High energy compounds
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1) Organisms require chemical energy stored in high-energy compounds for processes like muscle contraction and active transport. 2) High-energy compounds include ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and acetyl-CoA, which contain high-energy bonds like phosphoanhydride and thioester bonds. 3) ATP is the most common energy currency in cells. It stores and transports chemical energy through its high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds, which are hydrolyzed to fuel energetic reactions.
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High energy compounds
High energy compounds, also known as energy rich compounds, contain high energy bonds that release free energy of -7.3 kcal/mol or greater during hydrolysis. ATP is the most important high energy compound, containing two high energy phosphoanhydride bonds. The hydrolysis of ATP releases -7.3 kcal/mol of free energy and is coupled to endergonic reactions in cells, functioning to link catabolic and anabolic processes through the transfer of its phosphoryl groups. ATP serves as the universal energy currency in living organisms, driving many biological reactions and processes.
Biological oxidation
1) Biological oxidation involves the conversion of energy from foods like carbohydrates and lipids into ATP through electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
2) The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptor oxygen, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
3) Through the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the potential energy of the proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP, coupling electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation.
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biochemical reactions and biological systems. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy changes. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells. It is produced through oxidative phosphorylation where the energy released from redox reactions is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP. Diseases can result from defects in the electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis ppt
This document provides information about glycolysis, including:
1) Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. There are 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions in two stages.
2) Key regulatory enzymes include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase which control the flux of glycolysis.
3) Under anaerobic conditions, NADH is regenerated through lactic acid or ethanol fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue.
Biological oxidation and Electron transport chain (ETC).pptx
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De novo and salvage pathway of purines
Jayati Mishra presented on the de novo and salvage pathways of purines under the guidance of Pradip Hirapue. The presentation discussed:
1) The de novo pathway synthesizes purine nucleotides from simple precursors through a two-stage process forming IMP and then converting it to AMP or GMP.
2) The salvage pathway recycles purine bases and nucleosides obtained from the diet or cell turnover to form nucleotides.
3) Both pathways work together to synthesize the purine nucleotides needed for nucleic acid synthesis, with the salvage pathway playing a larger role in certain tissues.
Energy rich compounds.pdf
Energy-rich or high-energy compounds in biological systems are those whose hydrolysis yields a free energy (ΔG0') of greater than -25 kJ/mol. These compounds contain high-energy bonds like phosphoanhydride, enol phosphate, acyl phosphate, and guanido phosphate bonds. ATP is an important energy-rich compound that occupies an intermediate position with a ΔG0' of -7.3 kcal/mol for hydrolysis. Its intermediate energy level allows it to accept high-energy phosphoryl groups from compounds like phosphoenolpyruvate and pass them to lower energy compounds. This enables ATP to act as an efficient universal energy carrier in cells.
Co enzymes
This document discusses co-enzymes and their functions. It defines co-factors as non-protein components that assist enzymes in biochemical transformations, and can be organic or inorganic. Organic co-factors include vitamins like NAD+, Coenzyme A, and flavin mononucleotide. Inorganic co-factors include metal ions like copper, iron, and magnesium. Co-enzymes are loosely bound co-factors that transport groups between enzymes, and include NAD+, Coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and adenosine triphosphate. Specific examples of enzymes requiring various co-enzymes are provided.
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High energy compounds
High energy compounds, also known as energy rich compounds, contain high energy bonds that release free energy of -7.3 kcal/mol or greater during hydrolysis. ATP is the most important high energy compound, containing two high energy phosphoanhydride bonds. The hydrolysis of ATP releases -7.3 kcal/mol of free energy and is coupled to endergonic reactions in cells, functioning to link catabolic and anabolic processes through the transfer of its phosphoryl groups. ATP serves as the universal energy currency in living organisms, driving many biological reactions and processes.
Biological oxidation
1) Biological oxidation involves the conversion of energy from foods like carbohydrates and lipids into ATP through electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
2) The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptor oxygen, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
3) Through the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the potential energy of the proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP, coupling electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation.
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biochemical reactions and biological systems. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy changes. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells. It is produced through oxidative phosphorylation where the energy released from redox reactions is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP. Diseases can result from defects in the electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis ppt
This document provides information about glycolysis, including:
1) Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. There are 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions in two stages.
