The BIOS controls basic hardware functions and allows communication between hardware and software. It performs hardware checks at startup and provides standard calls that programs can use for I/O without needing to directly program hardware. However, direct hardware access can provide better performance than BIOS calls for tasks like graphics. The BIOS can be extended through additional ROM chips, and compatibility issues can arise between BIOS versions from different manufacturers.
The BIOS is the basic input/output system that is built into a computer. It determines what the computer can do without an operating system and is the first software run when a computer is powered on. When turned on, the BIOS initializes hardware components, performs self-tests, and determines which devices can be used to boot the operating system. Modern BIOS also include user interfaces to configure hardware settings and select boot devices.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware that initializes hardware components and loads an operating system when a computer is turned on. It performs a power-on self-test (POST) to check hardware and boot the system. The BIOS resides in ROM and contains routines to initialize devices, run diagnostics, and facilitate booting into the operating system.
The document discusses how to create a basic boot loader in assembly language. It begins by initializing registers and memory segments, then loads and displays the string "Hello World" by calling a PutStr procedure. The procedure uses BIOS interrupts to display each character. Blank spaces are filled with zeros and a boot signature is added, as required by the BIOS. Assembly languages are low-level languages that represent machine codes for a specific CPU architecture.
Disk Management is a utility that allows users to manage partitions and disks. It can be used to create, delete, format partitions and assign drive letters. Disk Management can be accessed through Computer Management by clicking on Disk Management in the left column. It can also be opened by typing "diskmgmt.msc" in the Run dialog box or by pressing Windows+X and selecting Disk Management. Common tasks in Disk Management include partitioning drives, formatting drives, changing drive letters, shrinking/extending partitions, deleting partitions, and changing file systems.
The document provides information about the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) including what it does, its components, and setup. It discusses that the BIOS performs basic functions to start the computer like checking setup information, loading drivers and interrupt handlers, and performing POST (Power-On Self-Test). It also outlines the typical boot sequence, components of the setup utility, and some beep codes used for fault finding.
The document discusses the motherboard BIOS and CMOS. It describes how the BIOS is used to control and troubleshoot hardware before an operating system loads. It contains information on BIOS chips, updating the BIOS, using the BIOS setup utility to modify settings stored in CMOS, and troubleshooting hardware issues using BIOS beep codes.
The document provides a step-by-step guide for installing Windows 8 or 8.1 on a computer system. It outlines preparing the system by checking specifications and inserting an installation disk or USB. The user then restarts the system to boot from the media, selects the boot option, chooses the language and installs Windows. The process includes formatting partitions, completing the installation, personalizing settings, and optionally signing into a Microsoft account.
The BIOS is the basic input/output system that is built into a computer. It determines what the computer can do without an operating system and is the first software run when a computer is powered on. When turned on, the BIOS initializes hardware components, performs self-tests, and determines which devices can be used to boot the operating system. Modern BIOS also include user interfaces to configure hardware settings and select boot devices.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware that initializes hardware components and loads an operating system when a computer is turned on. It performs a power-on self-test (POST) to check hardware and boot the system. The BIOS resides in ROM and contains routines to initialize devices, run diagnostics, and facilitate booting into the operating system.
The document discusses how to create a basic boot loader in assembly language. It begins by initializing registers and memory segments, then loads and displays the string "Hello World" by calling a PutStr procedure. The procedure uses BIOS interrupts to display each character. Blank spaces are filled with zeros and a boot signature is added, as required by the BIOS. Assembly languages are low-level languages that represent machine codes for a specific CPU architecture.
Disk Management is a utility that allows users to manage partitions and disks. It can be used to create, delete, format partitions and assign drive letters. Disk Management can be accessed through Computer Management by clicking on Disk Management in the left column. It can also be opened by typing "diskmgmt.msc" in the Run dialog box or by pressing Windows+X and selecting Disk Management. Common tasks in Disk Management include partitioning drives, formatting drives, changing drive letters, shrinking/extending partitions, deleting partitions, and changing file systems.
The document provides information about the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) including what it does, its components, and setup. It discusses that the BIOS performs basic functions to start the computer like checking setup information, loading drivers and interrupt handlers, and performing POST (Power-On Self-Test). It also outlines the typical boot sequence, components of the setup utility, and some beep codes used for fault finding.
The document discusses the motherboard BIOS and CMOS. It describes how the BIOS is used to control and troubleshoot hardware before an operating system loads. It contains information on BIOS chips, updating the BIOS, using the BIOS setup utility to modify settings stored in CMOS, and troubleshooting hardware issues using BIOS beep codes.
The document provides a step-by-step guide for installing Windows 8 or 8.1 on a computer system. It outlines preparing the system by checking specifications and inserting an installation disk or USB. The user then restarts the system to boot from the media, selects the boot option, chooses the language and installs Windows. The process includes formatting partitions, completing the installation, personalizing settings, and optionally signing into a Microsoft account.
The BIOS is low-level firmware that initializes hardware at startup, acts as an interface between hardware and OS, and retains settings via CMOS battery. It performs POST to check hardware, identifies bootable drives, and configures components like memory, ports, and slots. BIOS settings can be accessed during boot by pressing a key like F2 or DEL. Newer UEFI firmware improves on BIOS but still relies on it for configuration, POST, and setup.
The BIOS is boot firmware that is the first code run when a PC powers on. It initializes hardware like the display, disk drives, and other devices. The BIOS comes pre-installed on the motherboard and acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware. It runs startup programs and drivers to get the system running. When turned on, the BIOS performs a power-on self-test of major components and allows the user to configure settings like date/time in CMOS memory.
Disk Management is a system utility for managing hard disks and the volumes, or partitions, that they contain.
Disk Management enables you to perform most disk-related tasks without shutting down the system or interrupting users; most configuration changes take effect immediately.
Simplified tasks and intuitive user interface. Disk Management is easy to use. Menus that are accessible from the right mouse button display the tasks you can perform on the selected object, and wizards guide you through creating partitions or volumes and initializing or converting disks.
This document discusses the differences between BIOS and UEFI firmware interfaces that initialize hardware and boot operating systems on computers. BIOS has been used for over 25 years but has limitations. UEFI was created in 2005 to replace BIOS and overcome its limitations. UEFI supports larger disk sizes and partitions, a graphical interface, and can be programmed in C/C++, while BIOS is programmed in hex/assembly and has a non-graphical interface. The document recommends writing a program to test if a computer is booted using the legacy BIOS or newer UEFI firmware interface.
How to create windows 10 bootable usb drive from iso using Command PromptViney Dhiman
In this slideshow, you will check slides showing you step by step instructions on how to create Windows 10 bootable USB drive from ISO using a command prompt.
Slides Credit: https://geekermag.com/how-to-make-windows-10-bootable-usb/
Note: If you want to use this slideshow anywhere, you're free to use it by giving credit to Slide's Credit link.
The document discusses BIOS and UEFI firmware. It explains that BIOS initializes the computer's hardware and allows booting an operating system, while UEFI is newer standard that supports larger drives and partitions. The document outlines some key advantages of UEFI like supporting drives over 2TB and allowing booting from non-hard drive media. It also discusses UEFI BIOS security features like encryption, theft protection, and secure boot verification of software.
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) is a type of memory that stores BIOS and system configuration settings using a small battery as backup. It can be accessed by pressing Delete or Ctrl-Alt-Esc during POST to view and change settings. The main CMOS setup menu allows configuring options like system date/time, SATA devices, and security settings. If the BIOS password is forgotten, the CMOS can be cleared by shorting the CMOS jumper or removing the CMOS battery.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds crucial components like the CPU and memory. It provides connections and interfaces between these components and peripherals like graphics cards, network cards, and storage drives. Key components of the motherboard include the chipset, which controls data transfer and component interfaces, as well as expansion slots, memory slots, input/output ports, and connectors for components. The motherboard establishes the architecture of the system and allows for upgrading and expansion of capabilities.
La BIOS es un chip integrado en la placa base que se encarga de inicializar el hardware y cargar el sistema operativo cuando se enciende la computadora. Realiza tareas como comprobar los componentes, detectar dispositivos, establecer la secuencia de arranque y cargar configuraciones. La UEFI es un estándar que reemplaza al BIOS y ofrece mayores prestaciones, aunque algunos sistemas aún requieren el modo legado del BIOS para iniciar.
