Acute Diverticulitis is an inflammation of diverticula in the large intestine that commonly occurs in the sigmoid colon. It presents with lower abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. Diagnosis is made through CT scan findings and blood tests. Treatment depends on severity and complications, ranging from oral antibiotics for uncomplicated cases to emergency surgery for perforated diverticulitis with peritonitis. Long term risks include recurrence requiring further treatment or surgery.
Posterior urethral valves is a congenital condition caused by abnormal membranes in the proximal urethra that obstruct the flow of urine. It most commonly presents in infancy with failure to pass urine and is diagnosed using imaging like ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography. Treatment involves surgical ablation of the valves via cystoscopy to restore urinary flow and halt renal damage. Prognosis depends on factors like age at diagnosis and degree of renal dysfunction, as patients may develop lifelong complications due to the original renal insults.
Bile is produced by the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released to aid digestion. The biliary tree consists of intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts that drain bile from the liver to the gallbladder and duodenum. Developmental variations in branching patterns can occur and need to be recognized to avoid complications during surgery or imaging studies. Biliary disorders in children may be developmental, such as biliary atresia or choledochal cysts, or acquired, like inspissated bile plug syndrome. Gallbladder diseases include cholecystitis, porcelain gallbladder, and adenomyomatosis.
Choledochal cysts are a premalignant condition involving cystic dilations of the biliary tree. They are classified into 5 types based on the location and extent of dilation. Type I cysts involve dilation of the extrahepatic bile duct and are the most common, comprising 50-80% of cases. The pathogenesis is thought to involve defects in bile duct remodeling during embryogenesis leading to obstruction and cyst formation. Clinical features vary with age but commonly include abdominal pain, jaundice and mass. Ultrasound is often the initial imaging but MRCP provides the most detail to characterize the cyst type and involvement.
The document discusses liver anatomy, injuries, and management approaches. It provides details on:
1) The surface anatomy and blood supply of the liver.
2) Common causes and presentations of liver injuries including blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, and associated injuries.
3) Classification systems for grading liver injuries based on CT imaging findings.
4) Treatment approaches including non-operative management with observation for lower grade injuries or angioembolization for bleeding, and operative management using packing, Pringle maneuver, and resection for higher grade or unstable injuries.
Acute Diverticulitis is an inflammation of diverticula in the large intestine that commonly occurs in the sigmoid colon. It presents with lower abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. Diagnosis is made through CT scan findings and blood tests. Treatment depends on severity and complications, ranging from oral antibiotics for uncomplicated cases to emergency surgery for perforated diverticulitis with peritonitis. Long term risks include recurrence requiring further treatment or surgery.
Posterior urethral valves is a congenital condition caused by abnormal membranes in the proximal urethra that obstruct the flow of urine. It most commonly presents in infancy with failure to pass urine and is diagnosed using imaging like ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography. Treatment involves surgical ablation of the valves via cystoscopy to restore urinary flow and halt renal damage. Prognosis depends on factors like age at diagnosis and degree of renal dysfunction, as patients may develop lifelong complications due to the original renal insults.
Bile is produced by the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released to aid digestion. The biliary tree consists of intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts that drain bile from the liver to the gallbladder and duodenum. Developmental variations in branching patterns can occur and need to be recognized to avoid complications during surgery or imaging studies. Biliary disorders in children may be developmental, such as biliary atresia or choledochal cysts, or acquired, like inspissated bile plug syndrome. Gallbladder diseases include cholecystitis, porcelain gallbladder, and adenomyomatosis.
Choledochal cysts are a premalignant condition involving cystic dilations of the biliary tree. They are classified into 5 types based on the location and extent of dilation. Type I cysts involve dilation of the extrahepatic bile duct and are the most common, comprising 50-80% of cases. The pathogenesis is thought to involve defects in bile duct remodeling during embryogenesis leading to obstruction and cyst formation. Clinical features vary with age but commonly include abdominal pain, jaundice and mass. Ultrasound is often the initial imaging but MRCP provides the most detail to characterize the cyst type and involvement.
The document discusses liver anatomy, injuries, and management approaches. It provides details on:
1) The surface anatomy and blood supply of the liver.
2) Common causes and presentations of liver injuries including blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, and associated injuries.
3) Classification systems for grading liver injuries based on CT imaging findings.
4) Treatment approaches including non-operative management with observation for lower grade injuries or angioembolization for bleeding, and operative management using packing, Pringle maneuver, and resection for higher grade or unstable injuries.
Lecture on abdominal trauma during Basic Life Support 2018 course in Sibu Hospital. Encompasses blunt and penetrating trauma, principles and tips of management
This document discusses acute pancreatitis, including its anatomy, etiology, diagnosis, assessment of severity, treatment, complications, and management guidelines. It covers the key roles of the pancreas in enzyme and electrolyte secretion. Common causes of pancreatitis like gallstones and alcohol are described. Diagnosis involves serum markers, imaging, and severity scores. Treatment focuses on hydration, nutrition, and managing complications. Local complications like pseudocysts and necrosis are defined and approaches to their management are provided. Surgical debridement indications and timing are outlined.
