Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
modified SCREENING METHODS OF BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS.pptxRanitBag1
Bronchodilators are the main treatment of obstructive lung diseases like asthma, COPD. Screening of these drugs were done in various lower animals. Gunea pig, rabbits are the prone to inflammatory substances so that screening of bronchodilators are easy in these animals. There variuos instruments also needed i.e plethysmograph, pneumatograph etc.
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
modified SCREENING METHODS OF BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS.pptxRanitBag1
Bronchodilators are the main treatment of obstructive lung diseases like asthma, COPD. Screening of these drugs were done in various lower animals. Gunea pig, rabbits are the prone to inflammatory substances so that screening of bronchodilators are easy in these animals. There variuos instruments also needed i.e plethysmograph, pneumatograph etc.
Immunohistochemistry Antibody Validation Report for Anti-Phospho-Stat3 (Y705)...St John's Laboratory Ltd
Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF, LEP and other growth factors. Once activated, recruits coactivators, such as NCOA1 or MED1, to the promoter region of the target gene . May mediate cellular responses to activated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Binds to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. Activated by IL31 through IL31RA. Involved in cell cycle regulation by inducing the expression of key genes for the progression from G1 to S phase, such as CCND1 . Mediates the effects of LEP on melanocortin production, body energy homeostasis and lactation (By similarity). May play an apoptotic role by transctivating BIRC5 expression under LEP activation . Cytoplasmic STAT3 represses macroautophagy by inhibiting EIF2AK2/PKR activity.
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Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins . Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors, phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues on the cytoplasmic tails of the receptor, creating docking sites for STATs proteins . Subsequently, phosphorylates the STATs proteins once they are recruited to the receptor. Phosphorylated STATs then form homodimer or heterodimers and translocate to the nucleus to activate gene transcription. For example, cell stimulation with erythropoietin (EPO) during erythropoiesis leads to JAK2 autophosphorylation, activation, and its association with erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) that becomes phosphorylated in its cytoplasmic domain
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Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
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The serine-threonine protein kinase AKT1 is catalytically inactive in serum-starved primary and immortalized fibroblasts. AKT1 and the related AKT2 are activated by platelet-derived growth factor. The activation is rapid and specific, and it is abrogated by mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. It was shown that the activation occurs through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the developing nervous system AKT is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. Mice lacking Akt1 display a 25% reduction in body mass, indicating that Akt1 is critical for transmitting growth-promoting signals, most likely via the IGF1 receptor. Mice lacking Akt1 are also resistant to cancer: They experience considerable delay in tumor growth initiated by the large T antigen or the Neu oncogene. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in this gene causes Proteus syndrome.
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Title: Sense of Smell
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Qualifications:
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FCPS Physiology
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Olfactory Genes:
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Olfactory Mucosa:
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
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Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
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Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. Asthma – Introduction
It is a complex inflammatory airway disease characterised by airflow
obstruction due to bronchi constriction, bronchi inflammation or due to
excessive secretion of mucus.
Triggered by allergen, cold air, moist air, exercise and emotional stress.
Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and
coughing.
4. Animal models
To mimic bronchial asthma in animals, a wide variety of animal models have
been developed.
Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages, unfortunately no model
is identical to the conditions found in human disease.
5. Test methods
1. In vitro methods
i. CULTEX technique
ii. Binding assay
2. Test in isolated organs
i. Spasmolytic activity in guinea pig lungs
3. In vivo methods
i. Bronchospasmolytic activity in anesthetized Guinea pig
ii. Arachidonic acid or PAF induced Respiratory and vascular dysfunction in guinea pig
iii. Anaphylactic Microshock in guinea pigs
iv. Serotonin Aerosol-induced Asphyxia in Guinea pig
v. Bronchial hyperactivity in guinea pigs
6. In vitro models
Cell culture methods :
CULTEX Technique:
CULTEX technique is a experimental system for cultivation and exposure of cells
intermediately at the air/liquid interface.
It allows direct exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to gases, ultrafine particles
or mixture of both
8. CULTEX technique
Cultured bronchial epithelial cells in plates are washed with PBS (phosphate
buffer saline) and then transferred to cell exposure unit.
Then the cells are exposed to the clean air or different concentrations of side
stream smoke.