The document discusses the boot process of a computer system. It begins with the BIOS initializing hardware and checking for a boot sector. If found, the boot sector loads the operating system kernel which takes control. Common boot devices include local hard drives, optical drives, USB drives, and network interfaces. The boot process completes when the operating system is loaded into memory and the computer is ready for use.
The document discusses the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which is a collection of programs embedded in chips that act as an interface between the operating system and hardware. It performs POST (Power-On Self-Test) to check components, enables setup of motherboard settings, and loads the operating system. The BIOS can be upgraded by replacing the physical chip or performing a flash update. It stores settings in CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) memory powered by a battery. The BIOS Setup Utility allows modifying and storing settings.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for installing Windows 10 on a PC or virtual machine. It begins by recommending joining the Windows Insider program to download the ISO image. Step 1 is to burn the ISO to disc or create a bootable USB drive. Step 2 is to install Windows 10 by clicking "Next" at each screen. The final step is to sign in with a Microsoft account to access new features.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture. It discusses the functional units of a computer, including the CPU, memory, I/O devices, and bus. It also covers topics like instruction set architecture, memory hierarchy, instruction execution cycle, pipelining, parallelism, performance evaluation, Von Neumann and Harvard architectures, Boolean algebra, logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits, ALU, registers, I/O interface, interrupts, DMA, storage devices, RAID, and backup systems. The document concludes with the differences between computer organization and architecture.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft PowerPoint 2007. It covers starting PowerPoint, exploring the interface and ribbon, creating and modifying presentations, adding and arranging slides, applying themes and backgrounds, and using different views including normal, slide sorter, and slide show views. Tutorials are also available online for additional PowerPoint features and functions.
The BIOS is boot firmware that initializes hardware at startup and allows an operating system to load. It acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware. The BIOS comes preinstalled on a computer's motherboard as ROM BIOS and can also come from adapter cards or be loaded into RAM from disk. Key BIOS functions include the POST which tests hardware, and the setup program which allows configuring settings like date/time and boot devices.
The document discusses the components and functions of a computer system unit. It describes the system unit as the box-like case that contains the computer's electronic components. The main components include the motherboard, CPU, RAM, ROM, power supply, and input/output ports. The motherboard is the main circuit board that has electronic components attached or built into it. The CPU interprets instructions and processes data. RAM is used for temporary storage while programs are running, and ROM permanently stores basic startup instructions. Expansion slots allow additional capabilities to be added via circuit boards.
BIOS is an electronic set of instructions located on the motherboard that allows a PC to successfully start up. It performs a Power-On Self Test to check that components are functioning properly. The BIOS loads hard drive and removable drive drivers so the operating system can load. It has various settings sections to configure components like the processor, RAM, boot order, security, and more. Exiting the BIOS setup allows the computer to complete its startup process.
The document provides a block diagram and overview of the main components of a computer system. It describes the input unit which receives data and instructions and converts them to a format the computer can understand. The output unit accepts results from the computer and converts them to a human readable format. The central processing unit, or CPU, contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit which perform processing and control other units. The CPU performs all calculations and controls data flow. Main memory and secondary storage hold data, instructions, and results.
BIOS - Basic Input Output System | Tentang BIOS Komputer dalam Bahasa InggrisArd's Munawir
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the first software that runs when a computer is powered on. It detects and initializes hardware components, loads the operating system, and allows basic control of hardware like keyboards and mice. The term "BIOS" was coined by Gary Kildall to describe the machine-specific part of operating systems. The first use of BIOS was in 1981 with the IBM PC. Modern BIOS is developed by companies like American Megatrends and uses technologies like UEFI for a more user-friendly interface compared to traditional BIOS.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
The BIOS is low-level firmware that initializes hardware at startup, acts as an interface between hardware and OS, and retains settings via CMOS battery. It performs POST to check hardware, identifies bootable drives, and configures components like memory, ports, and slots. BIOS settings can be accessed during boot by pressing a key like F2 or DEL. Newer UEFI firmware improves on BIOS but still relies on it for configuration, POST, and setup.
The BIOS is boot firmware that is the first code run when a PC powers on. It initializes hardware like the display, disk drives, and other devices. The BIOS comes pre-installed on the motherboard and acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware. It runs startup programs and drivers to get the system running. When turned on, the BIOS performs a power-on self-test of major components and allows the user to configure settings like date/time in CMOS memory.
Disk Management is a system utility for managing hard disks and the volumes, or partitions, that they contain.
Disk Management enables you to perform most disk-related tasks without shutting down the system or interrupting users; most configuration changes take effect immediately.
Simplified tasks and intuitive user interface. Disk Management is easy to use. Menus that are accessible from the right mouse button display the tasks you can perform on the selected object, and wizards guide you through creating partitions or volumes and initializing or converting disks.
This document discusses the differences between BIOS and UEFI firmware interfaces that initialize hardware and boot operating systems on computers. BIOS has been used for over 25 years but has limitations. UEFI was created in 2005 to replace BIOS and overcome its limitations. UEFI supports larger disk sizes and partitions, a graphical interface, and can be programmed in C/C++, while BIOS is programmed in hex/assembly and has a non-graphical interface. The document recommends writing a program to test if a computer is booted using the legacy BIOS or newer UEFI firmware interface.
How to create windows 10 bootable usb drive from iso using Command PromptViney Dhiman
In this slideshow, you will check slides showing you step by step instructions on how to create Windows 10 bootable USB drive from ISO using a command prompt.
Slides Credit: https://geekermag.com/how-to-make-windows-10-bootable-usb/
Note: If you want to use this slideshow anywhere, you're free to use it by giving credit to Slide's Credit link.
The document discusses BIOS and UEFI firmware. It explains that BIOS initializes the computer's hardware and allows booting an operating system, while UEFI is newer standard that supports larger drives and partitions. The document outlines some key advantages of UEFI like supporting drives over 2TB and allowing booting from non-hard drive media. It also discusses UEFI BIOS security features like encryption, theft protection, and secure boot verification of software.
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) is a type of memory that stores BIOS and system configuration settings using a small battery as backup. It can be accessed by pressing Delete or Ctrl-Alt-Esc during POST to view and change settings. The main CMOS setup menu allows configuring options like system date/time, SATA devices, and security settings. If the BIOS password is forgotten, the CMOS can be cleared by shorting the CMOS jumper or removing the CMOS battery.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds crucial components like the CPU and memory. It provides connections and interfaces between these components and peripherals like graphics cards, network cards, and storage drives. Key components of the motherboard include the chipset, which controls data transfer and component interfaces, as well as expansion slots, memory slots, input/output ports, and connectors for components. The motherboard establishes the architecture of the system and allows for upgrading and expansion of capabilities.
La BIOS es un chip integrado en la placa base que se encarga de inicializar el hardware y cargar el sistema operativo cuando se enciende la computadora. Realiza tareas como comprobar los componentes, detectar dispositivos, establecer la secuencia de arranque y cargar configuraciones. La UEFI es un estándar que reemplaza al BIOS y ofrece mayores prestaciones, aunque algunos sistemas aún requieren el modo legado del BIOS para iniciar.
The document discusses the boot process of a computer system. It begins with the BIOS initializing hardware and checking for a boot sector. If found, the boot sector loads the operating system kernel which takes control. Common boot devices include local hard drives, optical drives, USB drives, and network interfaces. The boot process completes when the operating system is loaded into memory and the computer is ready for use.
The document discusses the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which is a collection of programs embedded in chips that act as an interface between the operating system and hardware. It performs POST (Power-On Self-Test) to check components, enables setup of motherboard settings, and loads the operating system. The BIOS can be upgraded by replacing the physical chip or performing a flash update. It stores settings in CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) memory powered by a battery. The BIOS Setup Utility allows modifying and storing settings.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for installing Windows 10 on a PC or virtual machine. It begins by recommending joining the Windows Insider program to download the ISO image. Step 1 is to burn the ISO to disc or create a bootable USB drive. Step 2 is to install Windows 10 by clicking "Next" at each screen. The final step is to sign in with a Microsoft account to access new features.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture. It discusses the functional units of a computer, including the CPU, memory, I/O devices, and bus. It also covers topics like instruction set architecture, memory hierarchy, instruction execution cycle, pipelining, parallelism, performance evaluation, Von Neumann and Harvard architectures, Boolean algebra, logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits, ALU, registers, I/O interface, interrupts, DMA, storage devices, RAID, and backup systems. The document concludes with the differences between computer organization and architecture.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft PowerPoint 2007. It covers starting PowerPoint, exploring the interface and ribbon, creating and modifying presentations, adding and arranging slides, applying themes and backgrounds, and using different views including normal, slide sorter, and slide show views. Tutorials are also available online for additional PowerPoint features and functions.
