigs, sheep, and chicken close behind.
In this webcast, Heather J. Huson, Ph.D. from Cornell University will focus on population dynamics and trait association in cattle and goats using high density SNP datasets. Population structure plays a critical role in understanding the relatedness among livestock, ancestral origins of traits, and identification of unique sub-populations or breeds for production improvement and conservation. This also lays the foundation for understanding and improving species such as the goat which is a vital food source in developing countries but has little recorded production or health data.
Understanding population structure is essential for designing complex trait association studies such as those related to production and health characteristics. Here, Huson shows examples of her lab's investigation into population structure in both goats and cattle to identify distinct groups and study traits such as thermo-tolerance.
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes place.
Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.
First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard Palmiter (University of Washington) in 1982.
It was created by inserting a human growth hormone gene in mouse genome.
The offspring was much larger than the parents.
Mouse – common transgenic expt.
Other animals include pig, goat, cow, sheep, fish etc.
Improving livestock productivity and resilience in Africa: Application of gen...ILRI
Presented by Julie Ojango, Yumi Mingyan, Raphael Mrode and Okeyo Mwai at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
Population Structure & Genetic Improvement in LivestockGolden Helix Inc
The genetic improvement of livestock has been a hot topic for almost a century, bringing together researchers, industry, and producers to work towards a common goal. Many countries currently employ extensive genetic selection programs in their cattle with pigs, sheep, and chicken close behind.
In this webcast, Heather J. Huson, Ph.D. from Cornell University will focus on population dynamics and trait association in cattle and goats using high density SNP datasets. Population structure plays a critical role in understanding the relatedness among livestock, ancestral origins of traits, and identification of unique sub-populations or breeds for production improvement and conservation. This also lays the foundation for understanding and improving species such as the goat which is a vital food source in developing countries but has little recorded production or health data.
Understanding population structure is essential for designing complex trait association studies such as those related to production and health characteristics. Here, Huson shows examples of her lab's investigation into population structure in both goats and cattle to identify distinct groups and study traits such as thermo-tolerance.
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes place.
Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.
First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard Palmiter (University of Washington) in 1982.
It was created by inserting a human growth hormone gene in mouse genome.
The offspring was much larger than the parents.
Mouse – common transgenic expt.
Other animals include pig, goat, cow, sheep, fish etc.
Meat and milk from farmed animals including livestock (cattle, goat and buffalo) and poultry are sources of high quality protein and essential amino acids, minerals, fats and fatty acids, readily available vitamins, small quantities of carbohydrates and other bioactive components.1 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2008 estimate shows that meat consumption has grown with increase in population. The average global per capita meat consumption is 42.1 kg/year with 82.9 kg/year in developed and 31.1 kg/year in developing countries in a recommended daily animal-sourced protein per capita of 50 kg per year2. Milk on the other hand is consumed in various forms: liquid, cheese, powder, and cream at a global per capita consumption of 108 kg per person per year which is way below the FAO recommended daily consumption of 200 kg.
African trypanosomiasis resistance in cattle by a transgenic approachILRI
We propose a new strategy for creating resistance in cattle to African trypanosomiasis, a major disease that affects agricultural production in broad regions of Africa. The long-term aim is to generate genetically modified cattle, which carry a gene that imparts resistance to African trypanosomes. The gene, APOL1, encodes the key trypanolytic component of Baboon’s protective Trypanosome Lytic Factor (TLF) against both cattle and human-infective trypanosomes. TLFs are only found in humans, gorillas, sooty mangabys, mandrills and baboons and govern resistance to different African trypanosome species.
Modification n animal genome transgenic animal useful fr get some valuable therapeutics model animals
human being trans genesis is illegal but some don't respect
Scientific opportunities and challenges of bio-fortificationGlo_PAN
Presentation by Andrew Westby, Director, Natural Resources Institute (University of Greenwich) at the launch event of the Global Panel's Biofortification Policy Brief.