2) Key regulatory enzymes include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase which control the flux of glycolysis.
3) Under anaerobic conditions, NADH is regenerated through lactic acid or ethanol fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue.
Biological oxidation and Electron transport chain (ETC).pptx
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1) The de novo pathway synthesizes purine nucleotides from simple precursors through a two-stage process forming IMP and then converting it to AMP or GMP.
2) The salvage pathway recycles purine bases and nucleosides obtained from the diet or cell turnover to form nucleotides.
3) Both pathways work together to synthesize the purine nucleotides needed for nucleic acid synthesis, with the salvage pathway playing a larger role in certain tissues.
Energy rich compounds.pdf
Energy-rich or high-energy compounds in biological systems are those whose hydrolysis yields a free energy (ΔG0') of greater than -25 kJ/mol. These compounds contain high-energy bonds like phosphoanhydride, enol phosphate, acyl phosphate, and guanido phosphate bonds. ATP is an important energy-rich compound that occupies an intermediate position with a ΔG0' of -7.3 kcal/mol for hydrolysis. Its intermediate energy level allows it to accept high-energy phosphoryl groups from compounds like phosphoenolpyruvate and pass them to lower energy compounds. This enables ATP to act as an efficient universal energy carrier in cells.
Co enzymes
This document discusses co-enzymes and their functions. It defines co-factors as non-protein components that assist enzymes in biochemical transformations, and can be organic or inorganic. Organic co-factors include vitamins like NAD+, Coenzyme A, and flavin mononucleotide. Inorganic co-factors include metal ions like copper, iron, and magnesium. Co-enzymes are loosely bound co-factors that transport groups between enzymes, and include NAD+, Coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and adenosine triphosphate. Specific examples of enzymes requiring various co-enzymes are provided.
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ATP synthase—also called FoF1 ATPase is the universal protein that terminates oxidative phosphorylation by synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate.
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This document provides information about enzymes including their history, characteristics, classification, and mechanisms of action. Some key points:
- Enzymes are organic biocatalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze.
- The term "enzyme" was first used in the 19th century to describe digestion processes. Important early discoveries included identifying enzymes responsible for starch digestion and fermentation.
- Enzymes are usually proteins but can also be RNA. They are highly specific and act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy of reactions through transition state stabilization.
- The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)
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Electron Transport Chain ETC
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transport electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen. This transports protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing approximately 34 ATP per glucose. The ETC is crucial for aerobic respiration as it extracts much more energy than glycolysis and the Krebs cycle alone.
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2) ATP acts as the energy currency of cells, being produced through exergonic reactions and consumed to power endergonic reactions.
3) Standard free energy changes can be added for coupled reactions and actual free energy depends on reactant and product concentrations, driving reactions towards or away from equilibrium.
Regulation of enzyme activity
1. Enzyme activity can be regulated through several mechanisms including allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition, proenzymes, and protein modification.
2. Allosteric enzymes have effector molecules that bind and induce a conformational change that increases or decreases enzyme activity. Feedback inhibition occurs when a metabolic end product inhibits an earlier enzyme.
3. Proenzymes are inactive precursors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Protein modification like phosphorylation can also regulate enzymes by changing their structure.
Enzyme regulation
This document discusses various mechanisms of enzyme regulation in living systems. It begins by explaining that hundreds of enzyme-catalyzed reactions must be precisely controlled for proper cellular functioning. It then describes several key mechanisms by which this regulation can be achieved, including allosteric regulation, isoenzyme expression, zymogen activation, and covalent modification via phosphorylation or glycosylation. Specific examples are provided for each type of regulation, such as feedback inhibition of threonine dehydratase and phosphorylation control of glycogen phosphorylase activity. The document concludes by emphasizing that multiple regulatory strategies acting together ensure survival of the cell and maintenance of homeostasis.
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It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
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Enzymes
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ATP synthase—also called FoF1 ATPase is the universal protein that terminates oxidative phosphorylation by synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate.
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This document provides information about enzymes including their history, characteristics, classification, and mechanisms of action. Some key points:
- Enzymes are organic biocatalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze.
- The term "enzyme" was first used in the 19th century to describe digestion processes. Important early discoveries included identifying enzymes responsible for starch digestion and fermentation.
