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The endomembrane system carries out important functions in eukaryotic cells including protein transport, lipid metabolism, and detoxification. It includes the plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, the Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids for transport, and lysosomes digest macromolecules and debris inside the cell.
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Endomembrane
The endomembrane system is a network of membranes and organelles that transport molecules within eukaryotic cells. It includes the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, and nuclear envelope. The endomembrane system divides the cell into compartments and uses the transport of vesicles to move molecules like proteins and lipids between organelles like the ER, which packages proteins, and the Golgi apparatus, which further processes and packages them for export from the cell.
Endomembrane system
The endomembrane system is composed of membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into compartments. It includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and vesicles. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that synthesizes lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and sorts proteins and other molecules for transport within the cell. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down materials through processes like autophagy and phagocytosis. Vacuoles store molecules and break down complex substances in plant cells. Together, these membrane-bound organelles work cooperatively to transport materials and carry out specialized functions within eukaryotic cells.
Cytoskeleton , cell shape and cell motility
The cytoskeleton is made up of three main filament types that give cells their shape and enable movement. Microfilaments are the thinnest and made of actin, shaping the cell and allowing movement. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support and strength but do not enable movement. Microtubules are the thickest filaments made of tubulin that participate in intracellular transport, forming cilia and flagella to move cells. The dynamic cytoskeleton network maintains cell structure and motility.
Golgi complex or golgi bodies
The document summarizes key aspects of the Golgi complex. It describes its discovery by Camillo Golgi in 1898. The Golgi complex is composed of stacked flattened sacs called cisternae, which have cis and trans faces. Newly synthesized proteins enter at the cis face from the ER and are modified as they move through cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are sorted and packaged into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell. The Golgi complex plays important roles in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules and transports lipids and creates lysosomes.
Endo membrane system
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that includes rough and smooth areas. Rough ER contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids and metabolizes drugs. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids in vesicles for transport. Lysosomes contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, and peroxisomes contain enzymes for lipid metabolism and produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.
Microtubules by jimmy
The document summarizes microtubules and microfilaments. It discusses the structure of microtubules, which are hollow tubes composed of tubulin protein. Microtubules function in cell division, forming the mitotic spindle, and in structures like cilia and flagella. Motor proteins like kinesin and dynein power movement along microtubules, transporting vesicles and organelles and driving cilia/flagella motion. Microfilaments are composed of actin and function in cell shape changes, muscle contraction through interacting with myosin, and cytokinesis.
Cell cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle. It discusses that the cell cycle is a series of events that a cell passes through from the time it is formed until it replicates. There are two main periods - interphase and mitosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is where the cell nucleus and cytoplasm divide. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoints and cyclins/CDKs to ensure DNA is properly replicated and divided between daughter cells. Dysregulation of cell cycle controls can lead to cancer if cells continue dividing uncontrollably.
Role of endoplasmic reticulum in protein systhesis and1
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein synthesis and transport in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of ER - smooth ER and rough ER. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes and is where protein synthesis occurs. Newly synthesized proteins enter the ER lumen and are folded and processed before being packaged into transport vesicles. These vesicles bud off the rough ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus, transporting proteins through the secretory pathway to their final destinations in or outside the cell. The ER maintains optimal conditions for protein folding and prevents misfolded proteins from leaving.
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Endomembrane
The endomembrane system is a network of membranes and organelles that transport molecules within eukaryotic cells. It includes the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, and nuclear envelope. The endomembrane system divides the cell into compartments and uses the transport of vesicles to move molecules like proteins and lipids between organelles like the ER, which packages proteins, and the Golgi apparatus, which further processes and packages them for export from the cell.
Endomembrane system
The endomembrane system is composed of membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into compartments. It includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and vesicles. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that synthesizes lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and sorts proteins and other molecules for transport within the cell. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down materials through processes like autophagy and phagocytosis. Vacuoles store molecules and break down complex substances in plant cells. Together, these membrane-bound organelles work cooperatively to transport materials and carry out specialized functions within eukaryotic cells.
Cytoskeleton , cell shape and cell motility
The cytoskeleton is made up of three main filament types that give cells their shape and enable movement. Microfilaments are the thinnest and made of actin, shaping the cell and allowing movement. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support and strength but do not enable movement. Microtubules are the thickest filaments made of tubulin that participate in intracellular transport, forming cilia and flagella to move cells. The dynamic cytoskeleton network maintains cell structure and motility.
