The document provides an overview of behaviourist learning theories proposed by psychologists such as Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. It explains their key concepts including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment. Behaviourism views learning as the formation of associations between stimuli and responses through processes such as conditioning and reinforcement. The theories aimed to study learning objectively and view human behavior as predictable responses to environmental stimuli. However, behaviourism has been criticized for neglecting cognitive processes and limiting creativity.
This document discusses different perspectives on learning, including behaviorism and cognitivism. It provides details on several influential theorists within each perspective. For behaviorism, it describes the theories and experiments of Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It also discusses neo-behaviorism and the social learning theory of Albert Bandura. For cognitivism, it defines the cognitive perspective and outlines Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which explores how human beings construct knowledge through adaptation and equilibration.
Constructivism
Active mental
construction
Discovery
Meaning making
Guides discovery
Asks questions
Facilitates
meaning making
The presentation covered 5 learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, and multiple intelligences. Behaviorism views learning as response to external stimuli and reinforcement. Cognitivism sees learning as an active mental process of knowledge construction based on prior knowledge. Constructivism believes learners construct knowledge through experiences and social interactions.
This document discusses various psychological theories of learning including behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and their major proponents such as Skinner, Piaget, and Bruner. It contrasts objectivist and constructivist approaches to learning and instruction. Objectivism is grounded in behaviorism and information processing theories, viewing knowledge as something transmitted to students. Constructivism believes learning is an individual process of constructing knowledge based on experiences. The document provides examples of learning theories within these approaches such as cognitive information processing, social constructivism, and multiple intelligences theory.
Topic: Theories of Learning
Student Name: Ibadat
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
The document discusses several theories and concepts related to how people learn. It provides definitions and key figures for behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and social learning theory. Behaviorism sees learning as changes in observable behavior due to environmental stimuli. Cognitivism views learning as the acquisition or construction of mental schemas or knowledge. Constructivism posits that people actively construct knowledge based on their experiences. Social learning theory emphasizes how people can learn through observation and modeling other people's behaviors.
Mallick Its not about the ology..its the pedagogy - M043 (1).pptxJennilynBalusdan3
1. The document discusses key learning theorists and their contributions to pedagogy and educational theory. It contrasts theories of older established theorists like Vygotsky, Piaget, and Dewey with more recent experts in areas like social learning theory, transformative learning theory, and the science of learning.
2. Many theorists emphasized active engagement with content, small group work, hands-on learning, and developing critical thinking skills. Recent work has explored social and cultural aspects of learning along with the role of reflection, self-awareness, and emotional intelligence.
3. Applying different theories involves understanding various learners and using a blended approach, selectively applying strategies like problem-solving, collaborative projects, modeling behaviors, and facilitating
This document discusses different perspectives on learning, including behaviorism and cognitivism. It provides details on several influential theorists within each perspective. For behaviorism, it describes the theories and experiments of Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It also discusses neo-behaviorism and the social learning theory of Albert Bandura. For cognitivism, it defines the cognitive perspective and outlines Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which explores how human beings construct knowledge through adaptation and equilibration.
Constructivism
Active mental
construction
Discovery
Meaning making
Guides discovery
Asks questions
Facilitates
meaning making
The presentation covered 5 learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, and multiple intelligences. Behaviorism views learning as response to external stimuli and reinforcement. Cognitivism sees learning as an active mental process of knowledge construction based on prior knowledge. Constructivism believes learners construct knowledge through experiences and social interactions.
This document discusses various psychological theories of learning including behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and their major proponents such as Skinner, Piaget, and Bruner. It contrasts objectivist and constructivist approaches to learning and instruction. Objectivism is grounded in behaviorism and information processing theories, viewing knowledge as something transmitted to students. Constructivism believes learning is an individual process of constructing knowledge based on experiences. The document provides examples of learning theories within these approaches such as cognitive information processing, social constructivism, and multiple intelligences theory.
