This document provides an overview of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their functions in plants, particularly in response to environmental stresses. It begins with an introduction to RBPs, describing the different types of RNA-binding domains and how RBPs bind to RNA. It then discusses the diverse functions of RBPs in processes like alternative splicing, RNA modification, polyadenylation, and mRNA localization, transport, stability, and translation. A major section explores the role of RBPs in responding to environmental stresses like temperature, osmotic stress, drought, and flooding. It presents examples of specific RBPs that are regulated under stress conditions. The document concludes with discussing future research perspectives on further characterizing plant
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerasesYashwanth B S
supercoiling is one of the important process to condenses the huge amount of DNA to fit inside the histone and its also plays a role during the replication ,transcription etc..,these activities is carried out by an enzyme called topoisomerases.
RNA transport
Multiple classes of RNA are exported from the nucleus
Transportation through nuclear pore complex.
Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus and exported by exportin 1
tRNAs are exported by a dedicated exportin
Messenger RNAs are exported from the nucleus as RNA-protein complexes
Messenger RNAs are exported from the nucleus as RNA-protein complexes
hnRNPs move from sites of processing to NPCs
Precursors to microRNAs are exported from the nucleus and processed in the cytoplasm
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerasesYashwanth B S
supercoiling is one of the important process to condenses the huge amount of DNA to fit inside the histone and its also plays a role during the replication ,transcription etc..,these activities is carried out by an enzyme called topoisomerases.
RNA transport
Multiple classes of RNA are exported from the nucleus
Transportation through nuclear pore complex.
Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus and exported by exportin 1
tRNAs are exported by a dedicated exportin
Messenger RNAs are exported from the nucleus as RNA-protein complexes
Messenger RNAs are exported from the nucleus as RNA-protein complexes
hnRNPs move from sites of processing to NPCs
Precursors to microRNAs are exported from the nucleus and processed in the cytoplasm
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Beyond transcription: RNA-binding proteins as emerging regulator of plant response to environmental constraints
1. Beyond transcription: RNA-binding proteins as emerging regulators
of plant response to environmental constraints
Presented by:
Balasaheb Biradar
iabt, UAS Dharwad
2. Introduction
Types of Plant RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)
Diverse functions of RBPs
RNA-binding proteins in response to environmental stresses
Future perspectives
Conclusion
OUTLINE OF SEMINAR
3. 3
INTRODUCION
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that bind to RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) of
double or single stranded RNA in cells and form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes.
RBPs in nucleus exist as complexes of protein and pre-mRNA called heterogeneous
ribonucleoprotein (hnRNPs).
Eukaryotic cells to utilize RNA exons in various arrangements, giving rise to a unique
RNP (ribonucleoprotein) for each RNA.
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) govern many aspects of RNA metabolism Pre-mRNA
processing, transport, stability/decay and translation.
Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 200 putative RBP genes while 250 RBP genes in
Oryza sativa.
Eukaryotic genomes encode a large number of RBPs yeast 5–8% and in Caenorhabditis
elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, approximately 2%.
Why do eukaryotes need so many – hundreds and perhaps thousands of – RBPs?
4. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are numerous and diverse
Some well-characterized RNA-binding domains :-
• RNA-binding domain (RBD), also known as RNP and RRM domain
• K-homology (KH) domain (type I and type II)
• RGG (Arg-Gly-Gly) box
• DEAD/DEAH box
• Zinc finger (ZnF, mostly C-x8-X-x5-X-x3-H)
• Double stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD)
• Pumilio / FBF (PUF or Pum-HD) domain
• Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille (PAZ) domain
7. Fig. Human Pumilio protein Fig. RRM from yeast Hrp1 Fig. KH domains of NusA
Fig. Two dsRBDs of ADAR2 Fig. Polypyrimidine-tract binding
(PTB) protein
Fig. TFIIIA–RNA complex
RNA-binding modules function together to recognize a specific RNA
9. Fig. RNA-binding modules are combined to perform multiple functional roles
Fig. Modular architecture allows for the regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymatic domains.
12. Methods to identify and characterize the RBPs and the RNAs with
which they interact.
RIP assay :- which combines reversible cross-linking with formaldehyde
followed by immunoprecipitation and RT-PCR.
Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation ( CLIP):- Recently, this method adapted,
using tagged proteins and including an immunoprecipitation step following
cross-linking.
A yeast-three hybrid system:- Has been devised as a screening method to
identify RBPs and their target RNAs
14. Fig. A yeast-three hybrid systemFig. Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP)
15. Ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking:- (in vivo)
• The hnRNP and messenger RNP (mRNP) complexes were initially isolated by
ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking of RNA–protein complexes in vivo
• It is a reliable and effective method used to detect RNA–protein interactions,
and association of proteins with RNAs that could occur after cell lysis
An affinity tag :- Facilitate the isolation of an RBP of interest, followed by
analysis of associated RNAs using microarrays,
Bioinformatics approaches :- To identify RNA targets if a consensus and non-
degenerate RNA-binding sequence is known
17. Alternative splicing :-
• Mechanism by which different forms of mature mRNAs generated from same
gene.