The BIOS is boot firmware that initializes hardware at startup and allows an operating system to load. It acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware. The BIOS comes preinstalled on a computer's motherboard as ROM BIOS and can also come from adapter cards or be loaded into RAM from disk. Key BIOS functions include the POST which tests hardware, and the setup program which allows configuring settings like date/time and boot devices.
The document discusses the components and functions of a computer system unit. It describes the system unit as the box-like case that contains the computer's electronic components. The main components include the motherboard, CPU, RAM, ROM, power supply, and input/output ports. The motherboard is the main circuit board that has electronic components attached or built into it. The CPU interprets instructions and processes data. RAM is used for temporary storage while programs are running, and ROM permanently stores basic startup instructions. Expansion slots allow additional capabilities to be added via circuit boards.
BIOS is an electronic set of instructions located on the motherboard that allows a PC to successfully start up. It performs a Power-On Self Test to check that components are functioning properly. The BIOS loads hard drive and removable drive drivers so the operating system can load. It has various settings sections to configure components like the processor, RAM, boot order, security, and more. Exiting the BIOS setup allows the computer to complete its startup process.
The document provides a block diagram and overview of the main components of a computer system. It describes the input unit which receives data and instructions and converts them to a format the computer can understand. The output unit accepts results from the computer and converts them to a human readable format. The central processing unit, or CPU, contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit which perform processing and control other units. The CPU performs all calculations and controls data flow. Main memory and secondary storage hold data, instructions, and results.
BIOS - Basic Input Output System | Tentang BIOS Komputer dalam Bahasa InggrisArd's Munawir
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the first software that runs when a computer is powered on. It detects and initializes hardware components, loads the operating system, and allows basic control of hardware like keyboards and mice. The term "BIOS" was coined by Gary Kildall to describe the machine-specific part of operating systems. The first use of BIOS was in 1981 with the IBM PC. Modern BIOS is developed by companies like American Megatrends and uses technologies like UEFI for a more user-friendly interface compared to traditional BIOS.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
El BIOS es un sistema básico de entrada y salida de datos que maneja la placa madre e incluye componentes como la CMOS RAM, la ROM BIOS y una pila. La CMOS RAM almacena la configuración actual con la ayuda de la pila, mientras que la ROM BIOS contiene programas POST y Setup. El BIOS realiza pruebas de arranque del hardware y muestra mensajes durante el proceso de inicio mediante pitidos y mensajes en pantalla. Puede actualizarse a través de la página del fabricante para admitir hardware más nuevo.
The BIOS is located on a chip on the motherboard and initializes hardware at startup. It detects components and checks for errors using POST codes. The BIOS is stored in ROM and cannot be changed by users. To enter the BIOS setup utility, the user presses keys like Delete, F1, or F10 during startup. Common BIOS manufacturers include Award, IBM, Intel, and AMI. The booting process involves powering on, POST to check hardware, and the BIOS loading the operating system if no errors occur. POST codes help diagnose issues and are displayed as beeps, numbers, or text messages corresponding to components like the motherboard, RAM, keyboard, or hardware in general.
La BIOS es un componente fundamental de las computadoras que se encarga de inicializar los componentes hardware al encender la PC y cargar el sistema operativo. Proporciona funciones como realizar pruebas de memoria RAM, detectar y configurar dispositivos, y definir la unidad de arranque. Los usuarios pueden acceder al BIOS Setup para revisar información del sistema y realizar ajustes de configuración.
El documento describe el BIOS, que contiene instrucciones básicas para que las computadoras funcionen. Existen tres tipos de BIOS: ROM, EPROM y Flash BIOS. Luego detalla las características y funciones del BIOS como establecer la hora y fecha, configurar dispositivos de almacenamiento, ajustar la memoria y puertos, y proporcionar protección contra virus. También explica cómo particionar un disco duro para instalar un sistema operativo y el proceso de formatear y dar formato a un disco.
El documento describe la BIOS, incluyendo su función, tipos, fabricantes y cómo actualizarla y acceder a su configuración. La BIOS es un programa de arranque que inicia el ordenador y carga el sistema operativo. Contiene información sobre los dispositivos y configuración del sistema. Puede actualizarse para corregir errores o agregar compatibilidad. Los fabricantes principales son AMI, Award y Phoenix.
El documento habla sobre el BIOS (Basic Input-Output System), un programa incorporado en la placa base que se encarga de inicializar el hardware y permitir la entrada y salida de datos. Explica que el BIOS se almacena en un chip y puede ser de solo lectura (ROM), borrable con luz (EPROM) o reprogramable eléctricamente (Flash BIOS). También cubre cómo funciona el BIOS, sus diferentes secciones de configuración y los principales fabricantes.
1. CMOS is a type of integrated circuit that stores BIOS settings, while BIOS is a type of software.
2. CMOS is constantly powered to retain information even when the system is off, while BIOS only runs for a short period during startup.
3. Losing CMOS data is not disastrous and can be restored easily, whereas the BIOS is critical for system boot up.
El BIOS es un programa que se encuentra en la placa base y se encarga de comprobar el hardware, inicializar dispositivos, y cargar el sistema operativo durante el arranque. Permite que la computadora inicie correctamente. El BIOS se almacena típicamente en una memoria flash y se apoya en la memoria CMOS para almacenar valores de configuración.
El documento describe tres tipos principales de BIOS: BIOS-DIP con 32 pines en un encapsulado rectangular, BIOS-PLCC con un encapsulado cuadrado de entre 20 y 84 pines con un espaciado estandar de 1.27 mm, y DualBIOS que incorpora dos chips BIOS en la placa madre para proveer redundancia en caso de fallo del chip principal.
Este documento describe los pasos para instalar el sistema operativo Ubuntu utilizando un Live-CD o una máquina virtual. Explica que Ubuntu tiene tres versiones principales y ofrece instrucciones detalladas sobre cómo particionar el disco duro, seleccionar el idioma, configurar la ubicación y completar la instalación. También discute algunas ventajas y desventajas de usar Ubuntu en comparación con Windows.
El documento proporciona instrucciones en 6 pasos para restablecer la configuración predeterminada del BIOS en una computadora. Estos pasos incluyen reiniciar la computadora, ingresar al BIOS, seleccionar "Load Optimal Defaults" y guardar las configuraciones para restablecer el BIOS. El documento también ofrece consejos para seguir cuidadosamente los pasos y no apresurarse.
El documento describe la función y evolución del BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). El BIOS es un código de interfaz que inicia el funcionamiento del hardware cuando se enciende la computadora, reconociendo y verificando los componentes antes de cargar el sistema operativo. El BIOS ha evolucionado para admitir nuevos dispositivos y proporcionar funciones básicas de entrada/salida incluso antes de que se cargue el sistema operativo.
El BIOS es un programa informático almacenado en la memoria flash de la placa base que controla el funcionamiento de los componentes y realiza funciones básicas de configuración. Fue inventado en 1975 y adoptado por IBM en 1981 como estándar para la industria. Tras el encendido, el BIOS detecta y configura los dispositivos, permite acceder a la configuración del sistema y carga el sistema operativo en la memoria RAM.
El BIOS es un firmware que se ejecuta al encender la computadora para localizar y reconocer los dispositivos necesarios para cargar el sistema operativo. Proporciona la comunicación básica entre el hardware y permite el funcionamiento y configuración inicial de los componentes. Existe en forma de chip en la placa base que puede ser ROM, EPROM o Flash BIOS y se actualiza mediante programas.
Conocer los errores mas comunes del hardware 2.1supernovaceil
Este documento describe los errores más comunes del hardware en los equipos y cómo diagnosticarlos. Explica los errores de POST, incluidos los tipos de errores detectados y su ubicación. Luego detalla varios errores comunes como mal funcionamiento del disco duro, batería CMOS baja y fallas de contraseña, junto con posibles soluciones como formatear tablas de partición, reemplazar la batería o verificar registros de eventos. También cubre el funcionamiento del BIOS, pruebas SMART de discos duros y los pasos
Sarah chambersbios275powerpointfinalversionchamberssarah
This document summarizes three ecological sites visited for a college course: a freshwater pond in Stewart, Ohio, Strouds Run State Park outside Athens, Ohio, and a fencerow in Canaanville, Ohio. For each site, plant and animal species observed are listed along with links providing more information about each species. A variety of wildflowers, trees, birds, insects, reptiles, amphibians and mammals were observed at the three different natural areas.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para modificar la secuencia de arranque de un ordenador o máquina virtual. Indica que debemos seleccionar el sistema operativo instalado, hacer clic en la pantalla hasta mostrar una imagen, y luego presionar F2 para acceder a la pantalla de configuración de arranque, donde podemos seleccionar la pestaña Boot y comprobar o cambiar el orden de arranque.