- Enzymes are usually proteins but can also be RNA. They are highly specific and act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy of reactions through transition state stabilization.
- The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)
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Enzyme kinetics is the study of enzyme-catalyzed reaction rates. The Michaelis-Menten equation relates reaction velocity to substrate concentration and kinetic parameters. It describes the hyperbolic relationship between velocity and substrate concentration. The equation can be linearized into the Lineweaver-Burk plot for easier analysis. Enzyme inhibition studies help understand reaction mechanisms and are important for drug development, as most drugs function by inhibiting specific enzymes.
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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transport electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen. This transports protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing approximately 34 ATP per glucose. The ETC is crucial for aerobic respiration as it extracts much more energy than glycolysis and the Krebs cycle alone.
DEAMINATION AND DECARBOXYLATION
Deamination and decarboxylation are processes that break down amino acids. Deamination removes an amine group from an amino acid, releasing ammonia. There are two types of deamination - oxidative deamination uses oxidation to remove the amine group, while non-oxidative uses other reactions. Decarboxylation removes a carboxyl group from an amino acid, releasing carbon dioxide. Both processes help convert excess amino acids into usable byproducts that can be removed from the body.
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1) Bioenergetics examines the energy flow in living organisms using concepts like entropy, enthalpy, and free energy.
2) ATP acts as the energy currency of cells, being produced through exergonic reactions and consumed to power endergonic reactions.
3) Standard free energy changes can be added for coupled reactions and actual free energy depends on reactant and product concentrations, driving reactions towards or away from equilibrium.
Regulation of enzyme activity
1. Enzyme activity can be regulated through several mechanisms including allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition, proenzymes, and protein modification.
2. Allosteric enzymes have effector molecules that bind and induce a conformational change that increases or decreases enzyme activity. Feedback inhibition occurs when a metabolic end product inhibits an earlier enzyme.
3. Proenzymes are inactive precursors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Protein modification like phosphorylation can also regulate enzymes by changing their structure.
Enzyme regulation
This document discusses various mechanisms of enzyme regulation in living systems. It begins by explaining that hundreds of enzyme-catalyzed reactions must be precisely controlled for proper cellular functioning. It then describes several key mechanisms by which this regulation can be achieved, including allosteric regulation, isoenzyme expression, zymogen activation, and covalent modification via phosphorylation or glycosylation. Specific examples are provided for each type of regulation, such as feedback inhibition of threonine dehydratase and phosphorylation control of glycogen phosphorylase activity. The document concludes by emphasizing that multiple regulatory strategies acting together ensure survival of the cell and maintenance of homeostasis.
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It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway, also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt, is an alternative metabolic pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytosol. It is a complex pathway that helps generate NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and glutathione for antioxidant activity, as well as synthesizing ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide and nucleic acid formation. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the pathway and is oxidized through a two-phase process involving dehydrogenation using NADP+ instead of NAD+. Several intermediates are formed and rearranged before regenerating glucose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to complete the nonoxidative phase. Genetic defects in glucose-6
Enzymes
Enzymes are protein biocatalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed. They achieve specificity via an active site that binds substrates. The International Union of Biochemistry classifies enzymes into six major classes based on the type of chemical reaction catalyzed. Key factors like temperature, pH, and substrate/product concentration affect an enzyme's activity. Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the reversible binding of enzymes and substrates to form enzyme-substrate complexes, from which products are released and enzymes recycled. Enzymes can be inhibited reversibly or irreversibly by inhibitors binding to the active site.
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Enzyme inhibition AND ITS TYPES
This document discusses enzyme inhibition. It defines inhibitors as substances that bind to enzymes and interfere with their activity, preventing the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes or their breakdown into products. There are two main types of inhibitors - reversible inhibitors, which bind non-covalently and can dissociate, and irreversible inhibitors, which bind covalently and permanently inactivate the enzyme. Reversible inhibition is further divided into competitive, uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibition based on whether the inhibitor binds the enzyme, enzyme-substrate complex, or both. Irreversible inhibitors permanently alter the enzyme's active site groups essential for activity. Examples of different types of inhibitors are provided.
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This document provides an overview of lipid classification and functions. It discusses the main classes of lipids including fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, and steroids. Within each class, specific lipid types are defined along with their structures and functions. The document also briefly outlines some lipid metabolism disorders and the clinical significance of lipids.