Golgi complex or golgi bodies
The document summarizes key aspects of the Golgi complex. It describes its discovery by Camillo Golgi in 1898. The Golgi complex is composed of stacked flattened sacs called cisternae, which have cis and trans faces. Newly synthesized proteins enter at the cis face from the ER and are modified as they move through cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are sorted and packaged into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell. The Golgi complex plays important roles in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules and transports lipids and creates lysosomes.
Endo membrane system
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that includes rough and smooth areas. Rough ER contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids and metabolizes drugs. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids in vesicles for transport. Lysosomes contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, and peroxisomes contain enzymes for lipid metabolism and produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.
Microtubules by jimmy
The document summarizes microtubules and microfilaments. It discusses the structure of microtubules, which are hollow tubes composed of tubulin protein. Microtubules function in cell division, forming the mitotic spindle, and in structures like cilia and flagella. Motor proteins like kinesin and dynein power movement along microtubules, transporting vesicles and organelles and driving cilia/flagella motion. Microfilaments are composed of actin and function in cell shape changes, muscle contraction through interacting with myosin, and cytokinesis.
Cell cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle. It discusses that the cell cycle is a series of events that a cell passes through from the time it is formed until it replicates. There are two main periods - interphase and mitosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is where the cell nucleus and cytoplasm divide. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoints and cyclins/CDKs to ensure DNA is properly replicated and divided between daughter cells. Dysregulation of cell cycle controls can lead to cancer if cells continue dividing uncontrollably.
Role of endoplasmic reticulum in protein systhesis and1
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein synthesis and transport in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of ER - smooth ER and rough ER. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes and is where protein synthesis occurs. Newly synthesized proteins enter the ER lumen and are folded and processed before being packaged into transport vesicles. These vesicles bud off the rough ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus, transporting proteins through the secretory pathway to their final destinations in or outside the cell. The ER maintains optimal conditions for protein folding and prevents misfolded proteins from leaving.
Endomembrane system (from Biology 8th edition by Campbell et al.)
The document summarizes the endomembrane system, which includes organelles that transport and modify molecules within eukaryotic cells. It describes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and their functions in protein transport, lipid metabolism, detoxification, digestion, and more. Vesicles transport components between these membrane-bound organelles, which work cooperatively and are either directly or indirectly connected to carry out various cellular tasks.
cell motility
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF CELL
MOVEMENT PART OF CELL
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
MOVEMENTS OF PARTS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
Biomembranes (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates)
It includes composition of membranes (fluid mosaic model)
where these membranes are present?
what functions membranes perform?
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in nearly all animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules. They vary in size from 0.1 to 1.2 μm and have an acidic interior pH of 4.5 to 5.0. Lysosomes contain over 50 enzymes and mutations in these enzymes' genes cause lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes are involved in processes like secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling, and metabolism beyond polymer degradation. They aid in phagocytosis and autophagy by fusing with phagosomes and autophagosomes respectively to digest engulfed contents.
Endomembrane system presentation
The document summarizes the endomembrane system and Golgi apparatus. It describes the Golgi apparatus as a smooth membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in secretion and processing of proteins and lipids. It discusses the discovery of the Golgi apparatus, its ultrastructure consisting of stacked cisternae and vesicles, its functions in secretion, glycosylation, and formation of other organelles. The summary concludes by stating that the Golgi apparatus is an essential membrane organelle in the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell. This process requires energy and is therefore a type of active transport. Exocytosis is an important process of plant and animal cells as it performs the opposite function of endocytosis. In endocytosis, substances that are external to a cell are brought into the cell.
In exocytosis, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules are transported to the cell membrane. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell. The process of exocytosis can be summarized in a few steps.
Vesicles containing molecules are transported from within the cell to the cell membrane.
The vesicle membrane attaches to the cell membrane.
Fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane releases the vesicle contents outside the cell.
There are three common pathways of exocytosis. One pathway, constitutive exocytosis, involves the regular secretion of molecules. This action is performed by all cells. Constitutive exocytosis functions to deliver membrane proteins and lipids to the cell's surface and to expel substances to the cell's exterior.
