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The document discusses the basal electric rhythm of the gastrointestinal tract. It notes that the GI tract generates constant, rhythmic depolarizations called pacemaker potentials or slow waves. These slow waves are generated by specialized pacemaker cells called interstitial cells of Cajal. The frequency of the slow waves determines the rhythm and rate of contractions in different parts of the GI tract and although the enteric nervous system is independent of the autonomic nervous system, the ANS can influence GI function through neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.
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1. The physical basis of smooth muscle contraction including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.
2. The chemical basis being similar to skeletal muscle but without a troponin complex.
3. Key differences from skeletal muscle including slower cycling of myosin cross-bridges, lower energy requirements, and a "latch mechanism" allowing prolonged contraction.
4. The role of calcium ions and proteins like calmodulin in activating phosphorylation of the myosin head and initiating contraction.
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Bioelectric potentials
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Neuromodulation in psychiatry.
Neuromodulation therapies like TMS and ECT allow targeted delivery of electrical or magnetic signals to specific areas of the nervous system to improve neural function. TMS uses magnetic pulses to induce currents in the brain non-invasively, while ECT induces seizures via electrodes. Both can have antidepressant effects by modifying neurotransmitter systems and inducing neuroplasticity. Ongoing research aims to better understand mechanisms of action, optimize dosing parameters, and expand indications to other psychiatric conditions.
pulseless electrical activity bradycardia Nov 2014
PEA (pulseless electrical activity) and asystole represent the loss of cardiac contractility despite organized electrical activity in the heart. PEA and asystole indicate an advanced stage of shock. Treatment involves continuing CPR, addressing reversible causes like hypoxia, hypovolemia, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, hypothermia, pulmonary embolism, drug overdoses, and acidosis. Epinephrine may be administered but has limited benefit. The prognosis is generally poor for asystole and PEA that does not respond rapidly to treatment of reversible causes.
Components of Pacemaker and ICDs - understanding the hardware
The document discusses the history and components of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). It covers the evolution of cardiac pacing from the 1700s to modern devices. It describes the basic components of pacing systems including the pulse generator, leads, electrodes, and batteries. It explains the differences between single chamber, dual chamber, bipolar, and unipolar systems. It provides details on pacemaker functions, concepts of pacing and sensing, and battery chemistries used in pacemakers.
EEG & Evoked potentials
EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. It can detect different wave patterns associated with different brain states. Evoked potentials involve stimulating a sensory pathway and measuring the electrical response along the pathway. This allows localization of lesions. Somatosensory evoked potentials involve stimulating a peripheral nerve like the median nerve and measuring the response along the pathway to detect spinal cord or brain injuries. Auditory evoked potentials involve measuring the brainstem response to a click stimulus to detect acoustic neuromas or other posterior fossa lesions. Both evoked potentials and EMG monitoring are used during surgery to detect injuries.
Eeg presentation
This document discusses an EEG-based brain-computer interface project. It provides background on EEG, including how it works, common frequency bands and their clinical significance. It then discusses the project, which involves assembling EEG hardware, developing software for EEG signal processing and interfacing it with a computer. The work done so far includes purchasing components, starting PCB assembly and researching relevant software. Future plans include developing code for EEG signal processing, relating the EEG to the computer, and testing the project.
MEDICAL ELECTRONICS_EC8073_Unit 1 session 7
The document discusses electroencephalography (EEG), which is the study of the electrical activity of the brain. EEG measures this electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. The brain consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. There are two types of action potentials in the brain - inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) - which influence the likelihood of a neuron firing. Evoked potentials are also discussed, which are electrical changes in the brain in response to external stimuli like light or sound.
Electroconvulsive therapy
1) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves delivering electricity to the brain to induce a seizure. It is a standard psychiatric treatment used to improve abnormal mental states.
2) ECT was developed in the 1930s-1940s as an alternative to inducing seizures through chemicals. It gained acceptance after Italian scientists successfully applied electricity to a patient's scalp in 1938.
3) The exact mechanisms of how ECT works are unclear but theories involve effects on neurotransmitter systems, neuroendocrine functions, anticonvulsant properties, and psychological factors. Modern ECT aims to optimize safety and efficacy.
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BER
- 1. BASAL ELECTRIC RHYTHM DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH SHARDA UNIVERSITY Sanjog Bam HUMAN BIOLOGIST MSc Medical physiology
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Origin and introduction of slow wave potential • Link between extrinsic and enteric nervous system • Peristalsis as integrated activity of the enteric nervous system • Smooth muscles electrophysiology • Effect of Ach and epinephrine • Electric recording in stomach
- 3. • Constant rhythmic depolarization are called pacemaker potential/basal electric rhythm/electrical slow waves • Chicken gizzard- Marimon 1907 • Frequency of slow waves depends on the section of the digestive tube, Amplitude= 10- 20 mv • Specialized pacemaker cells =Interstitial cells of Cajal
- 4. GI smooth muscles function as syncytium Although enteric nervous system is independent of extrinsic nervous system but ANS can greatly influence GI function
- 6. • SMOOTH MUSCLES ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Have almost continual slow , intrinsic electrical activity along the membrane two types electrical waves : slow waves and spike Spike potential are the true action potential Slow waves usually do not causes contraction by themselves Rhythmic contraction of GI is determined by frequency of slow waves of membrane potential Frequency of slow waves= frequency of rhythm of contraction , if each waves trigger spike potential leading contraction Stomach= 3/min Illeum= 8-9/min Duodenum=10-12/min colon= 3-4/min
- 9. summary • Origin of basal electric rhythm • Characteristics of BER • Integration of BER with peristalsis • Effect of Ach and epinephrine
- 10. THANK YOU