Held at the All Party Parliamentary Group All-Party Parliamentary Group on Agriculture and Food for Development on 2 February 2015
BIOFORTIFICATION OF STAPLE CROPS: PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA AS A CASE STUDYCosmos Onyiba
Biofortification refers to micronutrient enrichment of staple crops through plant breeding, to address the negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. It is the process of increasing the bioavailable micronutrient density of staple crops through conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to achieve a measurable and positive impact on human health.. Currently, agronomic, conventional, and transgenic biofortification are three common approaches. Progress has been made in breeding orange sweetpotato, provitamin A maize, provitamin A cassava, high zinc rice and high zinc wheat, and high iron beans and high iron pearl millet via conventional breeding. Transgenic biofortification is used when genetic variability for vitamin and mineral targets is too low to meet the desired target levels, or for crops that are very difficult to breed, such as banana. The biofortification of cassava with Provitamin A (beta-carotene) was achieved through pure line and hybrid seed technology as well as genetic engineering. The provitamin A carotenoid in biofortified cassava is primarily β-carotene. In white cassava, there may be trace amounts of β-carotene, which may be present in concentrations as low as 1 mg/g fresh weigh or 3 mg/g dry weigh. Due to the instability of beta-carotene, cooking and processing methods can affect the retention of β-carotene in cassava leading to decrease bioavailability and bioefficacy.
Meat and milk from farmed animals including livestock (cattle, goat and buffalo) and poultry are sources of high quality protein and essential amino acids, minerals, fats and fatty acids, readily available vitamins, small quantities of carbohydrates and other bioactive components.1 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2008 estimate shows that meat consumption has grown with increase in population. The average global per capita meat consumption is 42.1 kg/year with 82.9 kg/year in developed and 31.1 kg/year in developing countries in a recommended daily animal-sourced protein per capita of 50 kg per year2. Milk on the other hand is consumed in various forms: liquid, cheese, powder, and cream at a global per capita consumption of 108 kg per person per year which is way below the FAO recommended daily consumption of 200 kg.
African trypanosomiasis resistance in cattle by a transgenic approachILRI
We propose a new strategy for creating resistance in cattle to African trypanosomiasis, a major disease that affects agricultural production in broad regions of Africa. The long-term aim is to generate genetically modified cattle, which carry a gene that imparts resistance to African trypanosomes. The gene, APOL1, encodes the key trypanolytic component of Baboon’s protective Trypanosome Lytic Factor (TLF) against both cattle and human-infective trypanosomes. TLFs are only found in humans, gorillas, sooty mangabys, mandrills and baboons and govern resistance to different African trypanosome species.
Modification n animal genome transgenic animal useful fr get some valuable therapeutics model animals
human being trans genesis is illegal but some don't respect
Scientific opportunities and challenges of bio-fortificationGlo_PAN
Presentation by Andrew Westby, Director, Natural Resources Institute (University of Greenwich) at the launch event of the Global Panel's Biofortification Policy Brief.
Held at the All Party Parliamentary Group All-Party Parliamentary Group on Agriculture and Food for Development on 2 February 2015
BIOFORTIFICATION OF STAPLE CROPS: PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA AS A CASE STUDYCosmos Onyiba
Biofortification refers to micronutrient enrichment of staple crops through plant breeding, to address the negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. It is the process of increasing the bioavailable micronutrient density of staple crops through conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to achieve a measurable and positive impact on human health.. Currently, agronomic, conventional, and transgenic biofortification are three common approaches. Progress has been made in breeding orange sweetpotato, provitamin A maize, provitamin A cassava, high zinc rice and high zinc wheat, and high iron beans and high iron pearl millet via conventional breeding. Transgenic biofortification is used when genetic variability for vitamin and mineral targets is too low to meet the desired target levels, or for crops that are very difficult to breed, such as banana. The biofortification of cassava with Provitamin A (beta-carotene) was achieved through pure line and hybrid seed technology as well as genetic engineering. The provitamin A carotenoid in biofortified cassava is primarily β-carotene. In white cassava, there may be trace amounts of β-carotene, which may be present in concentrations as low as 1 mg/g fresh weigh or 3 mg/g dry weigh. Due to the instability of beta-carotene, cooking and processing methods can affect the retention of β-carotene in cassava leading to decrease bioavailability and bioefficacy.