Test group bronchial epithelial cells are incubated with test drug for 24hours
and then exposed to diff. Conc. of sidestream smoke for 1 hour.
Parameters that can be estimated are number of cells, metabolic activity and
glutathione concentration.
Cell viability measurements are carried out using WST assay an electronic cell
counting
9. Binding Assays
Histamine receptor assay:
This method evaluates the affinity of test compound to histamine H1 receptor
It is done by measuring their inhibitory activities on the binding of 3H
pyrilamine to guinea pig brain plasma membrane.
10. Histamine receptor assay
Steps:
i. Male guinea pigs (300g-600g) are sacrificed by CO2 Necrosis
ii. Brain is homogenized in ice-cold tris buffer and homogenate is centrifuged
for 10 mins at 4°C at 50000g
iii. Supernatant is discarded and pellet is resuspended in buffer, centrifuged
again
iv. Pellet obtained is re-suspended in Tris-buffer and aliquots of 1ml are frozen
at -70 °C.
v. 50 µl of 3H pyrilamine and 50 µl of test compound is added in 100 µl of
membrane suspension is incubated for 30min
11. Histamine receptor assay
vi. Make 11 conc. Of 3H pyrilamine and perform saturation studies
vii. Add 3ml of scintillation cocktail to measure the radioactivity in scintillation
counter
viii. Radioactivity denotes the binding of pyrilamine binding
ix. % inhibition of 3H pyrilamine binding is measured using scintillation counter
reading
12. Tests in Isolated organs
Spasmolytic activity in Guinea pig Lungs:
Histamine and leukotrienes induce bronchoconstriction
Histamine induce bronchoconstriction by biding to H1 receptor
Calcium ionophores induce release of leukotrienes through 5-lipoxygenase
pathway which cause bronchoconstriction
In this method drugs are tested for their capability of inhibiting bronchospasm
induced by histamine or calcium ionophore.
13. Spasmolytic activity in guinea pig lungs
Steps:
i. Albino guinea pigs (300-450g) are sacrificed with an overdose of ether
ii. Chest is opened and the lungs are removed and cut into strips of 5cm each and
placed in physiological saline solution
iii. Lung strips are mounted in organ bath containing nutritive solution
iv. Prior to testing carbachol is added to the bath to test the lung strip’s ability to
contract
v. After 30 min spasmogens (histamine, ca-ionophore, leukotriene) are added to
induce constriction
vi. After 5min test drug is added and percentage inhibition of spasmogen induced
constriction is measured
14. In vivo models
Bronchospasmolytic activity in anesthetized Guinea pig:
Changes in air volume of a living animal in a closed system consisting of a
respiratory pump, the trachea and the lungs is measured here.
Bronchoconstriction – decreased inspired air, increased excess air.
Constriction of bronchi smooth muscle is achieved by administering
spasmogen.
This method evaluates the bronchoconstriction effect by measuring the volume
of air which is not taken up by the lungs after inducing bronchoconstriction
15. Bronchospasmolytic activity in
anesthetized Guinea pig
Steps:
i. Guinea pigs (250 to 500g) are anesthetized with 1.25g/kg urethane
intraperitonially
ii. Trachea is cannulated one arm is connected to a respiratory pump and the
other to statham P23 Db transducer (to measure the air volume)
iii. Animal is artificially ventilated at a frequency of 60strokes / min.
iv. Excess air which is not taken up by the lungs is measured and recorded in
polygraph
v. Jugular vein is cannulated for test drug administration and carotid artery for
blood pressure measurements
16. Bronchospasmolytic activity in
anesthetized Guinea pig
vi. An aeroseol of 0.25% histamine solution at
180mmHg pressure is sprayed for 5min
vii. Test drug is administered orally one hour before
the exposure.
viii. ED50 is calculated and the results are expressed as
%inhibition of induced bronchospasm over the
control agonist responses
17. In vivo methods
Arachidonic acid or PAF induced Respiratory and vascular dysfunction in guinea
pig :
Thromboxane, prostacyclin – products of arachidonic acid metabolism
Thromboxane- bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia
Prostacyclin – reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure
18. Arachidonic acid or PAF induced Respiratory
and vascular dysfunction in guinea pig
Steps:
i. Male guinea pigs (300-600g) are anesthetizd with 60mg/kg pentobarbitone
(intraperitonialy)
ii. Jugular vein is cannulated for administering spasmogen /test compound.
