The document summarizes the systematic analysis of an unknown organic compound. Preliminary analysis involves physical tests and solubility tests to determine functional groups possibly present like acids, alcohols, amines. Further tests detect nitrogen and rule out sulfur and halogens. Reaction tests confirm the presence of an amide functional group. The melting point is determined to be 128°C. Through alkaline hydrolysis, the compound is identified as benzamide which yields benzoic acid, melting point 121°C upon reaction.

1. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
SANDEEP KR YADAV
B.Sc. (HONS.) CHEMISTRY
RAMJAS COLLEGE
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

2. AIM
TO ANALYZE THE GIVEN ORGANIC COMPOUND SYSTEMATICALLY AND PREPARE A
SUITABLE CRYSTALLINE DERIVATIVE OF THE SAME.

3. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
Serial
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 PHYSICAL STATE SOLID CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMIDES, CARBOHYDRATES,
PHENOLS,NITROAMINES MAY BE PRESENT
2 COLOUR COLOURLESS SIMPLE AMIDES, CARBOHYDRATES, ACIDS MAY BE PRESENT
3 ODOUR ODOURLESS CARBOHYDRATES, ACIDS, AMIDES MAY BE PRESENT
4 IGNITION TEST
A small amount
of organic
compound is
taken on a
spatula and is
introduced in
blue flame.
Sooty flame is
observed
The compound is aromatic

4. SOLUBILITY TEST
• A SMALL AMOUNT OF ORGANIC COMPOUND IS TAKEN AND ITS
SOLUBILITY IS CHECKED IN FOLLOWING SOLVENTS.
Serial
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 COLD WATER SPARINGLY
SOLUBLE
ACIDS, AMIDES,
CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE
PRESENT
2 HOT WATER SOLUBLE ACIDS, AMIDES MAY BE
PRESENT
3 SODIUM
BICARBONATE
SOLUTION
INSOLUBLE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS MAY BE
ABSENT
4 DILUTE SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
INSOLUBLE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, PHENOLS
MAY BE ABSENT
5 DILUTE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
INSOLUBLE AMINES MAY BE ABSENT
6 CONCENTRATED
SULPHURIC ACID
INSOLUBLE AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
MAY BE ABSENT

5. TEST FOR UNSATURATION
Serial No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 BAEYER’S TEST
Small amount of given compound is taken
and dissolved in water and few drops of
dilute Na2CO3 is added followed by addition
of 1-2 % aqueous KMnO4 solution dropwise
with continuous shaking
No discharge of purple
colour
The compound does not
contain unsaturation
2 BROMINE SOLUTION TEST
To an aqueous solution of given compound ,
2% bromine water solution is added
dropwise with continuous shaking.
No discharge of brown
colour
The compound does not
contain saturation

6. EXTRA ELEMENTS DETECTION
Serial
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 TEST FOR NITROGEN
FERROUS SULPHATE TEST
To 2 mL of the Lassaigne’s extract , 1 mL of freshly
prepared FeSO4 solution is added. 2-3 drops of NaOH is
added. The content is boiled and dilute H2SO4 is added.
Prussian blue
colour is
observed
Confirms the presence of
nitrogen
2 TEST FOR SULPHUR
LEAD ACETATE TEST
The Lassaigne’s extract is acidified with dilute acetic
acid and then 4 – 5 drops of lead acetate is added to it.
No black
precipitate is
observed
Confirms the absence of
sulphur
3 TEST FOR HALOGENS
(PRESENCE OF NITROGEN)
Lassaigne’s extract is acidified with conc. HNO3 solution
and the content is boiled. The solution is allowed to
cool and then AgNO3 solution is added to it.
No precipitate
is formed
Confirms the absence of
halogens

7. REACTIONS INVOLVED
DETECTION OF NITROGEN

8. FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS
Serial
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP
SODIUM BICARBONATE TEST
To 2 mL saturated sodium bicarbonate
solution in a watch glass, small amount of
given compound is added.
No brisk effervescence
is observed
Carboxylic group is
absent
2 TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUP
FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST
To the aqueous solution of organic
compound, 1 – 2 drops of neutral ferric
chloride solution is added with shaking.
No coloured
precipitate is observed
Phenolic group is
absent

9. Serial
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
3 TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
CERRIC AMMONIUM NITRATE TEST
To the aqueous solution of the given
compound, 2 – 3 drops of ceric
ammonium nitrate reagent is added.
No blood red
colouration is
observed
Alcoholic group is
absent
4 TEST FOR CARBONYL GROUP
DNP TEST
To the aqueous solution of organic
compound, 6-7 mL of DNP reagent is
added with continuous shaking. It is
allowed to stand for 5-10 minutes. Then, it
is warmed on boiling water bath and is
cooled to room temperature.
No yellow or orange
precipitate is
observed
Carbonyl group is
absent

10. Serial
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
5 TEST FOR AMIDE GROUP
(a) HYDROLYSIS TEST
In a test tube small amount of given organic
compound is taken and 6-7 mL of 10% NaOH is
added. The mixture is boiled. A rod dipped in
conc. HCl is brought to the mouth of the test
tube.
Smell of NH3
observed.
Dense white
fumes observed.
Confirms the presence of
amide group
(b) HYDROXAMIC TEST
A pinch of given compound is taken and 3-4 mL
of hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution in
ethanol is added. The mixture is boiled for 2-3
minutes. It is cooled and 4-5 mL of freshly
prepared ferric chloride solution is added.
Change of red
colour to violet
is observed
Confirms the presence of
amide group

11. REACTIONS INVOLVED
TEST FOR AMIDE GROUP
(a) HYDROLYSIS TEST

12. (b) HYDROXAMIC TEST

13. DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL CONSTANT
THE MELTING POINT OF GIVEN COMPOUND IS FOUND TO BE 128 ◦C
USING MELTING POINT APPARATUS.
LIST OF PROBABLE COMPOUNDS
The given compound contains amide functional group and has melting
point 128 ◦C , it could be :-
Sl
No.
Name of the compound Literature melting
point
Name of the
derivative
Literature melting point of
the derivative
1 benzamide 128 ◦C Hydrolysis-
Benzoic acid
121 ◦C

14. PREPARATION OF DERIVATIVE
ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS
1 gram of given compound and 20 mL of 10% NaOH solution are taken in a
boiling tube fitted with an air condenser. Pumic stones are added and it is
refluxed over a wire gauge for 30 minutes till no more ammonia is evolved. It
is tested using red litmus paper. After removing the condenser , it is heated
for another 5-6 minutes. The boiling tube is cooled and conc. HCl is added.
The solution is filtered to get crystals. The crystals obtained is recrystallized
using hot water and melting point of recrystallized product is determined.
Name of the derivative is BENZOIC ACID.
It has melting point 121◦C.
Literature melting point is 121◦C.

15. PREPARATION OF DERIVATIVE
ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS

16. RESULT
The given organic compound is identified as benzamide.
The structure of the compound is :-