The document provides an overview of biochemistry concepts including:
1) Atoms are the basic unit of matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Chemical bonds form molecules by sharing or transferring electrons.
2) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. They are formed by monomers linking through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
3) Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. Factors like pH, temperature, and substrate/enzyme concentrations influence enzymatic reaction rates.
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
nucleic acid, glucose, fructose, preparation of sucrose, monosaccahrides, disaccharides, pedptide bond, glycosidic linkage, gluconic acid, DNA, RNA, Structure of amines, zwitter ion of amino acids, fibrous and globular protein,denaturation of proteins, Chemical properties of glucose, alpha helix and beta folded structure, ring structure of glucose and fructose, biomolecules, polyhydroxy aldose, poly hydroxy ketose
This presentation is based on the main topics dealing with chapter no 14.of chemistry.this chapter deals with the introduction ,classification,properties and functions of carbohydrates,proteins, Enzymes,vitamins,nucleic acids,lipid etc. this presentation will help students as well as teachers in the teaching learning process
What is biochemistry?
Biochemistry explores chemical processes related to living organisms. It is a laboratory-based science combining biology and chemistry.
Biochemists study the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems and, in turn, their functions and ways to control them. Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. They began to study areas such as:
How living things get energy from food
The chemical basis of heredity
What fundamental changes occur in disease
Biochemistry includes the sciences of molecular biology, immunochemistry, and neurochemistry, as well as bioinorganic, bioorganic, and biophysical chemistry.
What do biochemists do?
Biochemists interact with scientists from a wide variety of other disciplines, usually on problems that are a very small piece of a very large and complex system.
Biochemists in industry are interested in specific applications that will lead to marketable products
Biochemists in academia or government labs conduct more basic and less applied research
Where is biochemistry used?
Biochemistry has obvious applications in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Other applications include:
Food Science
Biochemists determine the chemical composition of foods, research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods, develop methods to extract nutrients from waste products, and/or invent ways to prolong the shelf life of food products.
Agriculture
Biochemists study the interaction of herbicides/insecticides with plants and pests. They examine the structure–activity relationships of compounds, determine their ability to inhibit growth, and evaluate the toxicological effects on surrounding life.
Pharmacology, Physiology, Microbiology, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry
Biochemists investigate the mechanisms of drug actions; engage in viral research; conduct research pertaining to organ function; or use chemical concepts, procedures, and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy of disease and the assessment of health.
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
nucleic acid, glucose, fructose, preparation of sucrose, monosaccahrides, disaccharides, pedptide bond, glycosidic linkage, gluconic acid, DNA, RNA, Structure of amines, zwitter ion of amino acids, fibrous and globular protein,denaturation of proteins, Chemical properties of glucose, alpha helix and beta folded structure, ring structure of glucose and fructose, biomolecules, polyhydroxy aldose, poly hydroxy ketose
This presentation is based on the main topics dealing with chapter no 14.of chemistry.this chapter deals with the introduction ,classification,properties and functions of carbohydrates,proteins, Enzymes,vitamins,nucleic acids,lipid etc. this presentation will help students as well as teachers in the teaching learning process
What is biochemistry?
Biochemistry explores chemical processes related to living organisms. It is a laboratory-based science combining biology and chemistry.
Biochemists study the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems and, in turn, their functions and ways to control them. Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. They began to study areas such as:
How living things get energy from food
The chemical basis of heredity
What fundamental changes occur in disease
Biochemistry includes the sciences of molecular biology, immunochemistry, and neurochemistry, as well as bioinorganic, bioorganic, and biophysical chemistry.
What do biochemists do?
Biochemists interact with scientists from a wide variety of other disciplines, usually on problems that are a very small piece of a very large and complex system.
Biochemists in industry are interested in specific applications that will lead to marketable products
Biochemists in academia or government labs conduct more basic and less applied research
Where is biochemistry used?
Biochemistry has obvious applications in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Other applications include:
Food Science
Biochemists determine the chemical composition of foods, research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods, develop methods to extract nutrients from waste products, and/or invent ways to prolong the shelf life of food products.
Agriculture
Biochemists study the interaction of herbicides/insecticides with plants and pests. They examine the structure–activity relationships of compounds, determine their ability to inhibit growth, and evaluate the toxicological effects on surrounding life.
Pharmacology, Physiology, Microbiology, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry
Biochemists investigate the mechanisms of drug actions; engage in viral research; conduct research pertaining to organ function; or use chemical concepts, procedures, and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy of disease and the assessment of health.
Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• Elements: simplest form of a
substance - cannot be broken down
any further without changing what it is
• Atom: the actual basic unit -
composed of protons, neutrons, and
electrons
3. THE ATOM
• Just like cells are the basic unit of life, the
ATOM is the basic unit of matter.
