Basics only
Ribosome’s are a cell structure that makes protein (seat of protein synthesis).
• Ribosomes are often referred as PROTEIN FACTORY of the cell.
• Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing
chemical processes.
• The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and
proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Basics only
Ribosome’s are a cell structure that makes protein (seat of protein synthesis).
• Ribosomes are often referred as PROTEIN FACTORY of the cell.
• Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing
chemical processes.
• The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and
proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Structure and functon of golgi apparatusICHHA PURAK
The Power point presentation consists of 77 slides including following heads
Introduction
Discovery
Distribution
Origin
Shape
Chemical composition
Structure
Common functions
Cell specific functions
Proteoglycans are assembled in G A
Lpid metabolism in G A
Protein sorting
Vesicular Tubular Clusters (VTCs)
Only properly folded and assembled protein can leave ER
Proteins leave ER in COPII coated transport vesicles
summary
questions
References
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
It is a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a cell
It provides structural framework to the cell.it also helps in the cell movement and movement of cytoplasmic components during several processes such as phagocytosis,endocytosis and exocytosis.
It consists of main three components microfilaments,microtubules and intermediate filament
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
Structure and functon of golgi apparatusICHHA PURAK
The Power point presentation consists of 77 slides including following heads
Introduction
Discovery
Distribution
Origin
Shape
Chemical composition
Structure
Common functions
Cell specific functions
Proteoglycans are assembled in G A
Lpid metabolism in G A
Protein sorting
Vesicular Tubular Clusters (VTCs)
Only properly folded and assembled protein can leave ER
Proteins leave ER in COPII coated transport vesicles
summary
questions
References
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
It is a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a cell
It provides structural framework to the cell.it also helps in the cell movement and movement of cytoplasmic components during several processes such as phagocytosis,endocytosis and exocytosis.
It consists of main three components microfilaments,microtubules and intermediate filament
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. IndexIndex• Microtubules
• Structure of microtubules
• Chemical composition of microtubules
• Microtubules in cilia and flagella
• Microtubules in cell division
• Motor proteins in membrane traffic
• Functions
• Microfilaments
• Actin filaments in muscles cells
• Actin filaments in non muscles cells
3. Microtubules :
Microtubules as the word indicates, are tube
like cylindrical structure which are unbranched
and can be several micron in length. They are
hollow tubes, about (20-30 nm) in diameter..
Microtubules are hollow, tubular structures, and
they occur nearly in all eukaryotic cells.
The first observation of these tubular structures in
the axoplasm was made by De Robertis and
Franchi in 1953.
4. Structure of Microtubules
Microtubules as the word indicates, are
tube like cylindrical structure which are
unbranched and can be several micron in
length. They are hollow tubes, about (20-30
nm) in diameter. These microtubules
consists of a circular array of 13 subunits
called as protofilaments. These subunits
are globular in shape and are 5-7 nm in
diameter.
5.
6. Chemical composition and assembly :
The chemistry of microtubules has been studied in some
detail with the help of colchicines and its derivative colcemide
other chemicals like vincristine, vinblastini and
podophyllotoxin, which inhabit assembly of microtubules.
These chemicals bind to the globular subunit and prevent
polymerization.
Microtubules are composed of a single type of globular
protein called tubulin. Tubulin protein consists of -tubulinὰ
and β tubulin, each with a molecular weight of 60,000 daltons.
The dimeric protein,tubulins polymerize at 370
C (Human body
temperature ) to form characteristic microtubule structure.
7.
8.
9. • Microtubules are the central structural
supports in cilia and flagella.
–Both can move unicellular and small
multicellular organisms by propelling water past
the organism.
–If these structures are anchored in a large
structure, they move fluid over a surface.
• For example, cilia sweep mucus carrying trapped
debris from the lungs.
Fig. 7.2
10. • Cilia usually occur in large numbers on the
cell surface.
–They are about 0.25 microns in diameter and 2-
20 microns long.
• There are usually just one or a few flagella
per cell.