Bio fortification for Enhanced Nutrition in Rice by Conventional and Molecula...Sathisha TN
Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, especially in poor populations across the globe where daily caloric intake is confined mainly to staple cereals. Rice, which is a staple food for over half of the world's population, is low in bioavailable micronutrients required for the daily diet. Improvements of the plant-based diets are therefore critical and of high economic value in order to achieve a healthy nutrition of a large segment of the human population. Rice grain biofortification has emerged as a strategic priority for alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations..
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Presented by Steve Kemp, ILRI, at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
transgenic animals , its production and applicationMonishaKCReddy
Process of introducing a foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal genome is called as Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell
Retroviruses can be used for the transfer of foreign genes into animal genomes.
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.
Involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development.
Role of agricultural biotechnologies in addressing food and nutrition security challenges in Africa: Perspectives from the Agricultural Research Council, South Africa
Transgenic Animals developement and uses(M.NAGAPRADHEESH).pptxMNAGAPRADHEESH
DEVELOPEMENT AND USES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS:
■Definitions about Transgenic Animals (or) Genetically Modified Animals(GMO).
■History and Developements of Transgenic Animals(Yearwise:1907-2017)
■Different Methods used for developement of Transgenic animals:
1.Microinjection Method
2.Retro Viral Method
3.Embryonic Stem cell method
■Applications of Transgenic Animals
■Advantages of Transgenic Animals
■Disadvantages of Transgenic Animals
■References.
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The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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Transgenic approach to improved productivity: Establishing African Trypanosomiasis resistance in cattle by a transgenic approach
1. Transgenic approach to improved productivity:
Establishing African Trypanosomiasis resistance in cattle by a
transgenic approach
Mingyan Yu, Charity Muteti, Moses Ogugo, Steve Kemp
Animal Biosciences, ILRI
ILRI BioSciences Day, Nairobi, 27 November 2013
Partner go
New York University
Roslin Institute/ University of Edinburgh
Michigan State University
2. The problem
African Trypanosomiasis
• Caused by extracellular protozoan
parasites – Trypanosoma
• Transmitted between mammals by
Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.)
• Prevalent in 36 countries of subSahara Africa.
http://www.imib-wuerzburg.de/research/siegel/research/
Trypanosomes in Blood stream
In cattle
• A chronic debilitating and fatal
disease.
• A major constraint on livestock and
agricultural production in Africa.
• Costs US$ 1 billion annually.
In human (Human Sleeping Sickness)
• Fatal
• 60,000 people die every year
• Both wild and domestic animals are
the major reservoir of the parasites for
human infection.
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/immunology/students/spring2006/ryan/termpaper.html
3. The problem
Vector Control (Tsetse Fly)
• Using toxic insecticide
• Negative impacts on environment
• Not sustainable
• Expensive
Vaccine
• Tryps periodically change the major surface antigen – variant
surface glycoprotein (VSG) and evade the host immune system.
• More than 2 decades, there is no effective vaccine developed.
Drug
• No prophylactic drugs
• Drug toxicity and resistance
• Expensive
New idea
4. Establish African Trypanosomiasis Resistance in Cattle by A
Transgenic Approach
• Establish a transgenic cattle model with African
Trypanosomiasis resistance using nuclear transfer (cloning).
• On the background of a Kenyan indigenous breed – Kenyan
Boran.
• Introduce the gene – apoL-I from Baboon into Boran, which is
the key trypanolytic component of Baboon’s protective
Trypanosome Lytic Factor (TLF) against both cattle and humaninfective trypanosomes.
5. Innovation in the work
• Using a transgenic approach to create disease
resistance in cattle
• The method is once for all and self-sustainable
- Once the resistance is established, it could be transmitted to the
next generations through normal breeding.