Understanding, Prevention & Treatment Of Symptomatic Bile RefluxDr. Robert Rutledge
1. Bile reflux is common after gastric bypass surgery like the Billroth II procedure but usually does not cause pain.
2. Dyspepsia after gastric bypass is usually due to gastritis, ulcers, or dietary/lifestyle factors rather than true bile reflux.
3. Conservative treatment including diet, supplements, and medications resolves symptoms in over 99% of dyspepsia cases after gastric bypass. Surgery is rarely needed.
DJ Stenting or Percutaneous nephrostomy(PCN) in acute pyelonephritisGAURAV NAHAR
1. A 35-year-old female presented with left loin pain, fever, vomiting, and dysuria for 7 days and was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis of the left kidney based on investigations.
2. Initially, a left double J stent was placed but her symptoms persisted, so a left percutaneous nephrostomy was performed which led to significant improvement.
3. For acute pyelonephritis, a double J stent or percutaneous nephrostomy may be used for drainage but percutaneous nephrostomy is preferred if symptoms do not resolve with stenting due to more effective drainage of an obstructed system.
This document summarizes the history and current practice of splenectomy. It describes the historical understanding of the spleen from ancient times through the first documented splenectomies in the 1500s. It reviews the development of laparoscopic splenectomy in the 1990s. The spleen's anatomy and blood supply are outlined. Common indications for splenectomy include trauma, hematologic disorders, and malignancy. Both open and laparoscopic techniques are discussed, including preoperative considerations like vaccination. Postoperative care focuses on early mobilization. Complications include infection and thrombosis.
This document provides an overview of diverticular disease of the colon, including its anatomy, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes the typical presentation of uncomplicated and complicated diverticulitis and reviews treatment approaches including antibiotics, abscess drainage, fistula repair, and surgery. Recurrent diverticulitis is noted to increase the risk of complications, with younger patients and more severe initial attacks posing higher risks.
Investigation in a case of obstructive jaundice andYouttam Laudari
This document outlines the approach and investigations for a case of obstructive jaundice. Key tests include liver function tests like bilirubin, AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase. Imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, MRCP, and ERCP can locate the obstruction and its cause. The most accurate tests are MRCP and ERCP. The approach is to first determine if the jaundice has a medical or surgical cause, then use tests and imaging to identify the location and cause of obstruction to guide treatment. The Child-Pugh score helps evaluate prognosis and surgical risk.
This document discusses the investigations and management of surgical jaundice. It outlines the various laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other diagnostic evaluations used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause of obstructive jaundice. This includes liver function tests, ultrasound, CT, MRCP, ERCP, and in some cases biopsy or tumor markers. The document then reviews the treatment approaches for common causes like gallstones, pancreatic cancer, and bile duct cancers. These involve endoscopic or surgical procedures to relieve the obstruction like ERCP, cholecystectomy, bile duct exploration, bypass procedures, and resection when possible. Postoperative jaundice is also discussed.
This document discusses injuries to the lower urinary tract, including the urinary bladder and urethra. It describes the etiology, classification, clinical features, investigations, complications, and treatment for injuries to these structures. Injuries to the urinary bladder can be extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal ruptures. Injuries to the urethra can involve the membranous or anterior portions. Treatment involves surgical repair or catheter drainage depending on the specific injury.
TG13: Updated Tokyo guidelines for acute cholecystitis Jibran Mohsin
The document provides updated guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute cholecystitis from the Tokyo Guidelines 2013. It details the terminology, etiology, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria including signs, symptoms, imaging and laboratory findings. It establishes criteria for grading the severity of acute cholecystitis cases. The management section outlines antimicrobial therapy, options for gallbladder drainage, and surgical management. Key points include utilizing ultrasonography for initial diagnosis assessment and defining diagnostic criteria as localized signs of inflammation plus systemic signs of inflammation along with imaging characteristics of acute cholecystitis.
This document provides information about acute kidney injury in liver disease. It begins with definitions of acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome. It then discusses the types, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For diagnosis it outlines the criteria for hepatorenal syndrome from the International Club of Ascites. It discusses treatment approaches including vasoconstrictor therapy with terlipressin and noradrenaline. Trials comparing terlipressin to placebo or noradrenaline show terlipressin can induce reversal of hepatorenal syndrome in around 30-40% of patients.
1. The document discusses intestinal stomas, which are surgically created openings in the abdomen that allow elimination of intestinal contents.
2. The most common types are ileostomies and colostomies, which can be end stomas or loop stomas. Loop stomas are sometimes preferred over end stomas as they may have fewer complications.
3. When creating a stoma, it is important to select an optimal site, counsel the patient beforehand, and follow principles like ensuring adequate blood supply and minimal tension on the stoma. The document provides details on forming different types of stomas surgically.