–Flagella are the same width as cilia, but 10-200
microns long.
11. In spite of their differences, both cilia and flagella have
the same ultrastructure.
Both have a core of microtubules sheathed by the
plasma membrane.
Nine doublets of microtubules arranged around a pair
at the center, the “9 + 2” pattern.
Flexible “wheels” of proteins connect outer doublets to
each other and to the core.
The outer doublets are also connected by motor
proteins.
The cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by a
basal body, whose structure is identical to a centriole.
12.
13. Microtubules in cell division.Microtubules in cell division.
• After the two centromeres moves towards the opposite sides of the cell at
the beginning of mitosis ,the duplicated chromosome attach to kinetochore
and chromosomal microtubules and align on the metaphase plate.
• The links between chromatids breaks and anaphase begins. Anaphase
consists of movement of chromosome towards the spindle pole along the
kinetochore microtubule, which shortens as the chromosome movement
proceeds.
• Movement of chromosome along the spindle microtubules is driven by
kinetochore-associated motor proteins. Cytoplasmic dynien is associated
with kinetochore The action of these kinetochore proteins is coupled to
disassembly and shortening of both kinetochore and chromosomal
microtubules, which is mediated by kinesins that acts as microtubule-
depolymerizing enzymes.
17. Motor proteins in membrane traffic :-
Two type of motor proteins. Kinesins and
Cytoplasmic dyneins.
1) Kinesins:- iTs responsible for moving vesicles
and organelles from the cell body toward the synaptic
terminals. This motor protein, which was named,
Kinesin, it constructed from two identical heavy
chains and two light chains.
18.
19. 2)Cytoplasmic Dyneins
iTs responsible for the movements of cilia
and flagella. The protein was named
dynein. It took over 20 years before a
dynein like proteins was purified and
characterized from mammalian brain
tissue.
20. Cytoplasmic dyneins is huge protein composed of
two identical heavy chain and a variety of intermediate
and light chains. Dyneins heavy chain as large globular
head, which acts evidence suggests at least two roles for
Cytoplasmic dynein.
1)A force – generating agent in the movement of
chromosome during mitosis.
2)A minus end-directed microtubular motor for the
positioning of the Golgi complex and the movement of
vesicles and organelles through the cytoplasm.
22. Function :
Microtubules function as -
1) An internal Skeleton that provides structural
support and helps maintain the position of
Cytoplasmic organelles
2) Part of the molecular machinery that moves
materials and organelles from one part of a cell to
another.
3) The motile elements of cilia and flagella.
4) Actin components in chromosome separation
during mitosis and meiosis.
23. Microfilaments,
• the thinnest class of the cytoskeletal fibers,
are solid rods of the globular protein actin.
– An actin microfilament consists of a twisted
double chain of actin subunits.
• Microfilaments are designed to resist
tension.
• With other proteins, they form a three-
dimensional network just inside the plasma
membrane.
24. Fig. 7.26 The shape of the
microvilli in this intestinal
cell are supported by
microfilaments, anchored
to a network of
intermediate filaments.
25. • In muscle cells, thousands of actin filaments are
arranged parallel to one another.
• Thicker filaments, composed of a motor protein,
myosin, interdigitate with the thinner actin fibers.
– Myosin molecules walk along the actin filament,
pulling stacks of actin fibers together and
shortening
the cell.
Fig. 7.21a
26. • In other cells, these actin-myosin aggregates are less
organized but still cause localized contraction.
– A contracting belt of microfilaments divides the
cytoplasm of animals cells during cell division.
– Localized contraction also drives amoeboid movement.
• Pseudopodia, cellular extensions, extend and
contract through the reversible assembly and
contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments.
Fig. 7.21b
27. REFRENCESREFRENCES
2)Cell and Molecular biology2)Cell and Molecular biology
- Gerald Karp- Gerald Karp
3)The cell, A molecular approach3)The cell, A molecular approach
(fifth edition)(fifth edition)
- G.M. Cooper- G.M. Cooper
4) www.google.com4) www.google.com