• They are very small. If placed side by side
one million would stretch a distance of 1cm.
• The atom is made up of 3 particles.
Particle Charge
PROTON +
NEUTRON NEUTRAL
ELECTRON -
4. • Electrons are not present within the atom,
instead THEY REVOLVE AROUND THE
NUCELUS OF THE ATOM & FORM THE
ELECTRON CLOUD
• Draw a helium atom. Indicate where the
protons, neutrons and electrons are.
NEUTRONS
PROTONS
- ATOMIC # = 2
+ +
(PROTONS)
ELECTRONS -
ATOMIC MASS = 4
(PROTONS &
NEUTRONS)
5. ISOTOPES
• atoms of the same element that HAVE A
DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
• Some isotopes are radioactive. This means
that their nuclei is unstable and will break
down at a CONSTANT RATE over time.
• There are several practical uses for
radioactive isotopes:
1. CARBON DATING
2. TRACERS
3. KILL BACTERIA / CANCER CELLS
6. COMPOUNDS
• a substance formed by the chemical
combination of 2 or more elements in definite
proportions
– Ex: water, salt, glucose, carbon dioxide
7. • The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL
FACTORY containing some of the same
elements found in the nonliving
environment.
• carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and
nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest
percentages
8. TWO TYPES OF
COMPOUNDS
• Organic - Contain C, H, and O in some
ratio (usually referred to as chemicals of
life)
– Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
• Inorganic - usually "support" life - no
specific ratio of C, H, and O
– Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
9. CHEMICAL BONDS
• Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a
molecule together.
• There are 2 types of chemical bonds
IONIC and COVALENT
10. IONIC BONDS
• Occur when 1 or more electrons are
TRANSFERRED from one atom to another.
• When an atom loses an electron it is a
POSITIVE charge.
• When an atom gains an electron it is a
NEGATIVE charge
• These newly charged atoms are now called
IONS
– Example: NaCl (SALT)
11.
12. COVALENT BONDS
• Occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms.
• These new structures that result from covalent
bonds are called MOLECULES
• ** In general, the more chemical bonds a
molecule has the more energy it contains
SHARING IS CARING!
13. MIXTURES
• Water is not always pure. It is often found as
part of a mixture.
• A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR
MORE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT
ARE PHYSICALLY MIXED
– Ex: salt & pepper mixed, sugar and sand – can be
easily separated
14. SOLUTION
Two parts:
• SOLUTE – SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING
DISSOLVED (SUGAR / SALT)
• SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute
dissolves
• Materials that do not dissolve are known as
SUSPENSIONS.
– Blood is the most common example of a
suspension.
– Cells & other particles remain in suspension.
15. FORMULA
• The chemical symbols and numbers that
compose a compound ("recipe")
• Structural Formula – Line drawings of the
compound that shows the elements in
proportion and how they are bonded
• Molecular Formula – the ACTUAL
formula for a compound
C2H6O
16. ACIDS & BASES
• Acids: always (almost) begin with "H" because
of the excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)
– Ex: lemon juice (6), stomach acid (1.5), acid rain
(4.5), normal rain (6)
Facts about Acids
• Acids turn litmus paper BLUE and usually
taste SOUR.
• You eat acids daily (coffee, vinegar, soda,
spicy foods, etc…)
17. ACIDS & BASES
• Bases: always (almost) end with -OH because
of the excess of hydroxide ions (Oxygen &
Hydrogen)
– EX: oven cleaner, bleach, ammonia, sea water,
blood, pure water
Facts about Bases
• Bases turn litmus BLUE.
• Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and
taste BITTER.
19. pH SCALE
• measures degree of
substance alkalinity or
acidity
• Ranges from 0 to 14
• 0 – 5 strong acid
• 6-7 neutral
• 8-14 strong base
20. • The goal of the body is to maintain
HOMEOSTASIS (neutrality) – to do this when
pH is concerned, we add weak acids & bases to
prevent sharp changes in pH.
• These are called BUFFERS
21. And now for the
Biochemistry portion of
things….
22.
23. CARBOHYDRATES
• Living things use carbohydrates as a key source
of ENERGY!
• Plants use carbohydrates for structure
(CELLULOSE)
– include sugars and complex carbohydrates
(starches)
– contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(the hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen)
24. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• all have the formula C6 H12 O6
• all have a single ring structure
– (glucose is an example)
26. Polysaccharides
• Formed of three or more simple sugar units
• Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles
• Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls
• Starches - used as energy storage
28. Dehydration Synthesis
• Combining simple molecules to form a more
complex one with the removal of water
– ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ---->
disaccharide + water
– (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O
• Polysaccharides are formed from repeated
dehydration syntheses of water
– They are the stored extra sugars known as starch
29.
