This document provides information about classifying and identifying different types of bacteria. It discusses gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, how bacteria are classified by habitat and metabolic pathway, bacterial structures like capsules and endospores, nutritional intake, the differences between eubacteria and archae, and genera of disease-causing bacteria. Key points covered include the characteristics of gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls, obligate aerobes versus anaerobes, and the differences between exotoxins produced by gram-positive bacteria and endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria.

1. Biology Exam IV
Final: Monday, 12/9
75% new material
25% old

2. Gram-negative
• meningococcal
menintus
• Thin cell wall
• outer wall (OM): toxic
to humans
• sensitive to osmotic
pressure
• antibiotic tolerant
• thin peptidoglycan layer

3. Gram-positive
• THICK peptidoglycan
layer
• resistant to osmotic
pressure

4. Classify bacteria by habitat
1. halophile
2. coliform: your
digestive tract
3. thermophile
4. acidophile

5. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v
photoautotroph

6. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• M. tuber
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2

7. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• Cl. tetanic
2. anaerobe

8. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• E. coli (facultative)
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not

9. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• cyanobacteria
(photoautotroph)
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v
photoautotroph

10. capsule: sugar material that covers cell
wall
• Strep pyroxenes, H.
influenza
• protect against
phagocytosis
• protect against
desiccation
• allow adherence

11. fimbriae & pile: attachment purpose
structures
• pile: used for
conjugation (sexual
reproduction)

12. slime layer: sticky matrix of
polysaccharides that protects the
bacteria
• Streptococcus mutans
cause tooth decays

13. taxis: movement toward or away from
stimulus

14. internal/genome structure of bacteria
• one chromosome (DNA)
• no organelles
• plasma membrane
carries out metabolic
processes
• Some bacteria have
additional
genomes, circular
DNA, plasmids

15. binary fission: similar to mitosis
• one bacteria splits to
two
• mitosis: split nucleus

16. endospore
• anthrax (Bacillus
anthracis)

17. endospore
• botulism

18. endospore
• tetanus

19. endospore
• gas gangrene
(Clostridium perfringen)

20. classify bacteria via nutritional intake
1.
2.
3.
4.
photoautotrophy
chemoautotrophy
photoheterotrophy
chemoheterotrophy

21. photoautotrophy
• energy from sunlight
• carob from CO2

22. chemoautotrophy
• energy from inorganic
molecules like sulfur
• carbon from CO2

23. photoheterotrophy
• carbon from organic
sources (other
organisms)

24. chemoheterotrophy
• energy and CO2 from
organic sources

25. eubacteria aka “bacteria”
• cell wall made of
peptidoglycan

26. Archae
• cell wall made of
pseudomurein

27. methanogen
• anaerobic Archae
• remove excess
hydrogen, O2

28. symbiotic categories
1. mutualism
2. commensalism
3. parasitism

29. Genus of bacterial diseases!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Borelia
Treponema
Staphylococcus
Mycobacterium
Yersinia
Neisseria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lyme
syphilis
toxic shock (MRSA)
tuberculosis
plague
gonorrhea

30. Lyme
• Borelia

31. syphilis
• Treponema

32. MRSA
• Staphylococcus

33. tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium

34. plague
1. Bubonic
2. pneumonic
• Yersinia

35. gonorrhea
• Neisseria

36. exotoxin
• G positive

37. botulin
• exotoxin
• Gram positive

38. tetanus
• exotoxin
• Gram positive

39. endotoxin
• Gram negative
• you get more sick
• bacteria has outer
membrane

40. Gram-positive
• EXOtoxin

41. Gram-negative
• ENDOtoxin
• have outer membrane

42. Gram
• exotoxin
– made of G positive
– botulin and tetanin are
examples
– can elicit immune
response 
– can be vaccinated
against 
• endotoxin
– made of G-negative
– made of outer
membrane (OM)
– are released when
bacteria die
– does NOT elicit an
immune response 
– you get more sick 
– vaccination is difficult 

43. Chlamydomonas
• eyespot
• pyrenoid
• protist

44. Diatom
• protist

45. Algae
• photosynthetic protist