Topic: Theories of Learning
Student Name: Ibadat
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
The document discusses several theories and concepts related to how people learn. It provides definitions and key figures for behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and social learning theory. Behaviorism sees learning as changes in observable behavior due to environmental stimuli. Cognitivism views learning as the acquisition or construction of mental schemas or knowledge. Constructivism posits that people actively construct knowledge based on their experiences. Social learning theory emphasizes how people can learn through observation and modeling other people's behaviors.
Mallick Its not about the ology..its the pedagogy - M043 (1).pptxJennilynBalusdan3
1. The document discusses key learning theorists and their contributions to pedagogy and educational theory. It contrasts theories of older established theorists like Vygotsky, Piaget, and Dewey with more recent experts in areas like social learning theory, transformative learning theory, and the science of learning.
2. Many theorists emphasized active engagement with content, small group work, hands-on learning, and developing critical thinking skills. Recent work has explored social and cultural aspects of learning along with the role of reflection, self-awareness, and emotional intelligence.
3. Applying different theories involves understanding various learners and using a blended approach, selectively applying strategies like problem-solving, collaborative projects, modeling behaviors, and facilitating
1. Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped through interactions with the environment and consequences.
2. Key behaviorist theorists include John B. Watson, E.L. Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner. Their work established principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors.
3. Robert Gagne extended behaviorism by identifying different types of learning outcomes and proposing a hierarchy of learning. He also outlined nine instructional events teachers can follow to optimize learning conditions.
The document discusses different learning theories including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and environmental influences. Cognitivism, proposed by theorists like Piaget and Gardner, views learning as information processing and emphasizes internal mental processes. Constructivism, proposed by theorists like Vygotsky and Bruner, sees learning as individual construction of knowledge based on personal experiences and interactions. The document also addresses implications of these theories for pedagogy and the future of learning.
The document provides an overview of different learning theories, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. It discusses key theorists and concepts within each approach. Behaviorism focuses on external environmental factors and observable behaviors, exemplified by theorists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner. Cognitivism views learning as information processing and emphasizes internal mental processes, as explored by Piaget and Gardner through concepts like schemas and multiple intelligences. Constructivism posits that learners construct knowledge through social experiences, as discussed by Vygotsky through the influence of culture. The document also compares the strengths and weaknesses of each theoretical perspective.
This document provides an overview of learning, including definitions of learning, types of learning, learning theories, and factors that affect learning. It discusses three main learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, and humanism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov and Skinner, asserts that learning occurs through conditioning and reinforcement. Cognitivism, based on Gestalt psychology, views learning as a process of organizing and interpreting new information. Humanism emphasizes affective and self-actualizing learning experiences. The document also outlines the learning process and discusses characteristics of learning like different domains and styles of learning.
Topic: Theories of Learning
Student Name: Kanwal Shaikh
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This document provides an overview of andragogy, the study of adult education. It discusses key concepts in andragogy including that it focuses on "man leading" or self-directed learning as adults have accumulated life experiences. The document contrasts andragogy with earlier subject-centric models of education and outlines principles of andragogy including creating a supportive environment, collaborative learning, and dealing with obstacles to learning. It also discusses the role of teachers in balancing lecture, discussion and visual methods to operationalize abstract concepts and build critical thinking.
This is Walden University course (EDUC8101-7) Major Assessment #1: PowerPoint Presentation: What is learning? What is education? It is formatted in APA and includes references. Most universities submit higher-education assignments to turnitin; so, remember to paraphrase. Enjoy your discovery!
This document discusses different philosophies of education including essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, existentialism, and behaviorism. It provides descriptions of each philosophy's view on why we teach, what we teach, and how we teach. Key aspects include essentialism focusing on basic skills, progressivism emphasizing experiential learning, perennialism using the great books approach, existentialism allowing student choice, and behaviorism modifying behavior through environmental stimuli. The document then matches statements and educational practices to the philosophies they are associated with.
Constructivism is a theory that focuses on students actively participating in the learning process through critical thinking and problem solving to construct their own understanding. Key aspects of the theory include students as active learners who build knowledge based on their experiences, the idea that knowledge construction depends on age and development, and that learning is social and coincides with social development. Teachers aim to facilitate understanding through hands-on activities and experiences while students learn by doing.
