Giving out a idea of how much we are capable in using fossil fuels and Biogas and giving an idea of utilization so that economically as well as it will be benefited to environment.

2. Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by
the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green
waste or food waste. It is a renewable energy source and in many
cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.
Biogas can be produced by Anaerobic digestion with Anaerobic
ORGANISM, which digest material inside a closed system, or
fermentation of biodegradable materials

3. Biogas is primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and
carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with
oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a
fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking.
It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in
the gas into electricity and heat.
Biogas can be compressed, the same way natural gas is
compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the
UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to
replace around 17% of vehicle fuel. It qualifies for renewable
energy subsidies in some parts of the world. Biogas can be
cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards, when it
becomes bio methane.

4.  Animal Dung
 Chicken dung
 Animal dung
 Spoiled flour of wheat / corn
 Stale, left over food

8. Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring process through
which organic matter such as manure, feed spills, meat
processing wastes and crop residues are stabilized by
microorganisms strictly in the absence of air.
During this process, some organic compounds are converted to
methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases. This mixture
of gases is known as biogas. The composition of biogas is 50 to
75 per cent CH4 and 25 to 45 per cent CO2. Like natural gas,
biogas can also be used as a fuel in power generators, engines,
boilers and burners. Following is the schematic diagram
representing the anaerobic process:

10. In practice, specially designed and insulated tanks are
used to facilitate the anaerobic digestion process under a
controlled atmosphere. These tanks are known as
anaerobic digesters. The effluent coming out from the
digester after the completion of the digestion process is
known as digestate. Digestate has nutrient value and can
be applied on land like manure. Digestate also has much
less odour compared to stored manure.

11. Fixed dome type of biogas plant:
The fixed dome type is also popularly known as the
“Deenbandhu Model”. The fixed dome type consists of a dome
constructed of concrete, known at the digester tank. This dome
is fixed and thus it is called fixed dome type of biogas plant. The
feedstock along with water is mixed in the mixing tank to form
the slurry and allowed to ferment. Once the pressure is enough
within the dome, the gas can be taken out from outlet. The
used slurry expands and overflows into the overflow tank.

13. The floating gasholder type is also popularly known as “Indian
Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Model”. The
digester is constructed, which is divided into two parts. One part
is an inlet, from where the slurry is fed to the tank, the other is
the cylindrical dome of the tank, which is made out of stainless
steel that floats on the slurry and collects the gas generated.
Hence it is called floating gas-holder type of bio gas plant. The
slurry is fermented and as gas produced by the bacterial
fermentation, the pressure inside increases. The gas is collected
from the outlet pipe and utilized.
Floating dome type biogas plant

16. Conversion of bio gas to electricity
Theoretically, biogas can be converted directly into electricity
by using a fuel cell. However, this process requires very clean
gas and expensive fuel cells. Therefore, this option is still a
matter for research and is not currently a practical option.
The conversion of biogas to electric power by a generator set
is much more practical. In contrast to natural gas, biogas is
characterized by a high knock resistance and hence can be
used in combustion motors with high compression rates.

18. In theory, biogas can be used as fuel in nearly all types of
combustion engines, such as gas engines (Otto motor),
diesel engines, gas turbines and Stirling motors etc.
Gas Motors with spark ignition (Otto system) can operate
on biogas alone. In practice, a small amount of petrol
(gasoline) is often used to start the engine. This technology
is used for very small generator sets (~ 0.5-10 kW) as well
as for large power plants. Especially in Germany, these
engines have advantages as they do not need additional
fossil fuels that would lead to lower feed-in tariffs
according to the Renewable Energy Law (EEG).

19. Diesel Engines operate on biogas only in dual fuel
mode. To facilitate the ignition of the biogas, a small amount
of ignition gas is injected together with the biogas. Modern
pilot injection gas engines (“Zündstrahlmotoren”) need about
2% additional ignition oil. Almost every diesel engine can be
converted into a pilot injection gas engine. These motors
running in dual fuel mode have the advantage that they can
also use gas with low heating value. But in that case, they
consume a considerable amount of diesel. Up to engine sizes
of about 200kW the pilot injection engines seem to have
advantages against gas motors due to slightly higher efficiency
(3-4% higher) and lower investment costs.

20. Advantages of bio gas
1. Renewable Source of Energy: To begin with, biogas is considered
to be arenewable source of energy. Since it often produced from
materials that form sewage and waste products, the only time it will
be depleted is when we stop producing any waste.
2. Non-Polluting: It is also considered to be non-polluting in nature.
The production of biogas does not require oxygen, which means
that resources are conserved by not using any further fuel.
3. Reduces Landfills: It also uses up waste material found in
landfills, dump sites and even farms across the country, allowing for
decreased soil andwater pollution.

21. 4. Cheaper Technology: Applications for biogas are increasing as
the technology to utilize it gets better. It can be used to produce
electricity and for the purpose of heating as well. Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG) is biogas that has been compressed and can be
used as a fuel for vehicles. Production can be carried out through
many small plants or one large plant.
5. Large number of Jobs: Either way, work opportunities are created
for thousands of people in these plants. These jobs are a blessing in
rural areas, which are the targeted grounds for the use of biogas. In
fact, biogas can easily be decentralized, making it easier to access by
those living in remote areas or facing frequent power outages.

22. 6. Little Capital Investment: Biogas are easy to set up and
require little capital investment on a small scale basis. In fact,
many farms can become self sufficient by utilizing biogas plants
and the waste material produced by their livestock each day. A
single cow can provide enough waste material within a day to
power a light bulb the entire day.
7. Reduces Greenhouse Effect: It also reduces the greenhouse
effect by utilizing the gases being produced in landfills as forms
of energy. This is a major reason why the use of biogas has
started catching on. It recycles most forms of biodegradable
waste and works on simple forms of technology.

23. Disadvantages of biogas
1. Little Technology Advancements: First of all, the current
systems in place used to create biogas are not as efficient as they
get. Little new technology has been introduced for streamlining
the process and making it more cost effective. As a result, large
scale industrial production of biogas is still not on the energy map.
Although it could solve the energy issues being faced by countries
all over the world, very few investors are willing to put in the
startup capital. It is also not the best idea to construct one biogas
plant per house, which means that a central system will have to be
put into place.
2. Contain Impurities: Biogas contains a number of impurities
even after refining processes have been put into place. When
compressed for use as fuel, these can become corrosive to the
metal parts of engines.

24. 3. Not Attractive on Large Scale: The process of using biogas on a
large scale is not economically viable and it is very difficult to
enhance the efficiency of biogas systems.
4. Unstable: It is also somewhat unstable, making it prone to
explosions if the methane comes in contact with oxygen and
become flammable in nature.
Even with all of the disadvantages present, countries have started
to apply the uses of biogas in everyday life. Public transportation
has been renewed and made efficient with the help of CNG.
Remote locations that are off the electric grid receive a steady
supply of power from these plants. The future use of biogas is
bright, even with the problems it faces.