The BIOS is a set of software routines that control basic hardware functions and allow a PC to boot properly. It acts as an interface between hardware and software. The BIOS performs startup checks, handles input/output functions for components like keyboards and displays, and provides an API for software. However, directly accessing hardware can provide better performance than going through the BIOS. BIOS compatibility can also vary between manufacturers, and a BIOS must match the specific hardware it will be used on. The BIOS affects system performance both through the efficiency of its own code and the level of control it provides over components.
The BIOS is low-level software that controls system hardware and acts as an interface between hardware and software. It is stored in a ROM chip and consists of drivers that interface hardware to the operating system. The BIOS performs a power-on self-test of hardware components, provides a setup utility to configure settings, loads the operating system boot sector to start the boot process, and includes basic input/output functions. Modern BIOS is stored in flash ROM which can be updated without removing the chip from the system.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects all the other components together. It contains the CPU, memory, ports, and expansion slots. Chipsets on the motherboard manage communication between the CPU and other components. The BIOS stored on a ROM chip controls startup and allows the computer to communicate with devices. The CMOS stores hardware configuration settings and needs a battery to retain data when powered off.
The BIOS is the program that runs when a computer is powered on. It performs hardware checks and initializes devices. It then attempts to locate bootable software on storage devices like hard disks or USB drives in order of boot priority set in the BIOS. If a bootable device is found, the BIOS loads and executes the boot software which takes over the boot process. The BIOS can be customized through a setup utility to configure hardware settings and set passwords and boot priorities.
BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
The document discusses the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) which is low-level software that controls hardware and acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware. The BIOS consists of firmware stored on the motherboard as well as device drivers loaded from disk during startup. It describes how the BIOS initializes hardware during the POST (Power-On Self-Test) and bootstrap process to load the operating system. Modern operating systems like Windows can replace the BIOS firmware with their own drivers loaded from disk.
The BIOS is boot firmware that initializes hardware and allows an operating system to load. It identifies devices like the hard drive and sets the hardware state. The BIOS acts as an interface between the OS and hardware. It comes preinstalled on the motherboard ROM chip and performs a power-on self-test of components. It has setup options to configure settings like date/time and boot order that are stored in CMOS memory powered by a battery.
The document discusses the basic input/output system (BIOS) and its functions. It describes BIOS as firmware that acts as an intermediary between the operating system and computer hardware. When a computer is powered on, the BIOS performs tasks like testing hardware and loading the operating system. It identifies devices, configures the system, and allows data transfer between components. The BIOS can be accessed through the BIOS setup utility to configure hardware settings.
The BIOS is firmware that initializes hardware and allows an operating system to load. It is the first code run when a PC powers on. The BIOS identifies components, runs tests, and sets the hardware state. It provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. The BIOS can come from the motherboard ROM, expansion cards, or be loaded from disk. It runs the POST to test components and has a setup program to store settings like boot options and device configurations.
The BIOS is boot firmware that is the first code run when a PC powers on. It identifies and initializes hardware like the display, hard disk, and other devices. The BIOS comes from the motherboard ROM, adapter card ROMs, or can be loaded from disk. It runs startup programs and drivers to get the system running. The BIOS also includes a setup program to store configuration data in CMOS memory and conducts a power on self test of components.
The BIOS is firmware that initializes hardware and allows an operating system to load. It is stored on a chip on the motherboard. When a computer powers on, the BIOS performs a power-on self-test of components and initializes devices. It then loads a bootstrap program from the hard disk or other boot device to launch the operating system. The BIOS setup program allows configuring system settings like date/time, drives, and boot options, which are stored on the motherboard in CMOS memory powered by a battery. Common BIOS manufacturers include American Megatrends, Insyde Software, and Phoenix Technologies.
Computer system specifications describe the key components that determine a computer's performance, including the processor, RAM, graphics system, and hard drive. The processor speed and architecture, amount of RAM, graphics card capabilities, and hard drive speed and capacity all impact how well a computer can perform. The BIOS or UEFI firmware installed on the motherboard initializes these hardware components and allows the operating system to boot. Updating the BIOS/UEFI firmware can provide improvements and support for newer hardware.
This document provides guidance for non-technical individuals on troubleshooting common computer issues. It outlines a basic troubleshooting methodology of zeroing in on an area, building a foundation of knowledge, working up to identify the problem, and then repairing or replacing components. Common issues are grouped into categories called "The Dirty Dozen" which include power, connectivity, boot firmware, memory, storage, input/output, operating system, drivers, memory management, applications, configuration, and viruses. Maintenance tips like scanning, defragmenting, cleaning, and backing up data are also discussed to help prevent problems.
The document contains questions and answers related to computer hardware components and concepts. It discusses topics like what SMART is, the difference between RAM and ROM, primary and secondary storage devices, BIOS, boot process, hard drive errors, partitioning, and troubleshooting boot issues.
This document provides information about the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). It discusses that BIOS is the program that starts the computer system after powering on and manages data flow between hardware and operating system. The term BIOS was coined in 1975 and was incorporated into IBM's first PC in 1981. While BIOS was popular for some time, the newer UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) technology has replaced it, with support for legacy BIOS being retired by 2020. The document also lists some major BIOS manufacturers and describes the main functions of BIOS, including power-on self-test, bootstrap loading, driver support, and CMOS setup configuration.
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the low-level program that initializes hardware components and loads the operating system when a computer is turned on. It checks that devices like the hard drive, graphics card, keyboard, and mouse are connected and working properly. BIOS is stored on a chip in the computer and allows the operating system and applications to interface with hardware without knowing specific details about each component. When hardware changes, only the BIOS needs updating, not the operating system or other software.
The BIOS is software stored on a chip on the motherboard that is responsible for initializing hardware and booting the operating system. It performs POST checks and identifies hardware components during startup. The BIOS can be accessed through the BIOS setup utility to configure hardware settings like the boot order and view system information. It provides an interface between the OS and hardware and has been increasingly replaced by UEFI, which offers larger drive support and faster boot times.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware that initializes hardware components and loads an operating system. It performs a power-on self-test (POST) to check hardware and boot the system. The BIOS resides in ROM and is the first software to run when a computer powers on. It initializes devices, runs diagnostics, and loads the operating system from storage.
The document provides an introduction to a mobile application development course using Swift UI. It outlines class rules including respect, mobile use, and note-taking. It describes the three key components covered in each lesson: learning goals, hands-on practice, and personal project planning. It then covers setting up Xcode and creating a blank iOS playground. It demonstrates declaring variables with var and constants with let in Swift, and shows examples of different Swift data types including Character, String, Int, Bool, Float, and Double.
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This document provides a template for designing a digital marketing strategy for a company. It includes sections for background information on the company and its target market. It also includes sections for identifying a product to promote, the target market for that product, consumer behavior related to the product, and details of the current ad campaign. Additional sections address other content topics like stories and topics the audience wants to hear about, as well as a competitor analysis. The template is designed to gather key information needed to develop a digital marketing strategy for a company and its products.
This document provides instructions for creating a website using WordPress. It outlines the steps to add a theme, logo, slider images and content. It also discusses website hosting, domain names, and how to log into hosting accounts. Additional sections explain how to create a logo, set up site name and tagline, home page, sliders and pages. The document encourages sharing the completed website and provides information on upcoming sessions on digital marketing, Excel, Google Docs and game development.
This document provides instructions for creating surveys using Google Forms. It outlines how to get started, design a questionnaire, add different types of questions like short answer, checkboxes, and grids. It also discusses how to reorder questions, change themes, share the form, and view responses in a spreadsheet. The goal is to introduce the basic features and capabilities of Google Forms for collecting data through surveys.
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The document provides an overview of web technologies including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, content management systems, and databases. The objective is to introduce fundamentals of website creation using these technologies. It discusses basics of HTML and CSS for page layout and styling. JavaScript is described as used for interactive elements. PHP is presented as the programming language embedded in HTML pages and used to dynamically generate content. Popular content management systems like Drupal, WordPress, and Typo3 are highlighted. MySQL is mentioned as a database commonly used with PHP applications.
