The document discusses benign and malignant tumors. It defines neoplasia as an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncontrolled way. Benign tumors are slow-growing, localized, and not life-threatening, while malignant tumors spread rapidly throughout the body and can cause death. Cancer refers specifically to malignant tumors. Risk factors for cancer development include age, sex, heredity, occupation, and lifestyle. The document outlines cancer prevention strategies like avoiding carcinogens, maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, and undergoing regular screening tests.

1. BENIGN & MALIGNANT
GROWTH
ANAMIKA RAMAWAT
M.Sc. Nursing Prev.
Batch 2017-18
GCON, Jodhpur

2. Introduction
NEOPLASIA-
• The term “neoplasia” means
new growth; the new growth
produced is called “neoplasm”
or “tumor”.
• The branch of science dealing
with the study of neoplasms or
tumors is called oncology
(oncus=tumor, logos=study).

4. • Neoplasm may be ‘benign’ when they are
slow-growing and localized without causing
much difficulty to the host, or ‘malignant’
when they proliferate rapidly, spread
throughout the body and may eventually
cause death of the host.
• The common term used for all malignant
tumors is cancer.
• The word ‘cancer’ means crab, thus
reflecting the true character of cancer since
‘it sticks to the part stubbornly like a crab’.

6. DEFINITION
“A neoplasm is an abnormal
mass of tissue, the growth of
which exceeds and is
uncoordinated with that of
normal tissue and persist in
the same excessive manner
after cessation of the stimuli
which evoke the change”.
-Willis

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“A mass of tissue formed as a result of
abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated,
autonomous and purposeless proliferation of
cells even after cessation of stimulus for growth
which caused it”.

8. TYPES OF NEOPLASMS
(TUMORS)
1.Benign tumors - They remain localized cannot
spread to other sites and are amenable to local
surgical removal and patient survives.
• Benign mesenchymal tumors- Oma as a suffix to
cells of origin
• Epithelial: Adenoma, cystadenoma, papilloma

9. 2. Malignant tumors - They invade and destroy
adjacent structures and spread to distant sites to
cause death of patient.
• Sarcoma (sar= fleshy) -mesenchymal tissue
origin
• Carcinoma --- epithelial cell origin.
• Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma

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Characteristics of
Benign & Malignant
Tumors

12. S. No. Characteristics Benign Neoplasm Malignant Neoplasm
1 Cell Character Well differentiated Poor differentiate
2 Mode of Growth Tumor growth by expansion Tumor growth by infiltration
3 Rate of Growth Slow Growth Rapid Growth
4 Growth Encapsulated Not contain with in a
capsule (Non-capsulated)
5 Metastasis
(Transfer of a disease
from one part of
body to another
through blood
vessels or lymphatic
channels)
Does not spread Present

13. 6 Re-occurrence Does not reoccur when
tumor is removed
Tendency to reoccur when
removed.
7 General Effects Does not cause general
effect until is location
interferes with vital
functions.
It often causes general
effect such as anemia,
weakness, weight loss etc.
8 Prognosis (Recovery
from the illness)
Good recovery Poor
9 Ability to cause death Does not cause death until
its location interferes with
vital functions.
Usually causes death.
10 Destruction of tissue Does not usually cause
tissue damage unless
location interferes with
blood flow.
Usually causes extensive
tissue damage.

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18. CANCER
• It is a disease of cell in which normal
mechanism of control of growth and
proliferation are disturbed.
• It is a group of cells that grows out of
control taking over the function of the
function affected organ.
• It is a group of disease characterized by
uncontrolled cellular growth with
systematic metastasis.

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21. According to the type of cancer in males
and females-
S.No. Types of cancer Male Female
1. Skin Cancer 5% 3%
2. Oral Cancer 3% 2%
3. Lung Cancer 13% 12%
4. Stomach Cancer 3% 3%
5. Pancreas 2% 3%
6. Prostate Cancer 32% -
7. Ovarian Cancer - 4%
8. Uterine Cancer - 8%
9. Urinary Tract 10% 10%
10. Leukemia and Lymphoma 7% 6%
11. Colon and Rectal Cancer 14% 14%

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ETIOLOGY
Idiopathic
Viruses
Chemical Carcinogen's
Physical Carcinogen’s/ Agents
Drugs & Hormones
Immunological factors

23. RISK
FACTORS
Age
Sex
Heredity
Occupation
Diet &
Nutrition
Geograp
hical
Factors

24. CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER
Neoplastic tumors are classified according
to the,
I. Behavior of tumor (Benign or Malignant)
II.On the based on anatomical site
III.Histologic analysis(Grading)
IV.Extent of Disease
classification(Staging)
V.TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis)

25. Histologic Analytic Classification
The histologic grading of tumors, the appearance of cells is
evaluated. It defines the types of tissue from which the
tumor is originated.
• Grade I- The cells are slightly differed from the normal
cells and are well differentiated.
• Grade II- The cells are more abnormal and moderately
differentiated.
• Grade III- The cells are very abnormal and poorly
differentiated.
• Grade IV- The cells are immediate and primitive and
undifferentiated.

