This document discusses bioremediation, which is the process of using microorganisms to break down hazardous contaminants in soil and water into nontoxic substances. It notes that rapid industrialization has contaminated the environment through emissions, spills, and effluents. Bioremediation can be used to naturally break down pollutants like petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, and nitroaromatics. There are two main types of bioremediation: in situ treats contaminants on-site, while ex situ involves removing and treating contaminated materials elsewhere. Technologies include bioventing, bioaugmentation, biosparging, land farming, composting, and bioreactors. Bioremediation has

1. BIOREMEDIATION
A. SCHOOL OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
BY:
P.K.Kr
M.Sc (ESM)

2. What Is BIOREMEDIATION?
The process of using specific microorganisms to
transform hazardous contaminants in soil/water
to nonhazardous waste products.

3. Present state of our environment
• Rapid industrialization and urbanization
• Contamination of all the components of
the environment
• Generation of a plethora of synthetic
organic compounds
• Fugitive emissions, accidental spills and
leaks, discharge of effluents
• Degradation of nature

4. Potential hazards
• Short-term hazard: Direct contacts,
inhalation of toxic dust/fumes or
immediate risk of fire/explosion
• Long-term hazard: Resulting by
movement to other components of the
environment or generation of secondary
toxic products

5. Solutions
• Prevention is always better than cure
• Cleaner Production
• Cleaner processes
• Biotechnological approaches

6. Mechanism of Bioremediation
Uses naturally occurring microorganisms to
break down hazardous substances into less toxic
or nontoxic substances.

7. Types Of Bioremediation
• In situ bioremediation
- material to be bioremediated dosesn’t
leave the site.
• Ex situ bioremediation -
material to be bioremediated is moved to
another site to be treated.

8. CONTAMINANTS ..BREAK DOWN
BIOREMEDIATION
• Petroleum hydrocarbons
o Gasoline
o Diesel Fuel
o Gasoline Additives
• Halocarbons
o Chlorinated Aliphatics: trichlorethylene
o Chlorinated Aromatics : PCB’s, Pentachlorophenol
• Nitroaromatics
o Ammonia or Nitrate/Nitrite

9. Table : Microorganisms (Pure cultures) helpful in
bioremediation
Pollutant Microorganism
Atrazine Pseudomonas sp. strain
Acinetobacter species
Chlorpyrifos Aspergillus niger
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Alcaligenes eutrophus TCP
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Ralstonia eutropha
Carbon tetrachloride Pseudomonas stutzeri KC
Methyl tert-butyl ether Hydrogenophaga flava ENV735
BTEX B. sp. Strain JS150
B. Cepacia G4
Orange 3, 4-(4-nitrophenylazo) aniline Pleurotus ostreatus

10. BIOREMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGIES

11. In situ bioremediation
Techniques
1.BIOVENTING
Venting of oxygen
through soil to
stimulate growth
of natural or
introduced
microorganisms .

12. 2.BIOAUGMENTATION
• Addition of pollutant-
degrading
microorganisms to
augment the
biodegradative capacity
of indigenous microbial
populations .

13. 3.BIOSPARGING
• Injection of air under
pressure below the
water table.

14. Ex situ bioremediation
Techniques
1.LAND FARMING
Contaminated soil is
excavated & spread
over the prepared bed
where beneficial
microorganisms are
present.

15. 2.COMPOSTING
Aerobic, thermophilic
treatment process in
which contaminated
material is mixed with
a bulking agent .

16. 3.BIOREACTORS
Biodegradation of
contaminants in a large
tank or reactor.
Bioreactors can be used
to treat liquid
effluents/slurries or
contaminated solid
waste/soil.

17. Advantages of Bioremediation
• Can be highly specific
• Less expensive than excavation or
incineration processes
• If mineralization occurs get complete
degradation and clean up
• Does not transfer contaminants from one
environment to another
• Uses a natural process
• Good public acceptance
• Process is simple
• If using ISB you will treat the groundwater
and soil at the same time

18. Disadvantages to Bioremediation
• Not instantaneous
• Often need to develop a system
• Always need to test and optimize conditions
empirically – not with computer models
• May have inhibitors present
• Compounds may not be in a biodegradable
form – polymers, plastics
• Compounds may be recalcitrant – higher
congeners of PCBs

20. THANK YOU
SUBMITTED TO :
ASEES