This document describes the open cholecystectomy procedure. It indicates that open cholecystectomy is performed to treat conditions like cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis. It outlines the patient preparation, incision type (typically a right subcostal incision), and technique which involves dissecting and ligating/clipping the cystic duct and artery before removing the gallbladder. Potential complications of the open procedure include bleeding, infection, and bile leaks or common bile duct injuries.
Acute calculous cholecystitis is caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone. Symptoms include biliary colic, fever, and right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound and hepatobiliary scintigraphy can diagnose thickened gallbladder walls and obstruction. Treatment involves early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for mild cases, or initial conservative treatment with antibiotics and potential percutaneous cholecystostomy for severe cases presenting with sepsis, with delayed cholecystectomy once the patient improves. Guidelines recommend early surgery for mild disease and initial medical management for severe acute cholecystitis.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on diverticular disease. It recommends actively engaging students by showing blank slides on topics like aetiology and asking students what they know before providing information. The presentation should be rerun with blanks slides, questions, and answers to reinforce learning. Formatting of the presentation includes sections like introduction, relevant anatomy, aetiology, pathophysiology, and management. Management of diverticular disease depends on severity of presentation, complications present, and comorbidities. Uncomplicated cases can be treated medically while complicated cases may require surgery.
This document provides information on analyzing ascitic fluid. It describes the gross appearance of ascitic fluid based on characteristics like opacity, color, and triglyceride level. The cell count and differential in ascitic fluid can indicate conditions like spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The serum-ascites albumin gradient is used to classify ascites as having a high or low albumin gradient. Additional tests described include total protein level, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, smear and culture for bacteria or mycobacteria, adenosine deaminase for tuberculosis, and cytology for malignancy detection.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an infection of ascitic fluid in people with liver cirrhosis and ascites. It is defined by a positive ascitic fluid culture with ≥250 PMN cells/mm3 in the absence of an intra-abdominal source. Risk factors include low ascitic fluid protein and prior SBP. Translocation of gut bacteria through the intestinal wall and lymphatics is a main mechanism. Treatment involves antibiotics like cefotaxime for 5-7 days. Prognosis depends on clinical stability, though prophylaxis may be considered for high risk patients.
1) Liver transplantation involves replacing a diseased liver with a healthy donor liver. It has improved survival rates from 30% to over 90% due to advances like immunosuppressive drugs.
2) There are various indications for liver transplantation in both adults and children, including cirrhosis, liver cancer, and genetic liver diseases. Recipients are selected based on factors like MELD score and disease severity.
3) The surgery requires connecting the donor liver's blood vessels and bile duct. Post-operatively, patients are closely monitored and given immunosuppressants to prevent rejection while managing side effects.
Upper urinary tract obstruction can result from congenital or acquired conditions that impede urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder. Complete obstruction leads to hydronephrosis and retrograde pressure that damages kidney tissue over time through tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The degree and duration of obstruction determine the likelihood of recovering renal function after relief of obstruction. Emerging therapies aim to prevent obstruction-associated apoptosis and fibrosis by targeting growth factors and cytokines involved in renal injury pathways.
Lecture on abdominal trauma during Basic Life Support 2018 course in Sibu Hospital. Encompasses blunt and penetrating trauma, principles and tips of management
This document discusses acute pancreatitis, including its anatomy, etiology, diagnosis, assessment of severity, treatment, complications, and management guidelines. It covers the key roles of the pancreas in enzyme and electrolyte secretion. Common causes of pancreatitis like gallstones and alcohol are described. Diagnosis involves serum markers, imaging, and severity scores. Treatment focuses on hydration, nutrition, and managing complications. Local complications like pseudocysts and necrosis are defined and approaches to their management are provided. Surgical debridement indications and timing are outlined.
Understanding, Prevention & Treatment Of Symptomatic Bile RefluxDr. Robert Rutledge
1. Bile reflux is common after gastric bypass surgery like the Billroth II procedure but usually does not cause pain.
2. Dyspepsia after gastric bypass is usually due to gastritis, ulcers, or dietary/lifestyle factors rather than true bile reflux.
3. Conservative treatment including diet, supplements, and medications resolves symptoms in over 99% of dyspepsia cases after gastric bypass. Surgery is rarely needed.
DJ Stenting or Percutaneous nephrostomy(PCN) in acute pyelonephritisGAURAV NAHAR
1. A 35-year-old female presented with left loin pain, fever, vomiting, and dysuria for 7 days and was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis of the left kidney based on investigations.
2. Initially, a left double J stent was placed but her symptoms persisted, so a left percutaneous nephrostomy was performed which led to significant improvement.
3. For acute pyelonephritis, a double J stent or percutaneous nephrostomy may be used for drainage but percutaneous nephrostomy is preferred if symptoms do not resolve with stenting due to more effective drainage of an obstructed system.