6. Links to ILRI’s SO and CGIAR SLO
Tryps Resistant Cow
Delivery partners needed
ILRI SO:
Better lives
through livestock
Small-scale
Farmers
Improved livestock productivity
More meat and
milk
More income
from sales
SLO3
Improve nutrition
and health
Improved crop
productivity
SLO2
Improve food
security
CRP 3.7 –
Genetic
component
SLO1
Reduce rural
poverty
CGIAR System Level Outcomes
6
7. Importance to ILRI
•
Improved capacity with new technology
(cloning) platform
•
Being the lead in transgenic livestock research
in Africa (challenge & opportunity)
•
Improved public visibility and image by
resolving the persistent trypanosomiasis
problem
7
8. Project Process
Kenya
Boran
Genomic locus of
Baboon apoL-I gene
Vector construction
ILRI
Bovine embryonic fibroblasts
(BEF) primary culture
Roslin
Institute
Validate the construct in
transgenic mouse
Transfection & screening
apoL-I Transgenic BEFs
(male)
Nuclear Transfer
ILRI
(cloning)
Transgenic calves
Phenotyping
Trypanosome resistant
transgenic Boran bull
New York
University
Michigan
State
University
9. Results
Two Cloned Calves born through Caesarean Section
ID: Tatu
Date of Birth: 16 July 2012 (Kapiti)
Sex: Male
Birth Weight: 46 kg
Date of Death: 19 July 2012 (74 hrs)
Cause of death: Low temperature,
low blood glucose …
ID: CL001 (Tumaini)
Date of Birth: 21 August 2012 (ILRI)
Sex: Male
Birth Weight: 35 kg
Current age: 15 months, healthy
11. Fund & Partnership
This work is funded by
US National Science Foundation
&
BREAD Program
RDA-ILRI Fund
(Korean)
It is implemented in a partnership with
New York University
Michigan State University
Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh
12. Where to from now?
Current Project
Potential Future Projects
Transfection of Boran BEFs line
(Roslin Institute, UK)
Biosafety Research
• Confirm no health risk of the
gene to the transgenic cow
• Confirm the safety of meat and
milk consumption of the apoL1
transgenic cow
Establish Apol-I Transgenic Boran by
nuclear Transfer with Transgenic Cells
Phenotyping (confirm Tryps resistance)
• ApoL-I expression pattern
• Killing of Trypanosomes in vitro
(serum) and in vivo (challenge)
• Monitor the health conditions with
growth
Increase Genetic Diversity
• Establish more transgenic cattle
with Kenya Boran BEFs lines
• Establish transgenic cattle with
other Kenyan indigenous breeds
Transgene Delivery
• Develop a breeding programme
to disseminate the transgene to
farmers
13. Potential opportunities
More application of established cloning platform
• Improve cattle genetics through traits introduction
between breeds
- Using TALENs and cloning together to introduce good traits between
breeds to obtain efficient cross-breeding.
• Indigenous breeds conservation
- Establish a bank of cells from indigenous breeds of cattle, sheep and
goats, which are capable of cloning.
• Training for other African regions
- Make good use of the technique to maintain the best animal genetics
and improve the livestock productivity in Africa.
14. General discussion (facultative)
Resource mobilization strategy
• Trypanoresistant cow project – wait and see
• Traits introduction between breeds using TALENs seeking collaboration and new traits
What support do you expect from ILRI and the
BioScience Directorate?
• Effective communications with the public regarding
the transgenic cow project in due course.
15. better lives through livestock
ilri.org
The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
Editor's Notes
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Trypanosomes live and multiplyextracellularly in blood and tissue fluidsDistribution corresponds to the distribution of Tsetse flies – tsetse beltAlso a threaten for human.
Antigenic variation is transcriptional switching from one VSG gene to another.There are no prophylactic drugsNew idea for a sustainable way to control the disease
TLF only exists in primates. Gain resistance during evolution. Baboon is remarkably resistant to both animal and human infective species.Cattle also has the family of apoL, but no apoL1. Previous research with transgenic mice proved that baboon apoL-1 expression in mice can protect the mice from the tryps infection. We hypothesize that expression of baboon apoL-1 in cattle can protect cattle in the same way.
Cloning is a technology widely used in the developed countries that allows livestock breeders to create identical twins of their best animals and ensure that the herds are maintained at the highest quality and most productive level.
11 BEFs cell lines were isolated, 6 female and 5 male. If it works, we could have more genetic diversity using different cells lines to make transgenic cows.We prefer male BEFs, because it is more efficient to spread the transgene in the cattle.To test the technique and suitability of Boran for cloning, we tried cloning using original BEFs without transgene.
Once the cloned animal survives, they are normal and can breed naturally.