The document describes experiments to identify the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, and functional groups in organic compounds. Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, and Tollen's tests confirmed the presence of reducing sugars. Biuret, xanthoproteic, and ninhydrin tests identified the presence of proteins. Tests using ceric ammonium nitrate, ferric chloride, and phthalein dye identified alcoholic and phenolic groups. Aldol condensation, Fehling's, Benedict's and Tollen's tests revealed the presence of aldehydes and ketones. Sodium bicarbonate and ester formation tests confirmed the presence of carboxylic acids. Tube A contained

1. Expt.No:9 IDENTIFICATION OF
Date:
Aim:
Toidentifythe presence of carbohydrate or protein present inthe given food sarmple.
DENTIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE
S.No
1
2
CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN OR FAT:
IN THE GIVEN FOOD SAMPLE
3
Experiment
Molisch test:
tube
TEST FOR REDUCING SUGAR:
Dissolve lg ofglucose in nearly 10ml of water and divide the solution in three
parts A, B, C.
Inpart Aadd 2-3 drops ofot
1-naphthol solution and 4-5 drops
Fehling's test:
of conc.H,SO,from the sides of testthejunction oftwo
slowly.layers.
In second part B, add equal amount
ofFehling's solution Aand Bboil
the mixture
Benedict's test:
Add Benedict's reagent to the third
potion and heat it
Observation
Tollen's reagent test:
Add Tollen's reagent (ammonical
AgNO) to the solution ofgiven
sample and heat it.
APurple colour
ring is formed at
Brick red precipitate
is formed
Brick red precipitate
is observed
Shiny silvery mirror
is formed
Inference
Result: The given food sampleis identifiedto have reducing sugar.
Carbohydrate is
present
Glucose
(reducing sugar)
is confirmed.
Glucose
(Reducing
sugar) is present.
Presence of
reducing sugar
(glucose) is
confirmed.
45

2. 1.
S.No
1.
2.
S.No
3.
1.
S.No
46
Experiment
Iodine test:
Result: The given food sample is identified to have starch.
To an aqueous suspension of
TESTFOR STARCH:
Experiment
Starch in water, add few dropsabsorption ofiodineon
of iodine solution. its surface
Dissolve nearly lml of mustard
oil in Sml of CHCl, and divide it
intotwo parts Aand B. Pour the
contents ofA intocold water.
Add 5ml of iodine solution in test
tube B and shake the test tube.
Biuret test:
Observation
Experiment
Blue black colour
is formed due to
TESTFOR FAT
Take 2-3 mlofegg albumin
solution in water or caesin
and add 2-ml ofdil. NaOH
solution to it. Add few drops
ofcopper sulphate solution
and heat the mixture.
Observation
Result: The given food sample is identified to have Fat.
Oil is separated from
chloroform and forms a
Take a few ml of mustard oil in
test tube and add it to dry KHSO,.compound is farmed
Heat the mixture.
separate layer over the
surface of water
A pungent smelling
TEST FOR PROTEIN
Iodine is not dissolved in Fat present
chloroform layer
Observation
Inference
A violet colour is
obtained due to
formation ofcomplex
of Cu²*ions with
CONH group
Starch is present.
Inference
Fat present
Fat confirmed
Inference
Protein present

3. 2.
3.
Xanthoproteic test:
Take 2-3 ml of egg albumin
solution or casein in water in
test tube. Add conc. HNO,
to it.
Ninhydrin test:
Take 2-3 ml of egg albumin
solution or casein add
ninhydrìn solution and heat it.
Yellow prccipitate is
farmed.
Blue colouration
Result: The given food sample is identified to have Protein.
Protein confirmed
Presence ofprotein
is confirmed.
47

4. S.No
3
4
5
IDENTIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS
48
EXPERIMENT
MOLISCH TEST
To little ofthe given sample in a
test tube, add 2drops of molisch
reagent (1% Napthol) and conc.
H,SO, along the sides ofthe test
tube.
FEHLING'SSOLUTION TEST
To a little of the given sample,
add fehling's solution heat it in
water bath for 5 minutes
TOLLEN'S REAGENT TEST
To an aqueous solution of the
given organic compound add
XANTHO PROTEINS TEST
To a little of the sample, add conc.
HNO, mix well and keep it for
sometime
NINHYDRIN TEST
Toalittle ofthe sample, add 3-4
drops ofninhydrin solution. boil
the contents
RESULT:The given test tube Acontains :
The given test tube Bcontains : Proteins
TEST TUBE -A
Tollen's Reagent andHeat gentlyalong the sides of the
in water bath andallow it to cool
A
reddish violet
ring is formed at the
junction oftwolayers
Formation ofshiny
silver mirror is seen
Reddish precipitate is Nocharacteristic
obtained changeos
test tube
No Characteristic
change
TEST TUBE -B
No Characteristic
change
Nocharacteristic
change
No Characteristic
change
Appearance of
yellow colour is
Seen
Intense blue
colouration is
obtained .
Reducing Sugar (carbohydrate)