This document discusses using PHP to build a website generator with an intuitive interface for website creation and administration. It describes having sub-pages that can contain different elements like lists of people or projects, and pages made of one or many sub-pages. The technologies used are PHP, MySQL, CSS, JavaScript, and security is added through username/password and encryption. PHP is described as a scripting language especially suited for dynamic web pages that can interact with databases like MySQL. In comparison, PHP is said to be faster than both JSP and ASP.
PHP is a scripting language commonly used on web servers to dynamically generate web page content. It allows for database interaction, processing of user input, email handling, file handling and more. PHP code is embedded within XHTML pages using <?php ?> tags. Variables in PHP are prefixed with $ and can be used to store and display different data types. Constants are similar but defined using the define function and are uppercase by convention. Single and double quoted strings behave differently with regards to variable expansion.
This document provides an introduction to PHP and MySQL for educational purposes. It discusses PHP basics like syntax, variables, operators, control structures, and functions. It also covers server-side dynamic web programming approaches like CGI, ASP, Java Servlets and JSP. The document explains what PHP is, how it works, and what is needed to use it. It provides examples of PHP code for scalars, operators, control structures, arrays and date functions. The goal is to provide basic PHP knowledge and code examples but not teach everything about PHP.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
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End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
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Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
1. Compiled BY : Shehrevar Davierwala
BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM
[BIOS]
By: Shehrevar Davierwala
http://shehrevard.blogspot.com
http://sites.google.com/sites/techwizardin
http://www.slideshare.net/shehrevard
http://www.authorstream.com/shehrevard
2. Compiled BY : Shehrevar Davierwala
Introduction
The BIOS, short for BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM is a set of built-in software
routines that give a PC its personality. Although, less than 32 kilobytes of code, the BIOS
controls many of the most important functions of the PC: how it interprets keystrokes
(Ctrl + Alt + Delete), how it puts characters on the screen, and how and at what speed it
communicates through its ports. The BIOS also determines the compatibility of the
computer and its flexibility in use. Although all BIOSs have the same function; all are not
the same.
The BIOS governs the inner complexities arising out of the odd mixing of hardware and
software. It acts as a link between the material hardware of the PC and its circuits, and
the transcendent realm of software ideas and instructions. More than a link, the BIOS is
both hardware and software. Like software, the BIOS is a set of instructions to the
computer’s microprocessor. Like hardware, however, these instructions are not
evanescent; rather they are coded into the hard, worldly silicon of PROM, EPROM chips.
Due to the twilight state of programs like the BIOS, existing in the netherworld between
hardware and software, such PROM-based programs are often termed firmware.
The personality comes from the firmware code. This code determines how the computer
will carry out the basic functions needed to make a working computer- how quickly they
are carried out and how smoothly. In many PCs, this firmware also governs how the
system board components interact, the chipset features that are used, even the amount of
the microprocessor’s time devoted to keeping memory working. The setup procedures in
most new PCs are also held in the BIOS.
Every time the PC is switched on, the BIOS immediately takes command (control). The
first thing it does is run through a series of diagnostic routines, system checks to ensure
that every part of the PC is functioning correctly before any time or data is trusted to it.
One by one, the BIOS checks the circuits of the system board and the memory, the
keyboard, the disks and each expansion board. If a problem is found, it is reported with a
code number on the monitor or as a coded series of beeps if an insufficient portion of the
PC is functional to display anything on the monitor.
After the PC is operational, the BIOS does not rest. Its firmware includes several sets of
routines that programs call to carry out everyday functions- typing characters on the
screen, reading keystrokes, timing events. Programmers can create grand designs without
worrying about tiny details because; the basic library is there.
The BIOS contains a small version of BASIC called, Cassette Basic, the language if only
minimally useful, is used to prompt the user with a message like “Non-System Disk or
Disk Error” when booting without a system disk. Most people never use cassette BASIC,
but its there just in case. The distinct parts of the BIOS operate separately and distinctly
although the code for each is contained inside the same silicon chip. The BIOS operates
like a set of small terminate and stay-resident programs that are always in memory. In
this case, they are always in memory because we cannot get them out.
3. Compiled BY : Shehrevar Davierwala
BIOS Purpose
The design of any computer requires that many of the hardware elements of the machine
be located at specific addresses within the range of input/output ports of the computer.
Other computer components may have registers of their own that are used in their
control. Because of the number of separate components inside any computer, the
potential number of possible variations is limitless. Software that attempts to control any
of this hardware must correctly reach out to these registers. As long as all computers are
crafted exactly the same, with the same port used for exactly the same hardware with
exactly the same registers, there should be no problem.
With the first PC itself however, IBM reserved the right to alter the hardware at will.
They made no guarantee that any of the ports or registers would be the same in any later
computers. This was where the BIOS came in. IBM had envisioned that programs would
never have to directly address hardware. Instead they would call up a software routine in
the BIOS that has the addressing part of the instruction permanently set in its code. If a
different hardware arrangement is used then, the address inside the routines would be
changed to match the updated hardware. The same software could thus work with a wide
variety of hardware designs, giving the designer and the manufacturer the flexibility to
upgrade the entirety of the system hardware should the need arise.
BIOS Shortcomings
The problem with BIOS routines is that no finite number of routines could possibly cover
all situations and software needs optimally. Consequently, using BIOS routines is
sometimes advantageous, but oftentimes a bother. In particular, BIOS routines can make
many computer functions slow, and performance problems are most evident in the video
display. For example, all IBM BIOS routines are designed for putting information on the
video display one character at a time. Text can be blasted on the screen much faster by
directly manipulating the hardware.
Using BIOS routines, software must first load particular registers with the character to be
displayed along with its attribute (color, underline or the like...) and perhaps even its
location on the screen. Then program issues a software interrupt to give the BIOS control
to do its job. The BIOS then runs through a dozen or more assembly language
instructions to move the character on the screen.
Mov ah, 00h
Mov al, 03h ; sets 320 x 200 resolution
Int 10h
Mov edx, ycor ; put y co-ordinate in EDX
Mov ecx, xcor ; put y co-ordinate in ECX
Mov eax, 00000c00h
Add eax, color ; put color in EAX
4. Compiled BY : Shehrevar Davierwala
Int 10h ; software interrupt to call plot routine
Taking direct control – avoiding the BIOS – means writing directly to the display
memory on the video card. A program can write directly to the screen just by loading the
appropriate address and moving the needed byte value to that address in one assembly
language step. The dozens of steps saved in writing each character add up to real
performance gains, the difference between watching changes slowly scroll down the
screen and instant updates.
Another limitation imposed by handling all system operations through the BIOS is that
the computer cannot do anything without the BIOS knowing. For example, in standard
modes the BIOS routines function well and allow reading, writing and formatting of disks
in IBM formats. But it won’t allow us to read or format a disk in any other format
although; the disk drive has the capability to do so. Disk drives are more versatile than
what BIOS makes us believe and making full use of the disk drive’s capability means
sidestepping the BIOS.
Direct Hardware Control
Bypassing the BIOS with programs that directly address the system hardware isn’t
difficult even when such a concept is forbidden by the IBM dream. In fact, so many
software writers have taken their liberties with direct hardware control that many of
hardware features of PCs are more standardized than the BIOS. Most prominent among
these is the display memory. Serial ports too have developed beyond BIOS control. Every
program that uses serial ports at speeds higher than 9600 bps (19200 bps on some
machines) must sidestep the BIOS’s serial communication routines.
Nevertheless, the BIOS offers other advantages to programmers. In many cases, using
BIOS routines can simplify the writing of a program. Certain system operations are
always available and can easily be accessed through software. These routines are usually
well documented, well understood and bug-free, removing many of the concerns and
worries of the programmer.
BIOS Compatibility
The goal of the compatible computer manufacture is to match the BIOS used by his
machine with that inside the IBM AT. However, the code used by IBM is protected by
copyright that forbids others from legally duplicating it. Instead compatible makers are
charged with writing their own routine without copying IBM’s. Few company companies
have the resources to do it all themselves. Hence a vast majority of compatible PC
manufacturers buy the necessary BIOS firmware from specialist firms such as AMI,
Award Software, Phoenix Technologies and Mr. BIOS. And thus the cost of the
manufacturer greatly decreases.