Realism is a philosophy that believes reality exists objectively and independently of the mind. Realists such as Aristotle believe we can know reality through our senses and reason. Realism influenced education by advocating for a curriculum of organized academic subjects to best represent reality. Realist educators emphasize direct teaching methods and believe education should prepare students for the practical realities of life. The role of the teacher is to be a subject matter expert who presents information in a logical way to students.
This document discusses several theories of learning and cognitive development in psychology that influence curriculum design, including: behavioral theories proposed by Thorndike, Pavlov, and Skinner; cognitive theories like Piaget's stages of development, Vygotsky's theory of language and cultural transmission, and theories of multiple intelligences by Gardner; and cognitive skills like critical thinking. It provides details on the key scholars who proposed each theory and summaries of their main concepts.
Ba PT final theories of learning and schemas MariaElsam
This document discusses theories of learning and provides information on behaviorism, constructivism, and social constructivism. It begins by outlining the learning intentions of reflecting on theories of learning and their associated theorists in the context of the primary classroom. It then provides definitions of learning theories and overviews key aspects of behaviorism, including classical and operant conditioning. Constructivism and Jean Piaget's stages of development are examined. Social constructivism and the work of Lev Vygotsky and Jerome Bruner are also discussed. The document considers evidence of these theories in 21st century classrooms and provides examples and case studies of their application to learning.
Humanist approaches to education website versionsehl050
This document discusses humanist approaches to education and learning. Some key points:
- Humanism emphasizes studying the whole person and their uniqueness. It focuses on inner feelings and self-concept.
- Rogers believed in supportive learning environments where teachers work with students to achieve agreed goals so students love learning.
- Knowles proposed 6 principles of adult learning: need/reason for learning, self-concept, experience, readiness, problem-solving, and motivation.
- Humanism values learner autonomy, experience, problem-solving and intrinsic motivation over rote learning and external rewards. It aims to understand individuals and facilitate active, self-directed learning.
This document provides an overview of behaviorism as it relates to education. It discusses the key philosophers and researchers in behaviorism, including Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Their major works and findings are summarized, such as Pavlov's dog experiments, Thorndike's puzzle box experiments, Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, and Skinner's operant conditioning research. The document also discusses how behaviorism influences curriculum and instruction in the classroom, with a focus on reinforcement, punishment, and using environmental stimuli to shape student behavior. Overall, the document presents the basic tenets and historical foundations of the behaviorist perspective in educational psychology.
This document discusses the following points;
1. School of thought
2. Some proponents
3. Application to mathematics
4. Implication to teaching and learning
5. Teaching methods
The document discusses three classic theories of learning: behaviorism, constructivism, and social constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov and Skinner, views learning as the formation of habits through reinforcement or punishment in response to stimuli. Constructivism, developed by Piaget, sees learning as an active process where students construct knowledge based on their experiences. Social constructivism, from Vygotsky, emphasizes that social interactions and language play a role in students' cognitive development. The document also examines how aspects of these theories can still be seen in modern classrooms.
The document discusses three classic theories of learning: behaviorism, constructivism, and social constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov and Skinner, views learning as the formation of habits through reinforcement or punishment in response to stimuli. Constructivism, developed by Piaget, sees learning as an active process where students construct knowledge based on their experiences. Social constructivism, from Vygotsky, emphasizes that social interactions and language play a role in students' cognitive development. The document also examines how aspects of these theories can still be seen in modern classrooms.
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that studies how people learn in educational settings, both in and out of school. It aims to apply psychological insights and principles to understand and improve educational practice. Some key areas it covers are understanding learners, selecting learning experiences, teaching techniques and strategies, creating effective learning environments, and evaluating learning outcomes. It provides a scientific basis and practical guidance to help learners acquire knowledge and skills through satisfactory educational experiences.