5. EX.NO.8
Date:
Aim:
lo identify the functional groups present in given Organic compound.
Totest the presence of Alcoholic group (-0H)
S.No.
1
2
S.No.
1.
2.
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAI
GROUP IN ORGANIC COMPOUND
3.
To test the presence of Phenolic group
42
Experiment
Ceric ammonium nitrate test:
Add apellet ofKOH to 1ml of
liquid organic compound and
warm it to dissolve KOH.Cool
it and add few dropsof CS, and
shake
To the given liquid add few drops Wine red colourationAlcoholic group is
of ceric ammonium nitrate soln.
paper
Experiment
Put apinch of solid compound
on a piece of moist blue litmus
FerricChloride test:
Take 2ml ofaqueous (or)
and add 2-3 drops ifaq. FeCl,
solution.
Observation
Phthalein dye test:
Take 0.2g of organiccompound
and add equal amount of
Phthalic anhydride. Add few
drop of conc. H,SO,. Heat for
Imin &pour the content in
|beakercontaining 50ml of NaoH
of solution
Yellow precipitate is
formed.
Observation
alcoholic solution of compoundor red colour
Appearance of blue
green violet colour
Inference
No characteristic
colour
The colour changes The given compoundis
to red identified to be phenol.
The solution
becomes pink
present
Presence of
Alcoholic group is
confirmed.
Inference
Phenolic group is
present
Absence of Phenolic
group
Presence Phenolic
group is confirmed.

6. test
theprescnce ofAldchydlcc-CHONnd Ketonlc(-COeroup
/SNo
3.
4.
5
S.No
1
Experlment
2.4- DNPtest:
Take Iml of aqueous or alcoholic
solution of apinch ofcompound
and add Imlofalcoholic sol of2-4
dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Boil the
mixture & cool
Schiff'stest:
Tolml of theorganic sample add
3-4 drops ofSchiff's reagent
Tollen's test:
Tothe given organiccompoundadd
Iml oftollen's rcagent and heat the
mixture and cool for 5 minutes.
Fehling's Test:
To agiven soln. add Iml of cach
Fehling's solution A& B. Boil the
solution for two minutes.
Benedict's test:
To few ml oforganic compound
add 2ml ofBenedict's reagent and
place the test tube in a boiling water
bath for 5 minutes.
Experiment
Litmus test:
Observatlon
To the drop ofthe liquid
Compoundorsolutiondipa blue
Iitmuspaperoradd blue litmus
solution
An Yellowish
Maybepresence
Orangeprecipitate is of Aldehyde(or)
obtaincd
Ketonc group
Apink colour
appcars.
No pink colour
appears
Forrmation of silver
otestthepresence of Carboxylicgroup(-COOH)
miror on inncrsides
oftest tube
No formation of
silver mirror
A Brick red
precipitateis formed
No brick red
precipitate is formed
An orange red
precipitate is formed
No precipitate is
formed
Observation
Ifit changes to red
Inference
Presence of
aldehyde group
Presence of
ketone group
Presence of
aldehydegroup
Presence of
ketone group
Presence of
|aldehydegroup
Presence of
ketone group
Presence of
aldehyde group
Presence of
ketonegroup
group
Inference
May be Phenolic
or Carboxylic acid
43

7. 2.
3.
44
Sodium-bi-carbonate test:
To the given compound or its
aq. solution add solution of
NaHCO,.
Esterformation test.
Brisk effervesence of
CO, is obtained
Pleasant fruity
Presence of
Carboxylic acid
To the given organic compound,
add ethyl alcohol andfewdropsSmelling compoundiscarboxylicacid
ofconc. H,SO, formed
group
Presence of
group is confirmed

8. S.No
1
2
3
4
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
EXPERIMENT
TOLLEN'S REAGENT
TEST
To an alcoholic solution of
the given organic compound
add Tollen's Reagent and
Heat gently in water bath and
allow it to cool
FEHLING'S SOLUTION
TEST
To alittle ofthe organic
compound, add fehling's
solution heat it in water bath
for 5 minutes.
SODIUM BICARBONATE
TEST:
To alittle ofthe organic
compound ,add NaHCO, or
NaCO, Solution
ESTER FORMATION
TEST:
Organic compound add
ethanol and 2-4 drops of
Conc H,SO, heat the reaction
mixture Ina water bath for
a few minutes and pour the
same into saturated Na,CO,
solution
TEST TUBE -A
Formation ofshiny
silver mirror is seen
along the sides ofthe
test tube
Formation ofred
precipitate
No characteristic
change
No characteristic
change
TEST TUBE -B
Nocharacteristic
change
No characteristic
change
Brick
effervescence of
CO, is seen
Afruity smelling
liquid is obtained
RESULT: Thegiven test tube Acontains : Aliphatic Aldehyde. The given test tube B
contains:Carboxylic acid.
49