But since the exact code used by each BIOS version is different hence their compatibility
with the IBM XT standard always varies. One of the biggest differences between these
5. Compiled BY : Shehrevar Davierwala
BIOS’s is to do with “ ENTRY POINTS ” The various code routines in each BIOS start
and end in addresses assigned to the BIOS function in the PC memory map. The address
at which each routine starts is called the routines Entry Point. A few applications require
that some entry points be at specific BIOS addresses. If the entry point of BIOS differs
from what the program expects, the probable results are a system crash. Thus this
compatibility issue must be dealt with.
Another compatibility issue with BIOSs is ensuring that a replacement BIOS is
compatible with the computer in which you want to plug it. All BIOSs are created to
match specific hardware. Uniting different hardware designs so that they can work
interchangeably with all software will solve the problem.
Should you want to change or upgrade your PC’s BIOS for any reason, you will need to
get one that matches the exact of the computer you own.
BIOS performance
The BIOS in a PC can affect the system’s performance in two ways.
a. The efficiency of the BIOS code.
b. The control it affords over the system resources.
a. Most of the programs do not know the contents of the BIOS routines and hence
the assembly language instructions of each BIOS routine can vary considerably
among different BIOSs. The most efficient BIOS routine will be the one with the
least number of instructions. The program will hence require to execute fewer
steps using fewer clock cycles every time it calls a BIOS routine. As a result the
system runs faster. This is however only possible when a program takes
advantage of BIOS routines and does not side step the BIOS to take direct
hardware control.
b. A more important performance difference depends on upon how a BIOS
initiates its host computer. Some BIOSs do a better job in optimizing the
relationship between the Microprocessors local bus and the IO channel. A better
BIOS automatically checks for the best operation of all available features.
Through advanced setup procedures, it may also give the user manual control of
these vital system parameters so that you can improve its settings.
Unfortunately, we have no way of knowing how well a BIOS works just by looking at a
PC. The only way to judge is to run your application on the system and see what it does
and how fast it does it.
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BIOS Operation
The IBM BIOS is designed to work through a system of software interrupts. To activate a
routine, a program issues the appropriate interrupt from the table below.
Interrupt in
Hexadecimal Function
00 Divide by zero
01 Single step
02 NMI
03 Break point
04 Over flow
05 Print screen
06 Reserved
07 Reserved
08 System Timer
09 Key Board
0A Reserved
0B Reserved
0C Reserved
0D Reserved
0E Floppy Disk
0F Reserved
10 Video
11 Equipment determination
12 Memory size determination
13 Floppy Disk
14 Asynchronous Communication
15 System services
16 Keyboard
17 Printer
19 Boot Strap Loader
1A System Timer & real Time clock services
1B Keyboard Break
1C User Timer Tick
1D Video Parameters
1E Floppy Disk Parameters
1F Video Graphic Characters
20 – 3F Reserved for DOS
40 Floppy Disk BIOS revector
41 Hard Disk Parameters
42 Reserved
43 Reserved
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44 Reserved
45 Reserved
46 Hard Disk Parameters
47 Reserved
48 Reserved
49 Reserved
4A User Alarm
4B – 5F Reserved
60 – 67 Reserved for user program interrupts
68 – 6F Reserved
70 Real Time clock interrupt
71 – 74 Reserved
75 Redirect to NMI
76 – 7F Reserved
80 – 85 Reserved for BASIC
86 – F0 Used by BASIC interpreter while
Running BASIC
F1 – FF Reserved for User program interrupts
The software interrupt causes the microprocessor to stop what it is doing and start a new
routine, by saving the workspace. Each interrupt vector is a pointer that tells the
microprocessor the location where the code associated with the interrupt is located.
The table of interrupt vectors begins at the very start of the microprocessors memory
address 00000. Programs can order these vectors to change the meaning of the software
interrupts.
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Extendibility
The IBM BIOS gains much of its versatility by being an extendable BIOS. That is, the
full extent of the BIOS is not cast forever in the silicon of the single PROM chip holding
the firmware. The IBM BIOS can accept additional code as its own into one integrated
whole. Hence additional PROM chips containing BIOS routines can be added to the PC.
The BIOS will incorporate these new routines.
The key for making BIOS extendable is a Firmware routine that enables the BIOS to look
for add-in code. During the boot up, BIOS code reads through the address range that is
set aside for firmware looking for codes stored on add-in boards. If a valid section of
code is found, the instructions are added to the BIOS repertory. For instance a new
interrupt routine can be added or the functions of existing routines can be changed.
The routine of extending BIOS works as follows:
• Search for Preamble Bytes
During POST after interrupt vectors have been loaded into RAM, the
resident BIOS code instructs the computer to check its ROM memory for
the occurrence of the special preamble bytes, that mark the beginning of
add-in BIOS routines. The BIOS searches for these preamble bytes in the
absolute address range 0C8000 – 0F4000.
• Verification for legitimate BIOS extension
If the special preamble bits are found, it verifies that the subsequent
section of code is a legitimate BIOS extension by performing a form of
cyclic redundancy check on the specified number of 512 byte blocks. The
values of each byte in the block are totaled using modulo 0100 addition –
the effect is the same as dividing the sum of all the bytes by 4096 (d). A
remainder of 0 indicates that the extension of BIOS contains valid code.
The preamble bytes take a specific form.
§ Two bytes indicate the beginning of an extension code section:
055h followed by 0AAh.
§ Immediately following the two-byte preamble bytes is a third byte
that gives the length of the additional BIOS. The number
represents the amount of blocks 512 bytes long, needed to hold the
extra code.
• Installation of extension BIOS
After a valid section of code is identifies, system control (BIOS program
execution) jumps to the 4th byte in the extension BIOS and performs any
functions specified in the machine language. Typically these instructions
tell the BIOS how to install the extra code.
• Return of control to Resident BIOS
Finally when the instructions in the extension BIOS are completed, control
returns to the resident BIOS. The system then continues to search for
blocks of additional BIOS. When it completes its search by reaching the
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absolute address 0F4000 it starts the process of booting the computer from
the disk.
The ROM chips containing this extra BIOS code need not be present on the system
board. The memory locations used are also accessible on the extension bus. The code
required to control the extension accessory thus loads when the system boots. One
complication is that no two sections of code can occupy the same memory area.
Consequently most expansion board makers for the PC series incorporate jumpers on
their products to allow reassigning of the addresses used by their BIOS extensions to
avoid conflicts.
Reading BIOS information
Nearly every BIOS includes some information about itself. This includes the copyright
message so that you can determine the manufacturer and also the latest revision date so
that one can identify how recently its code was updated.
The BIOS date is not just interesting but also a useful diagnostic tool. As PCs have
expanded their capabilities, BIOSs were also revised to enable new operations.
Sometimes solder versions of BIOSs do not work with new peripherals. Hence it is
important to know the date of the BIOS in case the hardware is not working correctly.
Most BIOS chips have their date and revision number printed on labels affixed over their
EPROM windows. But we can also examine the BIOS date embedded in the BIOS code
using the DEBUG program available in DOS.
Once you run the DEBUG program, you will get a hyphen prompt. Give the following
command to read the contents of the memory location in BIOS.
D [address]:[offset] ; D command is for Dump/Display
The output is divided into three distinct parts horizontally:
a) Left part is the label of a memory location at which the display of 16 bytes begins
b) Central block gives the contents of each of the16 bytes of memory
c) Right block gives the ASCII representation of those values (if the value is a
printable character). The date can be read in this right block as it is an ASCII
representation.
(To exit DEBUG type command Q)
Example: We give the following command for the BIOS date.
D F000:FFF0
Output is:
F000:FFF0 CD 19 E0 00 F0 30 38 2F-32 35 2F 30 30 00 FC A5 .....08/25/00...
System Identification Bytes
All programs need to know the type of computer or system board on which they are
attempting to run. Hence IBM had assigned one byte for this purpose. However now
there are 2 bytes assigned to identify the system. These are known as Model Byte and the
Submodel Byte. The model byte is located at absolute memory address 0FFFFE (hex)
and the Submodel Byte follows it. Compatible computers usually use the value of system
to which they are the closest match to a set of specific values of systems. Here is a list
containing a few common systems.
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SYSTEM MODEL BYTE SUBMODEL BYTE
PC FF -
XT FE -
Portable PC FE 00
XT model 256 FC 02
PS/2 model 30 FA 00
PS/2 model 60 FC 04
Ps/2 model 80 F8 01
BIOS Data Area
After the BIOS code starts executing, it makes use of part of the host system’s memory to
store parameter values important to its operation.. Important among these include
equipment flags, the base address of input/output adapters, keyboard characters and
operating modes.