• Variations in the incorporation of the exons into mRNA leads to the production
of more than one related protein.
• Ex. Neuronal specific RNA-binding proteins (NOVA), Defect cause
Paraneoplastic neurological disorder (PND).
RNA modification :-
• Change in nucleotide content of RNA and extends the diversity of gene
products.
• Conversion of adenosine to inosine in an enzymatic reaction catalyzed
by ADAR.
• Ex. Glutamine is converted to arginine.
18. Polyadenylation :-
• Addition of a “tail” of adenylate residues to an RNA transcript about 20 bases
downstream of AAUAAA sequence within 3’ untranslated region.
• Polyadenylation of mRNA has strong effect on its nuclear transport, translation
efficiency, and stability.
• Ex. CPSF (Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor) with PABP activate
poly A polymerase.
mRNA export :-
• After processing is complete, mRNA needs to be transported from the cell
nucleus to cytoplasm. Ex. TAP/NXF1
1) Generation of a cargo-carrier complex in the nucleus
2) Translocation of the complex through the nuclear pore complex
3) Release of the cargo into cytoplasm.
19. mRNA localization :-
Localization of transcript to specific region of cell during development.
Through mRNA localization proteins are transcribed in their intended target site of the
cell.
ZBP1 (Zipcode binding protein) binds to beta-actin mRNA at the site of 3’ UTR of β-actin
mRNA and moves mRNA into the cytoplasm.
It then localizes this mRNA to the lamella region of several asymmetric cell types where
it can then be translated.
Translation :-
Translational regulation provides rapid mechanism to control gene expression.
Rather than controlling gene expression at transcriptional level, mRNA is already
transcribed but recruitment of ribosomes is controlled.
ZBP1 its role in localization of B-actin mRNA is also involved in the translational
repression of beta-actin mRNA by blocking translation initiation.
20. mRNA turnover :-
• Translation is tightly coupled to mRNA turnover and regulated mRNA
stability.
• ELAV/Hu proteins are involved in the stability and translation of early
response gene and AU-rich transcripts predominantly in neurons.
Multi-functional proteins :-
• Many RBPs, ex. hnRNP and serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, bind to
multiple sites on numerous RNAs to function in diverse processes.
• hnRNP A1 protein bind to exonic splicing silencer sequences and regulate
alternative splicing by antagonizing the SR splicing factors.
• hnRNP A1 has been shown to stimulate telomerase activity by associating
with telomere ends.
21. Fig. The function of RBPs in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression
Tina et al ., 2008
22. Fig. The RBPs in function of gene regulation and post-transcriptional gene expression
Zdravko et al., 2009
23. RNA-binding proteins in response to environmental stresses
• An alternative mechanism to rapidly reprogram the plant’s transcriptome in response to
environmental stresses is via transcript stability, degradation and turnover
• RBPs are emerging as crucial group of proteins involved posttranscriptional changes
triggered in plants in response to variable external conditions
• RBPs expression and/or activity were found to be regulated in response to environmental
variables
Temperature stress
Osmotic stress
RBPs and ABA-mediated stress response
Flooding stress
Draught stress
26. Material and methods :-
Growth and stress conditions
cDNA library construction, screening and molecular cloning
In silico analysis of rice genome for OsGR-RBP4 homologues
Southern and Northern analysis
protein isolation and Western blotting
Yeast thermo tolerance assays
Polysomal fraction analysis
Immunolocalization of OsGR-RBP4
27. (A) Phylogenetic relationship of rice GR-RBPs
determined by CLUSTAL-V of DNAStar
(B) Schematic model of the OsGR-RBP4
protein
Fig. Hydropathy plot of OsGR-RBP4
Results:-
N C
Hydrophobic
28. (C) Alignment report of homologous GR-RBPs reported from different plant and animal systems
29. Fig. Southern blot analysis of Osgr-rbp4
gene.