Oxidation of fatty acids
This document summarizes the process of fatty acid oxidation. It occurs in three stages: 1) beta-oxidation in the mitochondria breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units, producing NADH and FADH2. 2) The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle. 3) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl-CoAs before beta-oxidation. Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids undergo this process with additional enzyme steps for unsaturated fatty acids. Beta-oxidation removes two carbons as acetyl-CoA in four enzyme
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Carbohydrate 2
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
A2 biology notes 2016.doc
This document provides an overview of the biology syllabus for the A-Level core and applications topics, as well as paper 5 skills. It includes an index of topics covered and multi-paragraph explanations of energy and respiration, including the structure and function of ATP, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and chemiosmosis. The document was arranged by Marwa Fawzi, with contact information provided.
Quarter 2 - Lesson 1.pptxHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
This lesson focuses on cellular respiration and photosynthesis, which are complementary reactions that enable life through the transformation of energy. It discusses the structures and processes involved, including the roles of ATP, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Specifically, it covers:
- ATP's role as the "energy currency" of cells and the release of energy through hydrolysis.
- The regeneration of ATP through phosphorylation driven by catabolic reactions.
- The importance of chlorophyll and other pigments in harvesting light energy for photosynthesis.
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, specifically glycolysis. It begins by defining metabolism and its two main categories - catabolism and anabolism. It then describes the three main stages of carbohydrate catabolism. The bulk of the document provides a detailed explanation of the 10 steps of glycolysis, including enzymes, reactions, and regulation. It discusses the three fates of pyruvate and how other sugars can enter glycolysis. Finally, it summarizes glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate.
Metabolism and Redox coenzymes (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of metabolism and redox coenzymes. It discusses how metabolism involves coordinated enzyme pathways that capture energy, convert nutrients, synthesize macromolecules, and perform specialized functions. Metabolism includes catabolic pathways that release energy and anabolic pathways that require energy. ATP is described as the universal energy currency of the cell. Redox coenzymes like NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, and coenzyme A are introduced as electron carriers that are essential for energy-producing and biosynthetic reactions in metabolism.
Cellular Energy Transfer (Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle) and ATP
This presentation is all about Cellular Energy Transfer with reference to Glycolysis and Kreb Cycle with all their stages involved.
It also includes ATP production in the body, its importance, structure.
Also contains a comparison of energy production in Krebs and Glycolysis cycle.
Microbial metabolism
1. Microbial metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down complex substances into simple ones with energy release, while anabolism uses this energy to synthesize complex substances from simple ones.
2. ATP acts as the universal energy carrier in living organisms. It stores and transfers energy released during catabolism to drive anabolic reactions.
3. Microbes obtain energy and carbon through various metabolic pathways like glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic respiration or fermentation during anaerobic respiration.
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Metabolic pathways of cellular respiration, Bioenergetics and redox reactions
Metabolic pathways of cellular respiration, Bioenergetics and redox reactions
biochemistry of MSS prepared by Fikadu Seyoum Tola. This ppt essentially disc...
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SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsRandomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
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s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
High energy compounds
- 1. ENERGY RICH COMPOUNDS Dr. POONAM
- 2. Theory.. • Organisms require energy for various activities like muscle contraction and other cellular movements (Active transport and synthesis of macromolecules). • All these processes are energetically very demanding and use chemical energy. • Chemical compounds liberate energy by hydrolysis of some groups which are bound to them by high energy bonds.
- 3. Continued.. • When hydrolyzed products go energetically low (∆ G -ve) • High-energy phosphate compounds • Phosphate-containing compounds are considered “high-energy” if they have ∆ G° for hydrolysis “more negative than –20 to –25 kJ/mol”. • High-energy phosphate compounds are not used for long-term energy storage. They are temporary forms of stored energy, and are used to carry energy from one reaction to another.
- 4. Types of high energy bonds.. • They are of five types: • 1. Phosphoanhydrides: formed b/w two molecules of phosphoric acid. Eg. Such kind of bonds are found in ATP. In ATP there are two high energy diphosphate (phosphoanhydride bonds). The third between phosphate and ribose is not much energy rich as it a phosphate ester bond. • ATP serves as principle immediate donor of free energy in most endergonic reactions eg. Active transport, muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulse. • Apart from ATP, GTP (Guanidine triphosphate) is also used as energy source in proteosynthesis and gluconeogenesis. Also UTP (Uridine triphosphate) and CTP(Cytidine triphosphate) are used as energy sources for metabolism of saccahrides and lipids respectively.
