This document summarizes sheathed bacteria and endospore-forming rods and cocci. It describes sheathed bacteria as filamentous Betaproteobacteria that form flagellated swarmer cells within a long tube or sheath, commonly found in polluted freshwater streams. The sheaths of certain genera like Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix may become coated with iron or manganese in habitats with reduced metals. It also notes that some gram-positive bacteria like Clostridium and Sporosarcina can form highly resistant endospores that allow them to survive harsh conditions like heat, radiation and dessication.

1. SHEATH BACTERIA AND ENDOSPORE
FORMING RODS AND COCCI
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Dr. Neha Batra Aparajita Sharma
MSc Biotech
Sem 1

2. Sheathed Protobacteria
• Sheathed bacteria are
filamentous Betaproteobacteria
in which flagellated swarmer cells
form within a long tube or
sheath.
• Common in freshwater habitats,
rich in organic matter such as
polluted streams; typically found
in flowing water.
• In habitats in which reduced iron
or manganese is present, the
sheaths may become coated with
with ferric hydroxide or
manganese oxide.

3. • Two major genera:
Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix.
Sphaerotilus natans:
• chain of rod shaped cells
enclosed in a sheath.
• The cells within the sheath
divide by binary fission; new
cells pushed out at the end
synthesize new sheath
material.

6. Leptothrix:
Leptothrix bacteria are
known to be capable of
oxidizing both iron(II) and
manganese(II),unlike
other sheathed bacteria.

7. Endospore forming bacteria
• A number of gram-positive bacteria can
form a special resistant, dormant structure
called an endospore.
• Clostridium (rods), Sporosarcina (cocci).
• Extraordinarily resistant to heat, UV
radiation, gamma radiation, chemical
disinfectants, dessication.

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