This document summarizes the history and current practice of splenectomy. It describes the historical understanding of the spleen from ancient times through the first documented splenectomies in the 1500s. It reviews the development of laparoscopic splenectomy in the 1990s. The spleen's anatomy and blood supply are outlined. Common indications for splenectomy include trauma, hematologic disorders, and malignancy. Both open and laparoscopic techniques are discussed, including preoperative considerations like vaccination. Postoperative care focuses on early mobilization. Complications include infection and thrombosis.
This document provides an overview of diverticular disease of the colon, including its anatomy, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes the typical presentation of uncomplicated and complicated diverticulitis and reviews treatment approaches including antibiotics, abscess drainage, fistula repair, and surgery. Recurrent diverticulitis is noted to increase the risk of complications, with younger patients and more severe initial attacks posing higher risks.
Investigation in a case of obstructive jaundice andYouttam Laudari
This document outlines the approach and investigations for a case of obstructive jaundice. Key tests include liver function tests like bilirubin, AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase. Imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, MRCP, and ERCP can locate the obstruction and its cause. The most accurate tests are MRCP and ERCP. The approach is to first determine if the jaundice has a medical or surgical cause, then use tests and imaging to identify the location and cause of obstruction to guide treatment. The Child-Pugh score helps evaluate prognosis and surgical risk.
This document discusses the investigations and management of surgical jaundice. It outlines the various laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other diagnostic evaluations used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause of obstructive jaundice. This includes liver function tests, ultrasound, CT, MRCP, ERCP, and in some cases biopsy or tumor markers. The document then reviews the treatment approaches for common causes like gallstones, pancreatic cancer, and bile duct cancers. These involve endoscopic or surgical procedures to relieve the obstruction like ERCP, cholecystectomy, bile duct exploration, bypass procedures, and resection when possible. Postoperative jaundice is also discussed.
This document discusses injuries to the lower urinary tract, including the urinary bladder and urethra. It describes the etiology, classification, clinical features, investigations, complications, and treatment for injuries to these structures. Injuries to the urinary bladder can be extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal ruptures. Injuries to the urethra can involve the membranous or anterior portions. Treatment involves surgical repair or catheter drainage depending on the specific injury.
TG13: Updated Tokyo guidelines for acute cholecystitis Jibran Mohsin
The document provides updated guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute cholecystitis from the Tokyo Guidelines 2013. It details the terminology, etiology, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria including signs, symptoms, imaging and laboratory findings. It establishes criteria for grading the severity of acute cholecystitis cases. The management section outlines antimicrobial therapy, options for gallbladder drainage, and surgical management. Key points include utilizing ultrasonography for initial diagnosis assessment and defining diagnostic criteria as localized signs of inflammation plus systemic signs of inflammation along with imaging characteristics of acute cholecystitis.
This document provides information about acute kidney injury in liver disease. It begins with definitions of acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome. It then discusses the types, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For diagnosis it outlines the criteria for hepatorenal syndrome from the International Club of Ascites. It discusses treatment approaches including vasoconstrictor therapy with terlipressin and noradrenaline. Trials comparing terlipressin to placebo or noradrenaline show terlipressin can induce reversal of hepatorenal syndrome in around 30-40% of patients.
1. The document discusses intestinal stomas, which are surgically created openings in the abdomen that allow elimination of intestinal contents.
2. The most common types are ileostomies and colostomies, which can be end stomas or loop stomas. Loop stomas are sometimes preferred over end stomas as they may have fewer complications.
3. When creating a stoma, it is important to select an optimal site, counsel the patient beforehand, and follow principles like ensuring adequate blood supply and minimal tension on the stoma. The document provides details on forming different types of stomas surgically.
This document describes the open cholecystectomy procedure. It indicates that open cholecystectomy is performed to treat conditions like cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis. It outlines the patient preparation, incision type (typically a right subcostal incision), and technique which involves dissecting and ligating/clipping the cystic duct and artery before removing the gallbladder. Potential complications of the open procedure include bleeding, infection, and bile leaks or common bile duct injuries.
Acute calculous cholecystitis is caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone. Symptoms include biliary colic, fever, and right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound and hepatobiliary scintigraphy can diagnose thickened gallbladder walls and obstruction. Treatment involves early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for mild cases, or initial conservative treatment with antibiotics and potential percutaneous cholecystostomy for severe cases presenting with sepsis, with delayed cholecystectomy once the patient improves. Guidelines recommend early surgery for mild disease and initial medical management for severe acute cholecystitis.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on diverticular disease. It recommends actively engaging students by showing blank slides on topics like aetiology and asking students what they know before providing information. The presentation should be rerun with blanks slides, questions, and answers to reinforce learning. Formatting of the presentation includes sections like introduction, relevant anatomy, aetiology, pathophysiology, and management. Management of diverticular disease depends on severity of presentation, complications present, and comorbidities. Uncomplicated cases can be treated medically while complicated cases may require surgery.