30. Hydrolysis
• Addition of WATER to a compound to
SPLIT it into smaller subunits
– (also called chemical digestion)
– ex. disaccharide + H2O --->
monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6
31.
32. Lipids (Fats)
• Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Chiefly function in energy storage, protection,
and insulation
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the
H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio
• Tend to be large molecules -- an example of a
neutral lipid is below
33. • Neutral lipids are formed from the union of one
glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
• 3 fatty acids + glycerol ----> neutral fat (lipid)
• Fats -- found chiefly in animals
• Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants
• Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are
solids
• Lipids along with proteins are key components of
cell membranes
• Steroids are special lipids used to build many
reproductive hormones and cholesterol
34. PROTEINS
• contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen
• composed of MANY amino acid subunits
• It is the arrangement of the amino acid that
forms the primary structure of proteins.
• The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl
group on one end, a methyl group that only
has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino
group on the other end.
• Attached to the methyl group is a R group.
35. AN R GROUP IS ANY GROUP
OF ATOMS – THIS CHANGES
THE PROPERTIES OF THE
PROTEIN!
36. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• There are certain groups of atoms that are
frequently attached to the organic molecules we
will be studying, and these are called functional
groups.
• These are things like hydroxyl groups which
form alcohols, carbonyl groups which form
aldehydes or ketones, carboxyl groups which
form carboxylic acids, and amino groups
which form amines.
37.
38. Major Protein Functions
• Growth and repair
• Energy
• Buffer -- helps keep body pH constant
39. Dipeptide
• formed from two amino acid subunits
• Formed by the process of Dehydration Synthesis
• amino acid + amino acid ----- dipeptide + water
40. Hydrolysis of a dipeptide
• Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids
• dipeptide + H2O ---> aminoacid + amino acid
41. Polypeptide (protein)
• composed of three or more amino acids linked
by synthesis reactions
• Examples of proteins include insulin,
hemoglobin, and enzymes.
• ** There are an extremely large number of
different proteins.
• The bases for variability include differences in
the number, kinds and sequences of amino
acids in the proteins
42. NUCLEIC ACIDS
• in all cells
• composed of NUCLEOTIDES
• store & transmit heredity/genetic information
• Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
• 1. 5-Carbon Sugar
• 2. Phosphate Group
• 3. Nitrogenous Base
43.
44. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a
cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteins
• found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few
other organelles)
45. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• directs cellular protein synthesis
• found in ribosomes & nucleoli
46. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• a process that changes one set of chemicals into
another set of chemicals
• REACTANTS – elements or compounds that
enter into a chemical reaction
• PRODUCTS – elements or compounds that are
produced in a chemical reaction
• Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of
bonds in reactants and the formation of new
bonds in products.
47. • In a reaction, energy is either TAKEN IN
(ENDOTHERMIC) or GIVEN OFF
(EXOTHERMIC)
• Can you think of an everyday example of
each type of reaction?
48. Enzymes and Enzyme Action
• catalyst: inorganic or organic substance which
speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without
entering the reaction itself
• enzymes: organic catalysts made of protein
• most enzyme names end in -ase
• enzymes lower the energy needed to start a
chemical reaction. (activation energy)
• begin to be destroyed above 45øC. (above this
temperature all proteins begin to be destroyed)
49. It is thought that, in order for an enzyme to affect the rate of a
reaction, the following events must take place.
1. The enzyme must form a temporary association with the
substance or substances whose reaction rate it affects.
These substances are known as substrates.
2. The association between enzyme and substrate is thought to
form a close physical association between the molecules and
is called the enzyme-substrate complex.
3. While the enzyme-substrate complex is formed, enzyme
action takes place.
4. Upon completion of the reaction, the enzyme and product(s)
separate. The enzyme molecule is now available to form
additional complexes.
50. How do enzymes work?
• substrate: molecules upon which an enzyme acts
• the enzyme is shaped so that it can only lock up
with a specific substrate molecule
enzyme
substrate -------------> product
51. "Lock and Key Theory"
• each enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one
substrate (one lock - one key)
• this theory has many weaknesses, but it
explains some basic things about enzyme
function
52. Factors Influencing Rate of
Enzyme Action
1. pH - the optimum (best) in most living things is
close to 7 (neutral)
• high or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity
• A few enzymes (such as gastric protease) work
best at a pH of about 2.0
53. 2. Temperature - strongly influences enzyme
activity
• optimum temperature for maximum enzyme
function is usually about 35-40 C.
• reactions proceed slowly below optimal
temperatures
• above 45 C most enzymes are denatured
(change in their shape so the enzyme active site
no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme
can't function)
54.
55. 3. Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate
• ** When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and
an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of
reaction will increase to a point and then level
off.