- 5. • 2. Enolphosphatic bond: This bond is energetically very high whose hydrolysis release 61 KJ/mole. Such kind of bond is present in phosphoenol pyruvate which in turn is formed in breakdown of glucose in glycolysis. • 3. Acyl phosphatic bond: This bond releases 49 KJ/mole of energy on hydrolysis. Such kind of bond is in 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate formed in glycolysis. • 4. Guanidine phosphate : is formed when phosphate is attached to guanidine. Releases about 43 KJ/mole of energy on hydrolysis. Such kind of bond is present in phosphocreatine (PC). PC is found in muscle cell and acts as reserve of energy in tissues. • 5. Thioester Bond: is not much high energy containing bond because there is no energy rich phosphate . Such kind of bond is in acetyl co-A .
- 7. • How does ATP work?
- 8. Answer: • The phosphate groups are held to each other by very high energy chemical bonds. • Under certain conditions, the end phosphate can break away and the energy released to the energy-hungry reactions that keep a cell alive.
- 9. Answer: • When the end phosphate is released, what is left is ADP, adenosine diphosphate. • This change from tri to di is taking place constantly as ATPs circulate through cells. • The recharging of ADP to ATP requires a huge energy investment, and that energy comes from the food we eat.
- 10. Hydrolysis of ATP • ATP + H2O ADP + P (exergonic) Hydrolysis (add water) P P P Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P P+ Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
- 11. Dehydration of ADP ADP + P ATP + H2O (endergonic) Dehydration synthesis (remove water) P P P Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P P+ Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
- 12. ATP….. High energy" bonds are represented by the "~" symbol. ~P represents a phosphate group with a large negative DG of hydrolysis.
- 13. Dissociation…. AMP~P~P AMP~P + Pi (ATP ADP + Pi) AMP~P AMP + Pi (ADP AMP + Pi) Alternatively: AMP~P~P AMP + P~P (ATP AMP + PPi) P~P 2 Pi (PPi 2Pi)
- 14. ATP…
- 15. Compounds have large free energy change • Phosphorylated compounds • Thioesters (Acetyl-CoA)
- 16. Phosphorylated compounds • Phosphoenolpyruvate • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate • Phosphocreatine • ADP • ATP • AMP • PPi • Glucose 1-phosphate • Fructose 6-phosphate • Glucose 6-phosphate
- 17. Phosphoenolpyruvate • Phosphoenolpyruvate contains a phosphate ester bond that undergoes to yield to enol form of pyruvate • The enol form of pyruvate can immediately tautomerize to the more stable keto form of pyruvate. Because phosphoenolpyruvate has only one form (enol) and the product, pyruvate, has two possible forms, the product is more stabilized relative to the reactant. • This is the greatest contributing factor to the high standard free energy change of hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvate (ΔG'0 = -61,9 kj/mol)
- 19. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate contains an anhydride bond between the carboxyl group at C-1 and phosphoric acid. • This large, negative ΔG'0 can, again, be explained in terms of the structure of reactants and products
- 21. Phosphocreatine • In the phosphocreatine, the P-N bond can be hydrolyzed to generate free creatine and Pi. The release of Pi and the resonance stabilization of creatine favor the forward reaction.
- 23. Thioesters • Thioesters have large, negative standard free energy change of hydrolysis. • Acetyl coenzyme A is one of many thioesters important in metabolism. The acyl group in these compounds is activated for trans-acylation, condensation or oxidation-reduction reactions.
- 25. Other compounds.. • NAD+ • NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form) is the major electron acceptor for catabolic reactions. It is strong enough to oxidize alcohol groups to carbonyl groups. It is an important molecule in many metabolic processes like beta- oxidation, glycolysis, and TCA cycle. With out NAD+ the aforementioned processes would be unable to occur. • NADH (reduced form) is an NAD+ that has accepted electrons in the form of hydride ions. NADH is also one of the molecules responsible for donating electrons to the ETC to drive oxidative phosphorylation and also pyruvate during fermentation processes.