This document provides information on analyzing ascitic fluid. It describes the gross appearance of ascitic fluid based on characteristics like opacity, color, and triglyceride level. The cell count and differential in ascitic fluid can indicate conditions like spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The serum-ascites albumin gradient is used to classify ascites as having a high or low albumin gradient. Additional tests described include total protein level, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, smear and culture for bacteria or mycobacteria, adenosine deaminase for tuberculosis, and cytology for malignancy detection.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an infection of ascitic fluid in people with liver cirrhosis and ascites. It is defined by a positive ascitic fluid culture with ≥250 PMN cells/mm3 in the absence of an intra-abdominal source. Risk factors include low ascitic fluid protein and prior SBP. Translocation of gut bacteria through the intestinal wall and lymphatics is a main mechanism. Treatment involves antibiotics like cefotaxime for 5-7 days. Prognosis depends on clinical stability, though prophylaxis may be considered for high risk patients.
1) Liver transplantation involves replacing a diseased liver with a healthy donor liver. It has improved survival rates from 30% to over 90% due to advances like immunosuppressive drugs.
2) There are various indications for liver transplantation in both adults and children, including cirrhosis, liver cancer, and genetic liver diseases. Recipients are selected based on factors like MELD score and disease severity.
3) The surgery requires connecting the donor liver's blood vessels and bile duct. Post-operatively, patients are closely monitored and given immunosuppressants to prevent rejection while managing side effects.
Upper urinary tract obstruction can result from congenital or acquired conditions that impede urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder. Complete obstruction leads to hydronephrosis and retrograde pressure that damages kidney tissue over time through tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The degree and duration of obstruction determine the likelihood of recovering renal function after relief of obstruction. Emerging therapies aim to prevent obstruction-associated apoptosis and fibrosis by targeting growth factors and cytokines involved in renal injury pathways.
Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin found in marine animals like pufferfish. It blocks sodium channels, preventing action potentials and paralyzing neurons and muscles. Poisoning symptoms range from numbness to respiratory failure and death. The toxin is produced by various bacteria in marine life. While rare, poisoning is more common where pufferfish is regularly consumed. There is no antidote, so treatment focuses on supportive care and monitoring until the toxin is cleared from the body.
1) The Sgarbossa criteria provide guidelines for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block (LBB) or ventricular paced rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG), as these conditions can obscure ECG changes.
2) The original Sgarbossa criteria included three criteria involving concordant or discordant ST segment changes greater than 1mm. The modified criteria expanded this to include proportionally excessive discordant ST elevation.
3) Different types of STEMI are described based on the location of maximal ST elevation, including anterior, inferior, lateral, posterior, and right ventricular STEMI, each with characteristic ECG patterns.
This document discusses interventricular conduction delay and raised intracranial pressure as seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines interventricular conduction delay and lists various causes including fascicular blocks, bundle branch blocks, ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation, electrolyte abnormalities, toxins, pre-excitation, and arrhythmogenic cardiac conditions. It then discusses raised intracranial pressure and the associated ECG findings of widespread T-wave inversions, QT prolongation, and bradycardia as part of the Cushing reflex, indicating imminent brainstem herniation. Massive intracranial hemorrhages such as subarachnoid hemorrhage are the most common causes
The document discusses various electrolyte abnormalities and their ECG manifestations, including hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesia, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypothermia. For each condition, it provides the normal and abnormal ranges for the electrolyte levels and describes the associated ECG changes such as peaked T waves, QT prolongation, low QRS voltage, bradycardia, and arrhythmias. The document serves as a reference for clinicians to recognize ECG patterns caused by electrolyte and endocrine abnormalities.
1) Fascicular ventricular tachycardia is the most common form of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left ventricle. It typically presents in young patients without structural heart disease.
2) It has characteristic ECG features including a monomorphic ventricular rhythm with fusion complexes and AV dissociation. The QRS duration is between 100-140 ms with a short RS interval of 60-80 ms. It also shows a right bundle branch block pattern and axis deviation.
3) Posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia, which arises near the left posterior fascicle, shows a right bundle branch block pattern with left axis deviation. Anterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia arises
The document discusses several electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and rhythms including ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, electrical alternans seen in massive pericardial effusion which produces low QRS voltage, electrical alternans and tachycardia, escape rhythms like junctional escape rhythms where the pacemaker rate decreases down the conducting system, and ventricular escape rhythms. It also discusses the terminology of junctional rhythms and includes literature references.
The document discusses De Winter's T waves, which are characterized by three key findings on ECG: upsloping ST depression in precordial leads, tall symmetric T waves in precordial leads, and ST elevation in aVR. It also summarizes the ECG patterns seen in dextrocardia, including right axis deviation, positive complexes in aVR, and dominant S waves in precordial leads. Finally, it outlines the ECG features of digoxin effect and toxicity, such as biphasic T waves, shortened QT, and the dysrhythmia of supraventricular tachycardia with a slow ventricular response seen in digoxin toxicity.