Regulated exocytosis relies on the presence of extracellular signals for the expulsion of materials within vesicles. Regulated exocytosis occurs commonly in secretory cells and not in all cell types. Secretory cells store products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes that are released only when triggered by extracellular signals. Secretory vesicles are not incorporated into the cell membrane but fuse only long enough to release their contents. Once the delivery has been made, the vesicles reform and return to the cytoplasm.
A third pathway for exocytosis in cells involves the fusion of vesicles with lysosomes. These organelles contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials, microbes, and cellular debris. Lysosomes carry their digested material to the cell membrane where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the extracellular matrix.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the three main types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are involved in cell division and structure other organelles. Microfilaments called actin filaments function in cell division, shape, and motility. Intermediate filaments provide strength and stability to cells and tissues. The cytoskeleton allows cells to maintain their shape and rearrange their internal structure during growth, division, and environmental changes.
cytosceleton
The document discusses the key components of the cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments - and how they work together to maintain cell shape, allow movement of organelles and vesicles, transport materials within the cell, and enable cell movement through polymerization and interaction with motor proteins like myosin and kinesin. The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network that forms various structures through accessory proteins and allows rapid changes in cell morphology.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles that play important roles in cellular processes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and function in intracellular digestion, breaking down materials through phagocytosis, autophagy, and programmed cell death. Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and performing beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Both are formed by budding from the Golgi apparatus. Defects in the enzymes of lysosomes or peroxisomes can lead to metabolic storage disorders.
Endoplasmic reticulum by amita
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae. It has two main types - rough ER with ribosomes and smooth ER without. The rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth ER performs functions like lipid synthesis and calcium regulation. Newly synthesized proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles for further processing and modification before being packaged into secretory vesicles and transported throughout the cell. The ER also plays a key role in protein folding and quality control.
Golgi bodies
A brief discussion on the structure and functions of Golgi bodies, and diseases associated with it. Courtesy: Campbell Biology book
lysosomes
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are capable of breaking down most biological molecules. They are spherical, bounded by a single membrane, and range in size from 0.2 to 0.8 microns. Lysosomes contain many enzymes that are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and help the cell digest waste, remove old or damaged cell components through autolysis, and destroy any invading bacteria or viruses.
Cytoplasm ppt (introduction structure & function)
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
3. ultrastructure of prokaryotes
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses the characteristics and components of both cell types. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria, while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. The document compares the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains their differences.
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane or plasma-lemma or cell membrane
Plasma membrane can be defined as a biological membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with proteins. It is a thin semi permeable membrane layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm and other constituents of the cell.
Occurs on the outside of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells.
It separates the cellular protoplasm from its external environment.
dyneins and kinesins
Kinesins and dyneins are motor proteins that move along microtubules. Kinesins move cargo from the center of the cell to its periphery by moving toward the plus end of microtubules. Dyneins move cargo from the periphery to the center by moving toward the minus end of microtubules. Both use ATP hydrolysis to power their movement in 8 nm steps along microtubules in opposite directions. Dyneins are also responsible for the bending movement of cilia and flagella by generating force between adjacent microtubule doublets.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. It provides information on the history, structure, and functions of the three main cytoskeletal components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are hollow rods that help with intracellular transport and cell division. Microfilaments are made of actin and involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and resist stresses on the cell.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
Ultrastructure of Nucleus and functions
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the nucleus. The nuclear structure contains a nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromosomes. The nuclear membrane encloses the nucleus and regulates molecular flow through nuclear pores. Nucleoplasm is the gel-like material that cushions and transports molecules within the nucleus. The nucleolus synthesizes ribosomes. Chromosomes contain DNA and organize into chromatin during cell division. Main functions of the nucleus include controlling gene expression, DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell growth, and differentiation.
Extracellular matrix
The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins and carbohydrates that binds cells together, supports and surrounds cells, and regulates their activities. It is composed of collagens, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and adhesive glycoproteins. These molecules provide mechanical support, regulate embryonic development, enable cellular migration, facilitate wound healing, and manage growth factors. Collagen is the most abundant protein and forms fibrils and sheets that are linked together by connecting collagens. Proteoglycans and hyaluronan form hydrated gels within the matrix. Adhesive glycoproteins such as laminins and fibronectins attach cells to the matrix and regulate their behavior. The basal lam
The Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The endomembrane system transports and modifies biomolecules within the cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest worn out or non-functional components. Proteins are modified and sorted in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus before being transported to their destinations, such as lysosomes, via vesicle transport.
