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Biology Exam IV
Final: Monday, 12/9
75% new material
25% old
Gram-negative
• meningococcal
menintus

• Thin cell wall
• outer wall (OM): toxic
to humans
• sensitive to osmotic
pressure
• antibiotic tolerant
• thin peptidoglycan layer
Gram-positive
• THICK peptidoglycan
layer
• resistant to osmotic
pressure
Classify bacteria by habitat
1. halophile
2. coliform: your
digestive tract
3. thermophile
4. acidophile
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v
photoautotroph
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• M. tuber

1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• Cl. tetanic

2. anaerobe
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• E. coli (facultative)

1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• cyanobacteria
(photoautotroph)

1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v
photoautotroph
capsule: sugar material that covers cell
wall
• Strep pyroxenes, H.
influenza

• protect against
phagocytosis
• protect against
desiccation
• allow adherence
fimbriae & pile: attachment purpose
structures
• pile: used for
conjugation (sexual
reproduction)
slime layer: sticky matrix of
polysaccharides that protects the
bacteria

• Streptococcus mutans
cause tooth decays
taxis: movement toward or away from
stimulus
internal/genome structure of bacteria
• one chromosome (DNA)
• no organelles
• plasma membrane
carries out metabolic
processes
• Some bacteria have
additional
genomes, circular
DNA, plasmids
binary fission: similar to mitosis
• one bacteria splits to
two
• mitosis: split nucleus
endospore
• anthrax (Bacillus
anthracis)
endospore
• botulism
endospore
• tetanus
endospore
• gas gangrene
(Clostridium perfringen)
classify bacteria via nutritional intake
1.
2.
3.
4.

photoautotrophy
chemoautotrophy
photoheterotrophy
chemoheterotrophy
photoautotrophy
• energy from sunlight
• carob from CO2
chemoautotrophy
• energy from inorganic
molecules like sulfur
• carbon from CO2
photoheterotrophy
• carbon from organic
sources (other
organisms)
chemoheterotrophy
• energy and CO2 from
organic sources
eubacteria aka “bacteria”
• cell wall made of
peptidoglycan
Archae
• cell wall made of
pseudomurein
methanogen
• anaerobic Archae
• remove excess
hydrogen, O2
symbiotic categories
1. mutualism
2. commensalism
3. parasitism
Genus of bacterial diseases!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Borelia
Treponema
Staphylococcus
Mycobacterium
Yersinia
Neisseria

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Lyme
syphilis
toxic shock (MRSA)
tuberculosis
plague
gonorrhea
Lyme
• Borelia
syphilis
• Treponema
MRSA
• Staphylococcus
tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium
plague
1. Bubonic
2. pneumonic

• Yersinia
gonorrhea
• Neisseria
exotoxin
• G positive
botulin
• exotoxin
• Gram positive
tetanus
• exotoxin
• Gram positive
endotoxin
• Gram negative
• you get more sick
• bacteria has outer
membrane
Gram-positive
• EXOtoxin
Gram-negative
• ENDOtoxin
• have outer membrane
Gram
• exotoxin
– made of G positive
– botulin and tetanin are
examples
– can elicit immune
response 
– can be vaccinated
against 

• endotoxin
– made of G-negative
– made of outer
membrane (OM)
– are released when
bacteria die
– does NOT elicit an
immune response 
– you get more sick 
– vaccination is difficult 
Chlamydomonas
• eyespot
• pyrenoid
• protist
Diatom
• protist
Algae
• photosynthetic protist
Protists
• Lecture: Thursday
11/21

•
•
•
•

Cercozoans
Forams
Radiolarians
Amoeba
– 4 clades

• Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Chlorophyta (green
algae)
• Lab 26: slime molds
Cerocozoans
• Amoeba-looking cells
• Clade foraminiferans
(“forams”)
• Feed by pseudopodia
Phylum: Forams
• shrimp

• Porous, multichambered calcium
carbonate shells called
tests
• Pseudopodia extend
through the pores
• ocean pH
environmental problem:
acidity dissolves tests
Forams (importance)
• layers of foram tests in
marine sediments from
limestone and oil deposits
– Egyptian pyramids

• act as carbon reservoir
• used by geologists to
locate oil reserves (oil
explorer)
• used to determine age of
rocks and pas climate
forams
• limestone cliff in Dover
England
Kingdom: radiolarians
• have silica tests fused
into one piece (like
diatoms)
• pseudopodia are called
axopodia, which radiate
from central body
• only ONE clade
Kingdom: amoeba
• have lobe-shaped
pseudopodia (false feet)
rather than threadlike
• do not have tests and
have no shape
• The Blob (film)
Four Clades of Amoeba
1.
2.
3.
4.

Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold
Gymnanoebas
1.
2.
3.
4.

Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold

• free living (not disease
causing)
• found in
damp, environmental
conditions (in your
guts, soil, bottom of
lakes)
Entaamoeba
1.
2.
3.
4.

Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold

• generally parasitic 
– ex. Entaamoeba histolytica:
causes dysentery and
organ damage
– Naegleria: cause fatal
encephalitis
• found in warm fresh waters
in southern states
• infections occur via nose
and in summer months
• very rare: you’re more
likely to win the lottery

– E. histolyta in stool:
cyst, trophozoite
– N. fowleri in brain
plasmodial slime mold
1.
2.
3.
4.

Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold

• spend most life cycle as a
unicellular plasmodium
• made up of thousands of cells
that fuse to ONE giant cell
with many nuclei
• When stressed, plasmodium
develop to sporangia and
produce spores.
• Spores germinate into
biflagellated cells, which act as
gametes or as amoeboid cells.
• Syngamy of gametes produce
new plasmodium.
plasmodial slime mold
1.
2.
3.
4.

Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold

• Life cycle
1. fruiting body
2. spores released
3. signal: cells come
together and fuse
4. form plasmodium
cellular slime mold
1.
2.
3.
4.

Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold

• cells do NOT fuse; but
they act as one organism
• spends most life cycle as
feeding individual protist
cells
• form pseudopodia (slug)
when food is depleted
• slug develops to fruiting
body to produce spores
cellular slime mold
• life cycle
– fruiting bodies
– amoebas
– signal: cells aggregate
and form plasmodium
slime mold; they do NOT
fuse
– they move as one
kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• phycoerythrin (red
pigment) which allowed
Rhodophyta to live in
deeper waters
• Most are large and
multi-cellular
• store sugar as floridean
starch (glycogen) like
humans
• found in tropical waters
kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Uses
– eaten as food
– agar: food, petri dish
– coralline algae secrete
shells of calcium
carbonate, which form
coral reefs. Algae are
NOT coral. They are part
of the ecosystem that
supports corals.
kingdom: chlorophyta (green algae)
1. chlorophylls
2. charophyceans

• have chloroplasts
– chlorophyll a and b
– store sugar in the form
of starch
– have accessory pigments
and stacked thylakoids
– ex. Volva
– ulva (sea lettuce)
– calberna (sea feather)
Slides: slime mold
1. endamoeba histolytica
2. foraminisera
3. trypanosome
gambienso nasco
4. paramecium
5. plasmodium
6. radiolarian ooze
tropical pacific

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Biology exam iv for dec 9-2013 monday

Editor's Notes

  1. endo-end of the world
  2. 11/21