This BIOS data area comprises of 256 bytes of memory starting at absolute memory
location 0000400 (hex). The following lists some of the interesting bytes in BIOS data
area.
§ Base address of RS232 adapters for COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4.
§ Base address of printer adapters for LPT1, LPT2, LPT3.
§ Number of floppy disk drives and number of hard disks installed
§ Video modes and numeric coprocessor
§ Keyboard status flags [location 0417]
BIT KEY Status
0 Right Shift Pressed
1 Left Shift Pressed
2 Control Pressed
3 Alt Pressed
4 Scroll Lock Locked
5 Num Lock Locked
6 Caps Lock Locked
7 Insert Lock Locked
§ Pointer to head and tail of Keyboard buffer as well as the Keyboard buffer itself
§ Last Disk Drive operation status flags [location 0441]
BIT Status
0 No error
1 Invalid disk drive parameter
2 Address mark not found
3 Write protect error
4 Request sector not found
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10 CRC error on disk read
20 General controller failure
40 Seek operation failure
80 Disk drive not ready
§ Timeout counters for response of serial devices (COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4)
and printers (LPT1, LPT2, LPT3).
§ Calendar information (days count since jan1 1980)
§ Rows and columns displayed on monitor
ROM BASIC:
One section of the BIOS code is usually not duplicated by computer makers since its is
not only copyrighted but also undocumented as to function and entry points. This section
is actually a primitive programming language called “Cassette BASIC” or sometimes
called as ROM BASIC. The original purpose of the cassette BASIC language was to
enable the first IBM computer to do anything without the need for a disk drive.
When you first boot your computer without a system disk, any software which is
supposed to execute will have to load from some disk will fail and you usually get an
error “non-system disk / error”. But even to run this check program, IBM computers have
to start the cassette BASIC language executing. All advanced versions of BASIC are
designed to augment this cassette BASIC already in the computer’s ROM.
CMOS
During the earlier days, all the differences between earlier PC’s could be coded by one
or two banks of DIP switches. As the options piled up, a number of switches couldn’t
meet the requirements. To overcome the above shortcoming, vital system parameters
began to be stored in a special, small block of battery backed CMOS. The various system
configurations (which include information about floppy disk, hard disk, the presence of
co-possessor etc) are stored in the CMOS.
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CMOS SETUP UTILITY
VIRUS WARNING:
With all the concern in the industry about computer viruses, some BIOS makers have
added their own form of protection, warning message that appears when software
attempts to write the Boot Sector of Hard Disk. When the protection is switched on,
you’ re given the option of canceling the write operation to prevent infection. Some
operating systems such as OS/2 Boot Manage rewrite boot sector data when you
switch between boot modes, you can’t simply obstruct all boot sector write
operations.
NOTE: Disabling this while configuring or setting up a system, or it will drive you
nuts interrupting you with warning messages when you partition and format your hard
disk.
CACHE OPERATION
Some BIOSs allow you to switch on or off your Internal Cache inside your
microprocessor and the external cache.
NOTE:
The only tome you should switch off (Disable) your system cache is when you want
to pin down some software problems or diagnose some hardware errors.
QUICK POWER ON SELF-TEST
Enabling this setting will cause the BIOS power-on self test routine to skip some of
its tests during bootup. One of the key things this setting usually does when enabled is
cause the POST to skip checking all of extended memory for errors.
Most people enable this setting to speed up the boot process, but you should realize
that you do increase the chance of the POST missing an error if you use this.
Fortunately (or unfortunately) the POST memory test is virtually useless to detect
transient memory errors (as opposed to hard errors that you would discover the first
time you powered up the machine with the new memory in it), so once your system is
running and stable, you can in most cases enable this setting safely. It's still safest to
leave it disabled, which is what I recommend unless you have truly monstrous
amounts of RAM. After all, how often do you boot the system during normal use?
BOOT SEQUENCE
This option is to specify the boot order of your PC’s disk drive, i.e the order in which
the drives should be searched to find where the OS resides.
BOOT UP FLOPPY SEEK:
This BIOS option lets you toggle between yes or no. If one selects “no”, the BIOS
will ignore the floppy disk drive when attempting to boot your PC, even if has a valid
system disk.
NOTE: The advantage of this option is to prevent inexperience users from booting
your PC from their own, possibly virus infected floppy disks.
SWAP FLOPPY DRIVES:
A useful feature for those machines that use two floppy drives, when enabled this
13. Compiled BY : Shehrevar Davierwala
swaps the A: and B: drives. This enables you to change the bootable floppy without
having to open the case and switch the cable
MEMORY PARITY:
Some systems permit you to switch off memory parity checking, disabling error
detection. Taking this option prevents your system from halting when memory parity
errors are detected.
NOTE: If disabled and the error occurs within data, you may never know when your
information is inaccurate.
TYPEMATIC RATE and TYPEMATIC DELAY:
With most keyboards, when you press down and hold a key, after a short delay the
keyboard begins to send a continuous sequence of characters you’ve pressed, ending
only when you release the key. This feature is called TYPEMATIC. You can control
the speed at which the keyboard shoots out individual characters (Typematic Rate)
and the delay before which Typematic Kicks in (Typematic Delay).
Typematic Rate is usually expressed in characters per second. Use what feels
comfortable, but don't go too high or you may feed the characters faster than the
system can deal with them, which can cause beeping or even system lockups.
NOTE: Some higher-end keyboards have the ability to set this parameter built-in;
sometimes it is called "Key Repeat" or "Repeat Rate".
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ROM SHADOWING
In most PCs, there is a full 384 KB area of RAM in the UMA. When any addresses in
the UMA region are used by ROMs, the RAM underlying them is hidden.
One problem with ROMs such as those used for the system BIOS and video BIOS, is
that it is relatively slow. The access time of ROMs is usually between 120 and 200 ns,
compared to system RAM which is typically 50 to 70 ns. Also, system RAM is
accessed 32 bits at a time, while ROMs are usually 16 bits wide. The result of this is
that accesses to the BIOS code are very slow relative to accesses to code in the
system memory.4
I'm sure you can see whereh tis is heading. Since there is RAM hiding underneath the
ROMs anyway, most systems have the ability to "mirror" the ROM code into this
RAM to improve performance. This is called ROM Shadowing, and is controlled
using a set of BIOS parameters. There is normally a separate parameter to control the
shadowing of the system BIOS, the video BIOS and adapter ROM areas.
NOTE:
When shadowing of a region of memory is enabled, at boot time the BIOS copies the
contents of the ROM into the underlying RAM, write-protects the RAM and then
disables the ROM. To the system the shadow RAM appears as if it is ROM, and it is
also write-protected the way ROM is. This write-protection is important to remember,
because if you enable shadowing of memory addresses that are being used for RAM,
the device using it will cease to function when the RAM can no longer be written to
(it is locked out by the shadowing). Some network cards for example use parts of the
memory region they occupy for both ROM and RAM functions. Enabling shadowing
there will cause the card to hang up due to the write-protection. Similarly, you should
never turn on shadowing of the regions of memory being used for an EMS frame
buffer or for UMBs.
In normal circumstances, the system BIOS and video BIOS are the only areas
shadowed. This can in theory cause problems with some operating systems, though I
have never personally encountered this. I have also heard rumors of video cards that
don't function correctly when video BIOS shadowing iso ff, but I haven't encountered
that myself either
VIDEO BIOS SHADOWING:
This parameter, when enabled, turns on BIOS ROM shadowing for the block of
memory normally used for standard VGA video ROM code, which is C0000 to
C7FFF (32K) in short, it speeds up your system by copying the contents of your video
BIOS code from the slow ROM in which it resides into faster RAM.
The default for this setting depends on the particular system a great deal.. Enabling it
will increase performance. Disable it if it causes system problems, particularly those
related to the video subsystem.
NOTE: On some systems the video BIOS shadow setting is named for the address
range the video BIOS occupies, C0000-C7FFFh, instead of being specifically called
15. Compiled BY : Shehrevar Davierwala
"Video BIOS Shadow".
SYSTEM BIOS SHADOWING
When enabled, this parameter turns on BIOS ROM shadowing for the block of
memory that contains your system BIOS. This is normally F0000 to FFFFF (64K); in
short, it speeds up your system by copying the contents of your system BIOS code
from the slow ROM in which it resides into faster RAM.