Endomembrane
The document discusses the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells, including the rough endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are synthesized, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where lipids are synthesized, and the Golgi bodies where vesicles transport components between the ER and Golgi for modification and packaging into vesicles for transport within the cell.
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Endomembrane system (from Biology 8th edition by Campbell et al.)
The document summarizes the endomembrane system, which includes organelles that transport and modify molecules within eukaryotic cells. It describes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and their functions in protein transport, lipid metabolism, detoxification, digestion, and more. Vesicles transport components between these membrane-bound organelles, which work cooperatively and are either directly or indirectly connected to carry out various cellular tasks.
cell motility
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF CELL
MOVEMENT PART OF CELL
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
MOVEMENTS OF PARTS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
Biomembranes (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates)
It includes composition of membranes (fluid mosaic model)
where these membranes are present?
what functions membranes perform?
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in nearly all animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules. They vary in size from 0.1 to 1.2 μm and have an acidic interior pH of 4.5 to 5.0. Lysosomes contain over 50 enzymes and mutations in these enzymes' genes cause lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes are involved in processes like secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling, and metabolism beyond polymer degradation. They aid in phagocytosis and autophagy by fusing with phagosomes and autophagosomes respectively to digest engulfed contents.
Endomembrane system presentation
The document summarizes the endomembrane system and Golgi apparatus. It describes the Golgi apparatus as a smooth membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in secretion and processing of proteins and lipids. It discusses the discovery of the Golgi apparatus, its ultrastructure consisting of stacked cisternae and vesicles, its functions in secretion, glycosylation, and formation of other organelles. The summary concludes by stating that the Golgi apparatus is an essential membrane organelle in the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell. This process requires energy and is therefore a type of active transport. Exocytosis is an important process of plant and animal cells as it performs the opposite function of endocytosis. In endocytosis, substances that are external to a cell are brought into the cell.
In exocytosis, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules are transported to the cell membrane. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell. The process of exocytosis can be summarized in a few steps.
Vesicles containing molecules are transported from within the cell to the cell membrane.
The vesicle membrane attaches to the cell membrane.
Fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane releases the vesicle contents outside the cell.
There are three common pathways of exocytosis. One pathway, constitutive exocytosis, involves the regular secretion of molecules. This action is performed by all cells. Constitutive exocytosis functions to deliver membrane proteins and lipids to the cell's surface and to expel substances to the cell's exterior.
Regulated exocytosis relies on the presence of extracellular signals for the expulsion of materials within vesicles. Regulated exocytosis occurs commonly in secretory cells and not in all cell types. Secretory cells store products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes that are released only when triggered by extracellular signals. Secretory vesicles are not incorporated into the cell membrane but fuse only long enough to release their contents. Once the delivery has been made, the vesicles reform and return to the cytoplasm.
A third pathway for exocytosis in cells involves the fusion of vesicles with lysosomes. These organelles contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials, microbes, and cellular debris. Lysosomes carry their digested material to the cell membrane where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the extracellular matrix.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the three main types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are involved in cell division and structure other organelles. Microfilaments called actin filaments function in cell division, shape, and motility. Intermediate filaments provide strength and stability to cells and tissues. The cytoskeleton allows cells to maintain their shape and rearrange their internal structure during growth, division, and environmental changes.
cytosceleton
The document discusses the key components of the cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments - and how they work together to maintain cell shape, allow movement of organelles and vesicles, transport materials within the cell, and enable cell movement through polymerization and interaction with motor proteins like myosin and kinesin. The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network that forms various structures through accessory proteins and allows rapid changes in cell morphology.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles that play important roles in cellular processes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and function in intracellular digestion, breaking down materials through phagocytosis, autophagy, and programmed cell death. Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and performing beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Both are formed by budding from the Golgi apparatus. Defects in the enzymes of lysosomes or peroxisomes can lead to metabolic storage disorders.
Endoplasmic reticulum by amita
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae. It has two main types - rough ER with ribosomes and smooth ER without. The rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth ER performs functions like lipid synthesis and calcium regulation. Newly synthesized proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles for further processing and modification before being packaged into secretory vesicles and transported throughout the cell. The ER also plays a key role in protein folding and quality control.