Fig. Expression profiles of Osgr-rbp4 at different time points
35. Material and methods :-
Plant materials and growth conditions
High light and anoxia treatments for DD-PCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR
experiments
Isolation of OsDEGs with Gene Fishing DEG kit and Semi-quantitative reverse
transcription-PCR
Drought, salt, ABA, MV and cold treatments and semi-quantitative RT-PCR
experiments
Plasmid construction and rice transformation
Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence
Extraction of xanthophyll pigments and HPLC assay
36. Fig. Expression patterns of the selected twenty-two
OsDEGs under high light and anoxia treatments
Fig. The nine OsDEGs had the same expression
patterns as those in the DD-PCR results
37. Fig. RT-PCR analysis at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h
after highlight treatment
Fig. RT-PCR analysis at 0, 1, 2, 3 and
4 h after anoxia treatment
Fig. RT-PCR analysis at 0, 24, 48 and
72 h after drought treatment
Fig. RT-PCR analysis at 0, 200, 300 and
400 mM NaCl treatments
Fig. RT-PCR analysis at 0, 100, 200
and 300 lM ABA treatments
Fig. RT-PCR analysis at 0, 10, 20 and
30 lM MV treatments
38. 38
Fig. OsDEG10 amino acid sequence
Fig. Multiple alignments of RRMs of OsDEG10, two rice OsDEG10 homologs, Os03g17060 and Os03g36490, and three
Arabidopsis small RBPs
Fig. RT-PCR analysis of two rice OsDEG10 homologs, Os03g17060 and Os03g36490, after high light, NaCl, MV and
cold treatments
39. Fig. Schematic map of OsDEG10 RNAi binary vector
Fig. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of OsDEG10 transcript in 2-week-old wild-type plants and OsDEG10
RNAi T1 transgenic plants
Fig.Changes in PS II activity (Fv/Fm) of wild-
type and OsDEG10 RNAi T2 plant
Fig. The contents of xanthophyll pigments in
wild-type and OsDEG10 RNAi T2 plants
Fig. Changes in PS II activity (Fv/Fm) of wild-
type and OsDEG10 RNAi T2 plants
41. MATERIALS AND METHODS :-
Plant material and stress treatments
cDNA cloning for a GRP
RNA blot hybridization
Production and purification of recombinant NtGRP1 proteins from E.coli
Antibody production and protein blot analysis
Binding assay on DNA and RNA
Coupled In vitro transcription/translation
Oligonucleotide competition assay
42. Fig. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid
sequences of NtGRP1
Fig. Multiple alignment of amino acid sequences of NtGRP1
and other plant GRPs in plants
43. Fig. DNA blot hybridization analysis of
tobacco genome for NtGRP1
Fig. Effects of ABA and various stresses on the level of
NtGRP1 transcript
44. Fig. H6NtGRP1 overexpressed in
E.coli was purified
Fig. North wester blot analysis of
NtGRP1
Fig. Schematic representation of NtPGR1 and its
truncated form
Fig. Northwestern blot analysis for H6NtGRP1,
H6NtGRP1 and H6NtGR1
Fig. Analysis of mRNA binding activity of
NtGRP1 by gel mobility shift assay
45. 45
Fig. Analysis of DNA binding activity of NtGRP1 by gel mobility shift assay
46. Fig. Inhibitory activity of NtGRP1 on the expression of luciferase gene H6NtGRP1 (25-300 μM) was added
to the in vitro coupled transcription/translation system of pT7-luciferase
Fig. Suppression activity of NtGRP1 on the expression of luciferase gene confirmed by luminescence of
luciferase reaction mixture
47. Fig. In vitro translation of luciferase mRNA was carried out in the presence of H6NtGRP1 and oligonucleotides DNA
Fig. In vitro translation of luciferase mRNA was carried out in the presence of H6NtGRP1 and oligonucleotides RNA
48.
49. Materials and Methods :-
• Plant Materials and Drought Treatment
• Total RNA Extraction and mRNA Isolation
• Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) cDNA Library Construction and
EST Analysis
• cDNA Synthesis and In Silico Cloning of MpGR-RBP1
• Analyses of Sequences and Phylogenetics
• Quantitative Real-Time PCR
51. Table :- Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences from MpGR-RBP1 with known
related protein sequences
52. Fig. (A) Putative conserved domain structure and schematic model for predicted amino acid sequence shows amino-
terminal RRM and carboxyl-terminal glycine-rich domain. (B) Putative conserved domain structure of RRM
Fig. Phylogenetic tree of MpGR-RBP1 with other plant GR-RBPs
53. Fig. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of the MpGR-RBP1 expression level in leaves and roots from
Malus prunifolia under drought stress
54. Fig. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of MpGR-RBP1 expression under well-watered conditions (CK) and in
response to drought (4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 days)
55. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Experimental characterization of genes encoding putative RBPs in plant genomes.
Plant-specific RBP genes, their role in stability, translation and their involvement in
plant’s stress response.
Systematic identification of target mRNAs for individual plant RBPs.
Contribution of RBPs in the silencing machinery through small interfering RNAs (siRNA)
Potential role of RBPs in the stress-induced plant developmental changes.
Need more information about biochemical, genetic as well as bioinformatics analysis of
RBPs about which little is known.