iii. Both carotid arteries are cannulated, one is connected to transducer (to
measure the Bp) and another is used for blood withdrawal
iv. Trachea is connected to respirator (70-75 strokes/min )
v. Excess air not taken up by the lungs is measured
vi. Changes in airflow and BP is recorded continuously
19. Arachidonic acid or PAF induced Respiratory
and vascular dysfunction in guinea pig
vii. Animals receive multiple intravenous injections of the same dose of
arachidonic acid (60 µg /kg) until two bronchospasms of equal intensity is
obtained
viii. Then the test drug compounds are administered intravenously and
spasmogen is given again
ix. Percent inhibition or increase of bronchospasm ,reduction of blood pressure,
thrombocytopenia following test drug administration is measured and
compared with control values before drug treatment
20. Anaphylactic Microshock in guinea pigs
Histamine is released from various sites in anaphylactic response
Introduction of foreign particle in the body can cause microshock.
A microshock is apparently one that is interrupted before death and is
repeatable
21. Anaphylactic Microshock in guinea pigs
Steps:
i. Guinea pigs (200-300g) are sensitized with subcutaneous injection of egg
albumin
ii. After 3 weeks the animals are exposed to an aerosol of 5% albumin.
iii. They are removed from the chamber as soon as they become dyspneic
iv. The time from the start of exposure to severe dyspnea is referred as
preconvulsion time.
v. If no shock is seen for more than 6min, the animal is considered as protected
and prconvulsion time is taken as infinite.
22. Anaphylactic Microshock in guinea pigs
v. After this control exposure, the guinea pig is treated with test drug and
preconvulsion time is measured
vi. The degree of protection(p) is calculated from the formula
𝑝 = 1 −
𝐶
𝑇
× 100
C- preconvulsion time of control
T- preconvulsion time of test
23. Serotonin Aerosol-induced Asphyxia in
Guinea pig
Guinea pigs when exposed to serotonin aerosol, develop constriction of
bronchi and leads to asphyxia in large doses
Here the test drug’s ability to reverse the serotonin induced
bronchoconstriction is measured
24. Serotonin Aerosol-induced Asphyxia in
Guinea pig
Steps:
i. Guinea pigs (200-300g) are placed in an anaesthetic box and 2% serotonin
aerosol is introduced .
ii. Animals shows progressive signs of difficulty in breathing and convulsion due
to the serotonin exposure.
iii. As soon as these signs are observed, the animals are removed from the box
and fresh air is given.
iv. Then the test drug is given either in orally or subcutaneously.
v. Again the test is performed after two days to calculate the preconvulsion
time
25. Serotonin Aerosol-induced Asphyxia in
Guinea pig
vi. Percentage protection by the drug is calculated using the formula
𝑝 = 1 −
𝑇1
𝑇2
× 100
T1 = mean of control preconvulsion time before two days and test preconvulsion
time after two days
T2 = preconvulsion time of test animal
26. Bronchial hyperactivity in guinea pigs
inhalation of histamine or other spasmogen cause symptoms like asphyctic
convulsion resembling bronchial asthma in guinea pigs.
Here spasmogens are applied as aerosols which is produced by ultrasound
nebuliser.
Here also the preconvulsion time is noted.
27. Bronchial hyperactivity in guinea pigs
Steps:
i. Male albino guinea pigs (300-400g) are used.
ii. The inhalation cages consists of 3 boxes each ventilated with an airflow of
1.5L/min
Box-A = test drug is applied using ultrasound nebuliser
Box- B= serves as sluice through which animal is passed to the BOX –C
Box-C = 0.1% histamine aerosol is given through ultrasonic nebuliser
28. Bronchial hyperactivity in guinea pigs
iii. Preconvulsion time is measured for both control and test groups
iv. Percentage increase of preconvulsion time is calculated against control
group.
v. ED50 (dose required to increase preconvulsion time by 50%) is also calculated
29. Reference
i. Gupta SK. (2016). Drug Screening Methods. 3rd ed. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publisher (P) Ltd, pp.683-696.