C8000-CBFFF SHADOW, CC000-CFFFF SHADOW.
Expansion cards such as network adapters normally use the areas of memory from
C8000 to DFFFFh. Turning on shadowing would speed these adapters up in the same
way that shadowing the system BIOS speeds up the system BIOS code
PASSWORD
This section lets you set security passwords to control access to the system at boot time
and/or when entering the BIOS setup program. Some systems have a single password,
while many newer ones now have two: a supervisor and a user password.
Supervisor Password:
Select this option to set the supervisor password. The supervisor password is the higherlevel
password of the two normally present on the system. On most systems, when the
supervisor password has been set, it must be entered in order to access the BIOS setup
program, or to change the user password.
User Password
Select this option to set the user password. The user password is the lower level password
of the two normally present on the system. The user password usually allows the system
to be booted, but does not allow access to the BIOS setup program. The supervisor
password must be used to enter the BIOS setup program.
NOTE: On some systems, either the supervisor or user passwords will allow access to
the BIOS setup program. In this case the existence of two passwords may be to allow a
single password to be set up for an administrator, which will work for multiple machines,
while the user password is individual for each machine.
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Trouble shooting / FAQ’s on BIOS
1. What is a (Flash) BIOS ?
BIOS is an acronym for basic input/output system. The BIOS is built-in software that
determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, the
BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives,
serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions.
The BIOS is typically placed on a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often
called a ROM BIOS). This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be
damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself.
Because RAM is faster than ROM, many computer manufacturers design systems so that
the BIOS is copied from ROM to RAM each time the computer is booted. This is known
as shadowing, and should be disabled in the BIOS setup before flashing.
Most modern PCs have a flash BIOS, which means that the BIOS has been recorded on a
rewriteable memory chip, which can be updated if necessary.
The PC BIOS is standardized; so all PCs are alike at this level (although there are
different BIOS versions). Additional DOS functions are usually added through software
modules. This means you can upgrade to a newer version of DOS without changing the
BIOS.
PC BIOSes that can handle Plug-and-Play (PnP) devices are known as PnP BIOSes, or
PnP-aware BIOSes. These BIOSes are always implemented with flash memory rather
than ROM.
2. How do you flash your BIOS ?
To flash your BIOS you'll need a) a flasher, and b) a data -file. The flasher programs the
data-file into the BIOS chip.
Boot to the DOS prompt, either using a CLEAN boot disk or Safe Mode DOS Prompt.
Type the following at the DOS prompt, where xxx is the name of the BIOS file you
downloaded:
awdflash xxx.bin (for Award BIOSs)
amiflash xxx.bin (for AMI BIOSs)
mrflash xxx.bin (for MRBIOSs)
Notes: Most flashers will ask you to save the current BIOS. Choose Yes, so that you can
always flash back to the original version if you're having problems with the new one .
Some manufacturers may use their own utilities to upgrade the BIOS (mostly non-clones)
Disable the System BIOS Cacheable option in the BIOS before flashing.
Do NOT flash under Windows or any OS other than plain DOS.
By using the switch /? (eg. awdflash /?) the flasher will display all available switches.
3. Can something go wrong during flashing ?
Yes, if you use the wrong flash BIOS, or have a power outage, or have a defective chip,
there is chance that your computer WILL NOT BOOT. We recommend not to flash
unless absolutely necessary.
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4. How can you recover a corrupt BIOS ?
Solution 1: Boot-block BIOS
Modern motherboards have a boot-block BIOS. This is small area of the BIOS that
doesn't get overwritten when you flash a BIOS chip. The boo-tblock BIOS only has
support for the floppy drive. If you have a PCI video card you won't see anything on the
screen because the boot-block BIOS only supports an ISA video card.
Award: The boot-block BIOS will execute an AUTOEXEC.BAT file on a bootable
diskette. Copy an Award flasher & the correct BIOS *.bin file on the floppy and execute
it automatically by putting awdflash *.bin in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
AMI: The AMI boot-block BIOS will look for a AMIBOOT.ROM file on a diskette.
Copy and rename the correct BIOS file on the floppy and power up the PC. The floppy
doesn't need to be bootable. You will see the PC read the floppy, after about 4 minutes
you will hear 4 beeps; this means the transfer is done. Reboot the PC and modify the
CMOS for your configuration.
Solution 2: Get a new BIOS chip
Contact your motherboard manufacturer to see if they sell BIOS chips. Some
motherboard manufacturers send them for free.
Contact a company that sells pre-flashed chips, like Unicore Software, FlashBIOS.ORG
or BadFlash
Solution 3: Hot-swapping
Replace the corrupt chip by a working one. The best option is to take the working BIOS
chip from a motherboard, which has the same chipset although that's not absolutely
necessary. It just has to give you a chance of booting into DOS. Before pulling the
working BIOS chip out of it's original motherboard, set the System BIOS cacheable
option in the BIOS to enabled.
After you have put the working BIOS in the motherboard with the corrupt BIOS boot the
system to DOS (with a floppy or HD).
Now replace (while the computer is powered on) the working BIOS chip with the corrupt
one. Flash an appropriate BIOS to the corrupt BIOS and reboot.
Solution 3: (for Intel motherboards)
Change Flash Recovery jumper to the recovery mode position (not all products have this
feature)
Install the bootable upgrade diskette into drive A:
Reboot the system
Because of the small amount of code available in the non-erasable boot block area, no
video is available to direct the procedure. Listening to the speaker and looking at the
floppy drive LED can monitor the procedure. When the system beeps and the floppy
drive LED is lit, the system is copying the recovery code into the FLASH device. As
soon as the drive LED goes off, the recovery is complete.
Turn the system off
Change the Flash Recovery jumper back to the default position
Leave the upgrade floppy in drive A: and turn the system on
Continue with the original upgrade
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5. How can you clear all of the BIOS settings back to their defaults with the DOS
DEBUG command ?
Solution 1: for AMI and Award BIOSs:
C:DEBUG (at a clear DOS prompt, don't do this in DOS-box in Windows)
-O 70 17
-O 71 17
-Q
Solution 2: for Phoenix BIOSs:
C:DEBUG (at a clear DOS prompt, don't do this in DOS-box in Windows)
-O 70 FF
-O 71 17
Q
6. What is the BIOS actually doing when I turn on my computer?
When you turn on your computer, several events occur automatically:
The CPU "wakes up" (has power) and reads the x86 code in the BIOS chip.
The code in the BIOS chip runs a series of tests, called the POST for Power On Self Test,
to make sure the system devices are working correctly. In general, the BIOS:
Initializes system hardware and chipset registers
Initializes power management
Tests RAM (Random Access Memory)
Enables the keyboard
Tests serial and parallel ports
Initializes floppy disk drives and hard disk drive controllers
Displays system summary information
During POST, the BIOS compares the system configuration data obtained from POST
with the system information stored on a CMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor - memory chip located on the motherboard. (This CMOS chip, which is
updated whenever new system components are added, contains the latest information
about system components.)
After the POST tasks are completed, the BIOS looks for the boot program responsible for
loading the operating system. Usually, the BIOS looks on the floppy disk drive A:
followed by drive C:
After being loaded into memory, the boot program then loads the system configuration
information (contained in the registry in a Windows® environment) and device drivers.
Finally, the operating system is loaded, and, if this is a Windows® environment, the
programs in the Start Up folder are executed.
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Future of BIOS
Windows provides its own interface to computer hardware, and Windows programs are
required to use the Windows interface. To allow the use of old, non-Windows programs
that directly access PC hardware, Windows captures the commands meant for direct
hardware control and routes them to its own emulation of the underlying hardware. These
contrary programs interact only with the emulation, and Windows takes care of talking to
the hardware. Technically speaking, Windows 3.x (and above) both virtualized and
serialized direct hardware access by real-mode programs using Virtual-86 mode of the
80386 (and above) processors. This was particularly useful when multiple real-mode
programs concurrently wanted direct access to a single hardware device.
Even though Windows takes care of these formerly vital BIOS functions, every PC still
requires a BIOS. The basic BIOS interface functions are still required even in modern
PCs because you need some control over your computer before the operating system
loads. The keyboard must work so you can select options. The video system must come
alive so you can monitor how what you do and what the system is doing. And the basic
disk controls must work so your computer can load the operating system software from
disk. Moreover, not everyone runs Windows. Programs that call upon BIOS services
remain useful in some applications. Consequently, although little used by most people,
the interface function of the BIOS survives and will likely long continue to do so