Massive carbamazepine overdose of more than 50 mg/kg can cause cardiotoxicity due to sodium channel blockade, which may be detectable on ECG as subtle QRS widening or first-degree AV block. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilatation and reduced ejection fraction below 40%, commonly presenting with symptoms of biventricular failure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can cause prominent P waves in inferior leads, exaggerated ST segments, low QRS voltage especially in V4-V6, and may show an SV1-SV2-SV3 pattern.
- Benign early repolarization shows concave ST elevation less than 2 mm with no progression over time, most prominent in V2-V5. Notching at the J-point and concordant T-waves are also seen.
- Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity can cause prolonged PR interval and bradycardia. Propranolol toxicity specifically causes QRS widening and positive R' wave in aVR. Sotalol toxicity causes QT prolongation and risk of Torsades de Pointes.
- Bifascicular block is a combination of right bundle branch block with either left anterior or posterior fascicular block, and can be caused by ischemia, hypertension or other
This document discusses atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). It states that AVNRT is the most common cause of palpitations in structurally normal hearts. It can occur spontaneously or be provoked. There are three main types - slow-fast AVNRT which is most common and shows no visible P waves, fast-slow AVNRT where P waves are visible after the QRS, and slow-slow AVNRT where P waves appear before the QRS. The tachycardia rate is typically between 140-280 beats per minute and is regular. AVNRT occurs due to a reentry circuit within the atrioventricular node.
This document summarizes different types of atrioventricular (AV) blocks seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It describes first-degree AV block as a PR interval over 200ms. Second-degree AV block, Mobitz type I (Wenckebach phenomenon) shows progressive PR prolongation until a blocked pulse. Mobitz type II shows intermittent non-conducted pulses without PR prolongation. High-grade second-degree AV block has a P:QRS ratio of 3:1 or higher, with an extremely slow ventricular rate. Third-degree or complete heart block shows no relationship between atrial and ventricular rates. Causes include myocardial infarction, drugs, and conduction system disease. Treatment ranges from
This document provides an overview of several cardiac arrhythmias and conditions including:
1. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR), which results when an ectopic ventricular pacemaker exceeds the sinus node rate. AIVR is seen post-myocardial infarction and features a regular rhythm between 50-110 bpm with three or more QRS complexes.
2. Atrial flutter, a supraventricular tachycardia caused by a reentry circuit in the right atrium with a rate of around 300 bpm. The ventricular rate is determined by AV conduction.
3. Atrial fibrillation, the most common sustained arrhythmia characterized by irregularly irregular rhythm without
1) Cardiorenal syndrome commonly occurs in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes. It involves a complex interaction between hemodynamic alterations and activation of neurohormonal systems that affects both the heart and kidneys.
2) There are five types of cardiorenal syndrome classified based on the inciting cardiac or renal event and the affected secondary organs. Type 1 is acute cardiorenal syndrome due to acute worsening of cardiac function leading to kidney injury.
3) Loop diuretics are the mainstay of treatment for congestion in heart failure but aggressive diuresis may worsen kidney function. Other therapies discussed include inotropic agents, vasopressin antagonists
Categorization of risks and benefits (food additives)Domina Petric
The document discusses various categories of risks associated with food, including foodborne hazards of microbial origin, nutritional hazards, environmental contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants, and food additives. It notes that foodborne diseases of microbial origin pose the greatest risks. Nutritional hazards can arise from deficiencies or excesses. Environmental contaminants can enter the food supply from industrial or natural sources. Naturally occurring toxicants are found in some foods. Food additives present minimal risks when consumed within permitted levels. The document also outlines categories of potential benefits from foods, including health benefits, supply benefits, hedonic benefits, and convenience benefits.
This document discusses the benefits and risks of food additives. The benefits include making foods safer, more nutritious, and longer lasting through the use of preservatives and antioxidants. Additives also provide greater variety of foods and lower prices. However, there are also risks. There is a lack of data on the long term health effects of combinations of additives. Some additives are associated with "junk foods" that are low in nutrients. While direct toxic effects are unlikely at legal levels, some individuals may have hypersensitivity reactions. Some animal studies also indicate potential cancer and reproductive issues, but no direct evidence in humans. The risks must be weighed against the benefits on a case by case basis.
The document discusses different types of food additives and how they are classified. It describes preservatives like antimicrobials, antioxidants and antibrowning agents. Nutritional additives add vitamins, minerals and fiber. Coloring agents and flavors are used to enhance appearance and taste. Texturizing agents modify texture and mouthfeel. Additives are identified by International Numbering System codes or E numbers from the European Union.
Effector phase in immune mediated drug hypersensitivityDomina Petric
This document discusses antibody-mediated and T cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity. It describes how drugs can act as haptens and stimulate T and B cell responses, leading to IgE production and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. It also discusses the p-i concept where drugs can directly interact with T cell receptors and cause reactions without prior sensitization, particularly in the skin which contains many resident immune cells.
1. Small molecule drugs can become immunogenic by undergoing bioactivation into chemically reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins, forming hapten-carrier complexes.
2. These complexes are then processed and presented by antigen presenting cells to T cells, stimulating an adaptive immune response.
