Delve into the complex world of tumors with our insightful presentation. From benign growths to malignant masses, we'll navigate through the intricacies of tumor biology, diagnosis, and treatment. Through a comprehensive exploration of key concepts and cutting-edge research, discover how tumors develop, evade the body's defenses, and influence health outcomes. Join us as we decode the language of oncology, examining tumor types, classifications, and the latest advancements in therapeutic interventions. Whether you're a healthcare professional, researcher, or simply curious about the science behind tumors, this presentation promises to enlighten and inspire.

1. TUMORS

2.  An abnormal mass of tissue that forms
when cells grow and divide more than they
should or do not die when they should.
Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer) or
malignant (cancer).

3.  BENIGN NEOPLASMS:
 These may grow large but do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues or
other parts of the body.
 MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS:
 These can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. They can also spread to
other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Also called
tumor.

4. What is a neoplasm?
• The body is made up of trillions of cells that grow, divide, and die in an orderly
fashion. This process is tightly regulated and controlled by the DNA machinery
within the cell.
• During childhood, the cells of the body rapidly divide; however, once adulthood is
reached, cells generally only divide to replace worn-out and dying cells or to repair
injured cells.
• Neoplasia describes when these cells proliferate in an abnormal manner that is
not coordinated with the surrounding tissue.
• These rogue cells, which are otherwise referred to as neoplastic cells, cannot be
controlled in the way that normal cells can because they do not die when they
should and they divide more quickly.

5. As this excessive growth persists, a lump or tumor that has no purpose or function in
the body is eventually formed. This is referred to as a neoplasm
 BENIGN OR NON-CANCEROUS NEOPLASMS:
• Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous forms of tissue proliferation such as
skin moles, lipomas, or uterine fibroids.
• These neoplasms do not become cancerous and are not usually life-
threatening; however, depending on their location, benign growths may
cause symptoms and signs if it presses on vital neighboring structures
such as glands or nerves.
• This may indicate that treatment is required, which is usually surgery to
remove the tumor without damaging any surrounding tissue. Other forms
of therapy are medication and radiotherapy.

6. • A benign tumor tends to grow more slowly than a malignant tumor
and does not have the capacity to invade surrounding tissue or
spread to other areas of the body (metastasis), as cancer can.
• The cause of a benign neoplasm is often not known, but several
factors such as exposure to radiation or environmental toxins,
genetics, diet, stress, inflammation, infection, and local trauma or
injury may be linked to the formation of these growths.
• Many different types of benign tumors can arise in different bodily
structures. Some of the main forms of benign tumors include:

7. •Adenomas:
Adenomas develop in the epithelial tissue, which is a thin layering that covers organs, glands, and
other structures A polyp in the colon is a common example of an adenoma. These polyps can be
removed surgically.
•Fibromas:
Fibromas are growths that arise in the connective or fibrous tissue and can grow in any organ.
Fibromas can cause symptoms and may need to be surgically removed.
•Hemangiomas: -
Blood vessel cells accumulate in the skin or internal organs and form a red or blue colored growth that
is referred to as a hemangioma. A birthmark is a common example of a hemangioma. These growths
often disappear by themselves but if they interfere with eating, hearing, or vision, for example, they may
require treatment.
•Lipomas:
Lipomas arise from fat cells and are the most common type of benign neoplasm found in adults, often
occurring in the back, arms, neck, or shoulders. These benign growths usually grow slowly, are
movable, and soft to the touch. Lipomas may be treated with steroid therapy or removed with surgery or
liposuction.

8.  PRE-MALIGNANT OR PRE-CANCEROUS
NEOPLASMS:
• Precancerous neoplasms are masses that have not yet become cancerous but
have the potential to do so if they are not treated.
• Sometimes, cells may undergo changes that eventually cause them to die on
their own. However, other cells pass on mutations and new cells slowly become
increasingly abnormal until they eventually become cancerous.
• The different types of premalignant changes that can arise are described as:

9. •HYPERPLASIA:
Hyperplasia refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells. This is not usually
precancerous; however, some types of hyperplasia are cancerous.
•ATYPIA:
In atypia, the cells will appear slightly atypical under the microscope. This can sometimes
be caused by inflammation and healing; therefore, this change in appearance may resolve
itself once inflammation stops or the body has healed.
•METAPLASIA:
In metaplasia, the cells appear normal when observed under the microscope; however,
they are not of the cell type that is usually found in that bodily tissue or area. Metaplasia is
not usually precancerous, but some cases are.
•DYSPLASIA:
In dysplasia, cells have an abnormal appearance under the microscope and are
disorganized. Dysplasia refers to a precancerous condition in the majority of cases and
people with dysplasia are usually monitored a regular basis to allow for treatment to be
initiated in the event that these cell changes become severe.

10. MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS:
Malignant is used to describe neoplasms that have become cancerous, as
defined by the following distinct features:
•Abnormal cell growth
•Capacity to invade other tissues
•Capacity to spread to distant organs via blood vessels or lymphatic
channels (metastasis)
•If left untreated, these cancerous cells continue to rapidly divide and
multiply in an uncontrolled and abnormal way.
• The tumor becomes larger and may eventually invade surrounding
tissues or spread to other distant parts of the body via the bloodstream or
lymphatic system.
• If many organs or a vital organ such as the brain or liver are extensively
damaged by cancer, then death will occur.

12. • The treatments available for treating malignant cancer include surgery,
chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
• However, once metastasis has occurred, the patient prognosis is so poor that treating
the multiple sites affected is not usually viable.
• The type of cancer a person has and wherein the body it originated from are factors
that influence where the cancer will spread to.
• The extent of metastasis at diagnosis is referred to as the cancer stage and many
cancers are categorized using a staging system that ranges from 0 to 4.
• Knowing the cancer stage and where the cancer may spread to next helps doctors to
predict disease course and decide on the most beneficial treatment plan.

13. What is the difference between a normal cell and a
cancerous cell?
 Normally, cells follow instructions provided by genes. Genes set down rules for cells to
follow, such as when to start and stop growing. Cancerous cells ignore the rules that
normal cells follow:
• Normal cells divide and multiply in a controlled manner. Cancerous cells multiply
uncontrollably.
• Normal cells are programmed to die (apoptosis). Cancerous cells ignore those directions.
• Normal cells for solid organs stay put. All cancerous cells are able to move around.
• Normal cells don’t grow as fast as cancerous cells.

14. How does cancer start in your body?
Cancer starts when a gene or several genes mutate and create cancerous
cells. These cells create cancer clusters, or tumors.
Cancerous cells may break away from tumors, using your lymphatic
system or bloodstream to travel to other areas of your body. (Healthcare
providers call this metastasis.)
For example, a tumor in your breast may spread to your lungs, making it
hard for you to breathe. In some types of blood cancer, abnormal cells in
your bone marrow make abnormal blood cells that multiply uncontrollably.
Eventually, the abnormal cells crowd out normal blood cells.

15. Some of the main types of cancer are described below:
•Carcinoma :
Carcinomas often begin in the skin or tissues that line internal organs.
•Leukemia:
Leukemias affect tissues that make blood, such as the bone marrow.
Large numbers of abnormal cells are produced in the bone marrow, which
then enter the bloodstream.
•Lymphoma:
Lymphomas originate in the immune system.
•Sarcoma:
Sarcomas develop in bone fat, muscle, blood vessels, cartilage, bone, or
other types of connective tissue.
•Cancer of the central nervous system:
This form of cancer originates in the tissues of the spinal cord and brain.