Golgi bodies
A brief discussion on the structure and functions of Golgi bodies, and diseases associated with it. Courtesy: Campbell Biology book
lysosomes
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are capable of breaking down most biological molecules. They are spherical, bounded by a single membrane, and range in size from 0.2 to 0.8 microns. Lysosomes contain many enzymes that are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and help the cell digest waste, remove old or damaged cell components through autolysis, and destroy any invading bacteria or viruses.
Cytoplasm ppt (introduction structure & function)
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
3. ultrastructure of prokaryotes
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses the characteristics and components of both cell types. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria, while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. The document compares the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains their differences.
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane or plasma-lemma or cell membrane
Plasma membrane can be defined as a biological membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with proteins. It is a thin semi permeable membrane layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm and other constituents of the cell.
Occurs on the outside of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells.
It separates the cellular protoplasm from its external environment.
dyneins and kinesins
Kinesins and dyneins are motor proteins that move along microtubules. Kinesins move cargo from the center of the cell to its periphery by moving toward the plus end of microtubules. Dyneins move cargo from the periphery to the center by moving toward the minus end of microtubules. Both use ATP hydrolysis to power their movement in 8 nm steps along microtubules in opposite directions. Dyneins are also responsible for the bending movement of cilia and flagella by generating force between adjacent microtubule doublets.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. It provides information on the history, structure, and functions of the three main cytoskeletal components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are hollow rods that help with intracellular transport and cell division. Microfilaments are made of actin and involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and resist stresses on the cell.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
Ultrastructure of Nucleus and functions
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the nucleus. The nuclear structure contains a nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromosomes. The nuclear membrane encloses the nucleus and regulates molecular flow through nuclear pores. Nucleoplasm is the gel-like material that cushions and transports molecules within the nucleus. The nucleolus synthesizes ribosomes. Chromosomes contain DNA and organize into chromatin during cell division. Main functions of the nucleus include controlling gene expression, DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell growth, and differentiation.
Extracellular matrix
The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins and carbohydrates that binds cells together, supports and surrounds cells, and regulates their activities. It is composed of collagens, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and adhesive glycoproteins. These molecules provide mechanical support, regulate embryonic development, enable cellular migration, facilitate wound healing, and manage growth factors. Collagen is the most abundant protein and forms fibrils and sheets that are linked together by connecting collagens. Proteoglycans and hyaluronan form hydrated gels within the matrix. Adhesive glycoproteins such as laminins and fibronectins attach cells to the matrix and regulate their behavior. The basal lam
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Endomembrane system (from Biology 8th edition by Campbell et al.)
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The document discusses the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells, including the rough endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are synthesized, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where lipids are synthesized, and the Golgi bodies where vesicles transport components between the ER and Golgi for modification and packaging into vesicles for transport within the cell.
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Cell Communciation
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This document discusses cell signaling and communication. It covers three main topics: reception, transduction, and response. During reception, a signal molecule binds to a receptor on the cell surface or inside the cell. Transduction involves a cascade of molecular interactions that relay the signal through the cell. This can involve phosphorylation cascades or second messengers like cAMP or calcium ions. The response is a change in cellular activity, such as regulating enzymes or gene expression. Well-coordinated signaling pathways allow cells to efficiently communicate and respond to their environment.
Biomolecules – Production and Industrial applications
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
Cell signaling
- Cell signaling pathways regulate nearly all cellular functions through cascades of signaling events involving receptors, signal transducers, and effector proteins. Receptors include G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, and intracellular receptors.
- Signaling proteins that act as transducers include kinases, GTPases, adaptor proteins, and second messengers like cyclic nucleotides, calcium, lipids, and nitric oxide. These relay, integrate, and distribute signals within cells.
- Feedback loops allow cells to adapt their sensitivity to signaling and respond appropriately to their environment. Understanding cell signaling pathways is challenging due to their complexity, branching, and convergence.
10 11 105 fa13 cell cell interactions skel
Cell-cell interactions involve the cell surface, extracellular matrix or cell wall, and connections between cells. Neighboring plant cells are joined by plasmodesmata, which allow sharing of cytoplasm, while animal cells use tight junctions and desmosomes. Gap junctions and plasmodesmata form direct connections, and hormones facilitate long-distance communication between distant cells.