3. Whether a humoral or cellular immune response develops depends on which proteins are modified by the hapten and whether they are soluble or cell-bound.
2. Akutni kolecistitis
• Akutni kolecistitis je jedna od najčešćih
komplikacija simptomatskih žučnih kamenaca.
• Liječi se kirurški.
• Posljedica je uklještenja žučnog kamena u vratu
žučnjaka ili u ductus cysticus.
• Nastaje opstrukcija žučnog mjehura.
• Mjehur je distendiran, a stijenka upaljena.
• Bol kod akutnog kolecistitisa traje danima i
pojačava se.
3. Akutni kolecistitis
• U početku je bol visceralnog karaktera i nejasne
lokalizacije.
• Kako se upala razvija, dolazi do podražaja
parijetalnog peritoneuma.
• Bol se tada osjeća u desnom gornjem kvadrantu
(DGK) trbuha.
• Murphyjev znak je pozitivan.
• Bolesnik se žali na mučninu i gubitak teka, često
povraća.
• Tjelesna temperatura je malo povišena.
4. Akutni kolecistitis
• Palpacijom pod DRL-om se otkriva bolna
tumefakcija koja odgovara ograničenom
upalnom procesu u žučnjaku.
Laboratorijske vrijednosti su nespecifične:
• blaga leukocitoza
• manje povećanje jetrenih enzima
5. UZV akutnog kolecistitisa
Visoko specifični znakovi su:
• zadebljanje stijenke žučnjaka
• raslojavanje stijenke
• perikolecistična tekućina
6. Oblici akutnog kolecistitisa
• hidrops žučnjaka
• empijem (žučnjak je pun gnoja i nekrotičnog
dermisa)
• gangrena žučnjaka s mogućom perforacijom
Perforacija može biti ograničena okolnim
strukturama ili slobodna, što izaziva difuzni
bilijarni peritonitis.
10. Liječenje
• Rehidratacija bolesnika, uspostava ravnoteže
elektrolita, iv. primjena antibiotika i primjena
analgetika!
• Opioidni analgetici mogu izazvati spazam
Oddievog sfinktera i tako negativno utjecati
na razvoj bolesti.
• Rana kolecistektomija (24 do 48 h od početka
bolesti) je metoda izbora u liječenju akutnog
kolecistitisa.
11. Koledokolitijaza
Kamenci u duktusu koledokusu mogu izazvati različite
simptome:
• žutica
• kolangitis
• akutni pankreatitis
• sepsa
Do 15% kolecistektomiranih bolesnika ima kamence u
žučovodu.
• Koledokolitijaza se često javlja uz druge bolesti žučnog
sustava, primjerice uz benigne bilijarne strikture,
sklerozirajući kolangitis te rekurentni piogeni kolangitis.
12. Dijagnoza
• Povišene vrijednosti bilirubina i ALP u serumu
imaju osjetljivost >50%.
• Koledokolitijaza se može dokazati samo
kolangiografijom.
Indikacije za kolangiografiju su:
• za vrijeme operacije palpabilna koledokolitijaza
• dilatacija koledokusa
• povišenje vrijednosti jetrenih proba
• anamnestički podatak o nedavnom kolangitisu,
žutici ili pankreatitisu
14. Liječenje
• Uvijek valja odstraniti kamence iz koledokusa.
• Koledokotomija ili otvaranje glavnog žučnog voda se
radi kad se kamenci otkriju za vrijeme kolecistektomije.
• Poslije odstranjenja kamenaca postavlja se T dren.
Kroz T dren se napravi intraoperacijska kolangiografija kojom
se mogu:
• vidjeti intra- i ekstrahepatalni žučni vodovi
• procijeniti postoje li defekti punjenja kontrasta
• vidjeti kako kontrast prolazi kroz papilu Vateri u
duodenum
Kamenci iz žučovoda mogu biti odstranjeni i endoskopski.
15. Kolangitis
• Infekcija koja se jako brzo razvija.
• Za svega nekoliko sati progredira do septičkog
šoka i MOF (multiorgan failure).
• Nastaje prodor bakterija i endotoksina pod
tlakom iz lumena žučnih vodova u sistemsku
cirkulaciju.
• Simptomi su povišena tjelesna temperatura,
žutica i bol, koja se javlja zbog povišenog
intraduktalnog tlaka i distenzije žučnog mjehura
(Charcotov trijas).
17. Kolangitis
Charcotov trijas:
• bol pod DRL
• vrućica s tresavicama
• žutica
Liječenje:
• potporne mjere, antibiotici
Obavezno se mora otkloniti opstrukcija žučnog
sustava.
• Danas se primjenjuje endoskopska metoda.
18. Bilijarni ileus uzrokovan žučnim
kamencima
• Postoji fistulozna komunikacija sa susjednim
probavnim sustavom, najčešće duodenumom.
• Fistula nastaje uslijed duljeg trajanja
kolecistitisa.