27. Extent of Disease Classification
It is also called staging.
It includes,
• Stage 0- Cancer in situ(cell)
• Stage I- Tumor linked to the tissue origin,
localized tumor growth.
• Stage II- Limited local spread.
• Stage III- Extensive local and regional spread.
• Stage IV- Metastasis- This type is classification
is mainly used for staging in cancer of cervix &
Hodgkin’s disease.

29. Based on anatomical site
S.No. Tissue Origin Benign Malignant
I EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(Carcinoma)
i) Skin & mucus
membrane
Papilloma Squamous cell
carcinoma(SCC)
ii) Glands - Basal cell
carcinoma
iii) Melanocyte Nevus Malignant
Melanoma

30. II CONNECTIVE
TISSUE(Sarcoma)
Benign Malignant
i) Fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibro Sarcoma
ii) Adipose tissue Lipoma Lipo Sarcoma
iii) Cartilage Chondroma Chondro sarcoma
iv) Bone Osteoma Osteogenic
Sarcoma/
Osteosarcoma
v) Embryonic fibrous
tissue
Myxoma Myxo Sarcoma

31. III) ENDOTHELIUM
(Endothelioma)
Benign Malignant
i) Blood vessels Hemangioma Hemangio
endothelioma
ii) Lymph vessels Lymphogioma Lymphogio
endothelioma
iii) Bone Marrow - Multiple myeloma

32. IV)
MUSCULAR/
MUSCLE
TISSUE(Sarcoma)
Benign Malignant
i) Smooth Muscle Leomyoma Leomyo
Sarcoma
ii) Striated Muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyo
Sarcoma

33. V) NERVOUS
TISSUE(Sarcoma)
Benign Malignant
i) Nerve fibers Neuroma Neurogenic
Sarcoma/
Neurosarcoma
ii) Ganglion cells Ganglioneuroma Neuroblastoma
iii) Meninges Meningioma Malignant
Meningioma/
Meningioma
sarcoma

34. TNM Classification
• This system represents the clinical staging of
cancer.
• It is used to determine the extent of disease
process of cancers according to 3 parameters-
 Tumor size(T),
 Degree of regional spread to the lymph nodes
(N),
 and the presence of metastasis(M).
• TNM Classification has been used in diagnosing
the breast cancer.

36. DEVELOPMENT/
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CANCER
• Carcinogens are the substances that
when introduced into the cell cause
changes in the structure and function of
the cell and that leads to cancer,
however it occurs in several stages over
a period of time.
There are mainly three identified status of
carcinogenesis-

37. Initiation
Promotion
Progression

42. PROCESS OF ANGIOGENESIS

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MODE OF METASTASIS
• Direct extension to the surrounding tissues.
• Through the blood vessels to the capillary beds of liver, lungs
and bones.
• Through the lymphatic system.

44. MODEOFMETASTASIS
Direct extension to the
surrounding tissues.
Through the blood vessels
to the capillary beds of
liver, lungs and bones.
Through the lymphatic
system.

45. PREVENTION FOR TUMOR
GROWTH
• The nurse plays an important role in
prevention of cancer.
• Cancer nursing is directed towards the
prevention and early detection of
neoplasm as well as the care of the
patient.
• At present, it is not possible to prevent all
type of cancer, but some cancers can be
prevented by avoiding certain
carcinogens.

46. Primary Prevention of Tumor
One of the important aspect of the nurse is to
educate the public to do the following-
• Avoid the exposure to the suspected
carcinogens.
• Adequate amount of fibers and low level of fat
and preservatives.
• Participate in regular exercise program.
• Take adequate period of rest (at least 6 to 8
hours per night).
• Regular health examination and specific
diagnostic test for common cancers i.e., lung
cancer, colon and rectal cancer, prostate
cancer, cervical cancer and breast cancer.

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Secondary Prevention of Tumor
• It is focused on early detection and
diagnosis.
• The screening for specific cancer such as
breast, cervix, colon or rectum, prostate
skin and oropharynx is important.

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LUNG CANCER

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COLON
&
RECTUM
CANCER

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PROSTATE CANCER

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BREAST CANCER

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Tertiary Prevention of Tumor
• It focuses on the limitation of the
disability and rehabilitation.

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59. SUMMARY…

60. Thank You