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Cell to cell communication
Cell-to-cell communication involves signaling molecules called ligands binding to receptor proteins on the surface or inside of cells. There are five basic mechanisms of cellular communication including direct contact, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and intracellular receptors. Signal transduction involves the reception of an extracellular signal, transduction of the signal inside the cell through multi-step pathways, and cellular responses that often involve changing protein function through phosphorylation. Common types of receptors include membrane receptors, intracellular receptors, receptor kinases, and G-protein coupled receptors which activate second messengers to produce cellular responses. Cells interact and identify each other through surface markers and cell junctions that connect cells.
Biomolecules
Biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose that join to form disaccharides like sucrose or polysaccharides like starch for storage. Lipids are insoluble in water, made of fatty acid esters, and serve as energy stores. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform important functions like catalysis and transport.
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سلولها به همان اندازه اتمها در شیمی، برای سیستمهای زنده اساسی هستند. هم اکنون انواع مختلفی از سلول ها در بدن ما کار میکنند. در طول تکامل، سلولها به روشهای مختلف اصلاح شدهاند. اگرچه سلولها میتوانند تفاوت اساسی با یکدیگر داشته باشند، اما ویژگیهای مشترکی دارند. در این اسلاید و 2 مورد بعدی، ما سفری به درون یک سلول خواهیم داشت و با اجزای سازنده آن آشنا خواهیم شد.
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Cells are as fundamental to the living systems of biology as the atom is to chemistry. Many different types of cells are working in our body right now. During the evolution, cells have been modified in many different ways. Although cells can differ substantially from one another, they share common features. In this slide and the next 2 ones, we’ll take a tour inside a cell and become acquainted with its components.
Endomembrane system
The Endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles.
In simple words Endomembrane System is network of single membrane bound cell organelles performing coordinated functions.
The Animal Cell
Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. This feature was lost in the distant past by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia. Most cells, both animal and plant, range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope.
All living organisms are made of cells and cellular products. The cell is the smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. It can capable of biosynthesis, replication and energy transformation. All cellular organelles carry out specific functions that are necessary for the normal functioning of the cell. Animal cells work together and function interdependently. Human cells vary in size, shape, and function. Most animal cells are so small they can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Based on function, there are more than 200 different kinds of animal cells that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the entire body. Despite their many differences, human cells have several similar structural features: a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm and cell organelles.
Cell Structures and Functions In pathology.pptx
Cell structure and function are fundamental to understanding biology. Here's a broad overview:
1. **Cell Structure:**
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- **Cytoplasm:** Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
- **Nucleus:** Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
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2. **Cell Function:**
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- **Reproduction:** Cells can reproduce through processes like mitosis (cell division) or meiosis (reproductive cell division).
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- 2. Properties of Endomembrane System Carries out a variety of tasks in the cell, including: protein synthesis and transport of proteins into membranes and other organelles; metabolism and movement of lipids; and detoxification of poisons membranes of this system are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of vesicles (sacs made of membrane)
- 3. Parts of the Endomembrane System The Endomembrane System Includes: Plasma Membrane Nuclear Envelope Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Vacuoles
- 4. Parts of the Endomembrane System
- 5. Plasma Membrane • separates cell from outside environment and regulates transport of molecules and signals into and out of the cell and communications with other cells • Semi-permeable • Attachment point for the intracellular cytoskeleton
- 6. Nuclear Envelope • The nuclear envelope is a double membrane layer that surrounds the cell. It is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores which allows material to move into and out of thenucleus.
- 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory • an extensive network of membranous tubules and sacs (cisternae) • the ER membrane separates the internal compartments of the ER (ER lumen)from the cytosol • responsible for protein translation, folding and transportation of proteins • Has 2 regions: Smooth ER and Rough ER
- 9. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum What are the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? – synthesis of lipids – carbohydrate metabolism – detoxification of drugs and poisons (especially in liver cells) – stores Calcium ions
- 10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum What are the functions of Rough ER? – attached ribosomes secrete proteins • Glycoproteins • secretory proteins depart from the ER by transport vesicles which are formed in the transitional ER – creates membranes • grows by adding proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane
- 11. Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center A Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. Functions: •Center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping •Has 2 sides: the cis face and trans face
- 13. Lysosome: Digestive Compartments • Lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
- 14. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments Functions: –breaking down of macromolecules –digest worn out organelles, food particles and viruses/bacteria
- 16. Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments • Are membrane bound vesicles whose functions vary in different kinds of cells –Food Vacuole –Contractile Vacuole –Central Vacuole