• Fistula žučnog mjehura može nastati i s
kolonom, želucem ili distalnijim dijelovima
tankog crijeva.
• Kamenci koji uzrokuju ileus su obično veliki,
promjera 2 do 3 cm.
• Kamenac nakon prolaza kroz kolecistoenteričnu
fistulu zapinje najčešće u terminalnom ileumu.
19. Dijagnoza
• Karakterističan bolesnik je žena koja u
anamnezi ima podatak o žučnim napadajima
od prije nekoliko dana, a dolazi liječniku zbog
opstrukcije tankog crijeva.
• RTG trbuha: često se vidi pneumobilija, može
se vidjeti i kamenac ako ima dovoljnu
koncentraciju kalcija.
22. Liječenje
• Odstranjenje kamenca koji uzrokuje opstrukciju!
• Pažljiva inspekcija ostatka tankog crijeva kako bi se
otkrili i odstranili postojeći kamenci!
• Enterotomija i ekstrakcija kamenca se obično izvodi
nekoliko cm oralnije od mjesta opstrukcije.
• Samo mjesto opstrukcije je često patološki
promijenjeno što bi utjecalo na cijeljenje šavne linije
crijeva.
• Konačni terapijski zahvat u liječenju fistule i
kolecistektomija se mogu obaviti u jednom aktu samo
ako to dopušta opće stanje bolesnika.
23. Akalkulozni kolecistitis
• Rijetka bolest.
• Može završiti smrtnim ishodom jer je riječ o
akutnoj transmuralnoj upali žučnjaka bez nalaza
žučnih kamenaca.
• Patogeneza ove bolesti je povezana s ishemijom
stijenke žučnjaka.
• Najčešće obolijevaju jako teški bolesnici, često
oni sa sepsom, koji borave u JIL-u.
• Gangrena, empijem i perforacija češće
pogoršavaju tijek akalkuloznog kolecistitisa nego
akutnog kalkuloznog kolecistitisa.
24. Akalkulozni kolecistitis
• Stopa komplikacija je 75%.
• Stopa smrtnosti je do 40%.
• Dijagnozu može biti vrlo teško postaviti.
• Metoda izbora u liječenju akalkuloznog
kolecistitisa je hitan kirurški zahvat.
25. Mirizziev sindrom
• Opstrukcija zajedničkog žučnog voda kamencem koji
se nalazi u ductus cysticusu ili Hartmannovoj vreći.
• Češće se javlja u starijih osoba.
• Može se razviti u svakog bolesnika s kolelitijazom.
• U tipu I veliki kamenac zaglavljen unutar ductus
cysticus ili Hartmannove vreće pritišće ductus
choledocus.
• Postojeća upala pogoršava strikturu koledokusa.
• U tipu II, kamenac prodire u ductus hepaticus,
stvarajući fistulu između žučnjaka i hepaticusa, odn.
koledokusa.
26. Mirizziev sindrom
• Dugačak paralelan tok koledokusa i cistikusa
doprinosi nastaku ovog sindroma.
• Liječenje tipa I je kolecistektomija.
• Potrebno je paziti da ne dođe do ijatrogene
ozljede koledokusa.
• Kod tipa II se primjenjuje parcijalna
kolecistektomija i biliodigestivna
anastomoza.
28. Postkolecistektomijski sindrom
• Karakteriziran je bolovima u epigastriju i DGK
trbuha koji se javljaju poslije
kolecistektomije.
• Manje probavne tegobe često nastaju poslije
takvog kirurškog zahvata, ali se velik broj
bolesnika tijekom vremena oporavi.
• Smetnje koje ima oko 40% bolesnika su
nakupljanje plinova, nadutost, grčevi u
trbuhu ili dispepsija.
29. Klinička slika
• Napadaj boli u epigastriju i DGK trbuha što nije
povezano s obrokom ili posebnom vrstom hrane!
• Bol je grčevita, a javlja se povremeno.
• Bol može biti stalna i trajati 24 do 48 h.
• Laboratorijski nalazi su uredni dok bolesnik nema
akutni napadaj boli.
• U akutnom napadaju mogu postojati povišene
vrijednosti testova jetrenih fukcija te porast razine
serumskih amilaza ili lipaza.
• U razmacima između napadaja vrijednosti testova su
uredne.
30. Liječenje
• Visoke doze blokatora Ca-kanala i nitrati?
• Endoskopska sfinkterotomija pomaže u 90% slučajeva
ako postoji povišen tlak sfinktera (normalan tlak je
ispod 30 mmHg).
• Ako vrijednosti tlaka rastu iznad 40 mmHg, riječ je o
stenozi ili spazmu sfinktera.
• U bolesnika u kojih je tlak sfinktera normalan,
poboljšanje nakon endoskopske sfinkterotomije je
zabilježeno u samo 25% slučajeva.
• Presijecanje Oddievog sfinktera (transduodenalna
sfinkteroplastika) je znatno teži zahvat.
• Danas se uspješno izvodi endoskopskim putem.