Introduction to educational psychology 1majid hussain
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that studies how people learn in educational settings, both in and out of school. It aims to apply psychological insights and principles to understand and improve educational practice. Some key areas it covers are understanding learners, selecting learning experiences, teaching techniques to facilitate learning, and evaluating learning outcomes. It provides a scientific basis and practical guidance to help create effective learning environments and experiences for students.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
1. Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped through interactions with the environment and consequences.
2. Key behaviorist theorists include John B. Watson, E.L. Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner. Their work established principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors.
3. Robert Gagne extended behaviorism by identifying different types of learning outcomes and proposing a hierarchy of learning. He also outlined nine instructional events teachers can follow to optimize learning conditions.
The document discusses different learning theories including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and environmental influences. Cognitivism, proposed by theorists like Piaget and Gardner, views learning as information processing and emphasizes internal mental processes. Constructivism, proposed by theorists like Vygotsky and Bruner, sees learning as individual construction of knowledge based on personal experiences and interactions. The document also addresses implications of these theories for pedagogy and the future of learning.
The document provides an overview of different learning theories, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. It discusses key theorists and concepts within each approach. Behaviorism focuses on external environmental factors and observable behaviors, exemplified by theorists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner. Cognitivism views learning as information processing and emphasizes internal mental processes, as explored by Piaget and Gardner through concepts like schemas and multiple intelligences. Constructivism posits that learners construct knowledge through social experiences, as discussed by Vygotsky through the influence of culture. The document also compares the strengths and weaknesses of each theoretical perspective.
This document provides an overview of learning, including definitions of learning, types of learning, learning theories, and factors that affect learning. It discusses three main learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, and humanism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov and Skinner, asserts that learning occurs through conditioning and reinforcement. Cognitivism, based on Gestalt psychology, views learning as a process of organizing and interpreting new information. Humanism emphasizes affective and self-actualizing learning experiences. The document also outlines the learning process and discusses characteristics of learning like different domains and styles of learning.
Topic: Theories of Learning
Student Name: Kanwal Shaikh
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This document provides an overview of andragogy, the study of adult education. It discusses key concepts in andragogy including that it focuses on "man leading" or self-directed learning as adults have accumulated life experiences. The document contrasts andragogy with earlier subject-centric models of education and outlines principles of andragogy including creating a supportive environment, collaborative learning, and dealing with obstacles to learning. It also discusses the role of teachers in balancing lecture, discussion and visual methods to operationalize abstract concepts and build critical thinking.
This is Walden University course (EDUC8101-7) Major Assessment #1: PowerPoint Presentation: What is learning? What is education? It is formatted in APA and includes references. Most universities submit higher-education assignments to turnitin; so, remember to paraphrase. Enjoy your discovery!
This document discusses different philosophies of education including essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, existentialism, and behaviorism. It provides descriptions of each philosophy's view on why we teach, what we teach, and how we teach. Key aspects include essentialism focusing on basic skills, progressivism emphasizing experiential learning, perennialism using the great books approach, existentialism allowing student choice, and behaviorism modifying behavior through environmental stimuli. The document then matches statements and educational practices to the philosophies they are associated with.
Constructivism is a theory that focuses on students actively participating in the learning process through critical thinking and problem solving to construct their own understanding. Key aspects of the theory include students as active learners who build knowledge based on their experiences, the idea that knowledge construction depends on age and development, and that learning is social and coincides with social development. Teachers aim to facilitate understanding through hands-on activities and experiences while students learn by doing.
Realism is a philosophy that believes reality exists objectively and independently of the mind. Realists such as Aristotle believe we can know reality through our senses and reason. Realism influenced education by advocating for a curriculum of organized academic subjects to best represent reality. Realist educators emphasize direct teaching methods and believe education should prepare students for the practical realities of life. The role of the teacher is to be a subject matter expert who presents information in a logical way to students.
This document discusses several theories of learning and cognitive development in psychology that influence curriculum design, including: behavioral theories proposed by Thorndike, Pavlov, and Skinner; cognitive theories like Piaget's stages of development, Vygotsky's theory of language and cultural transmission, and theories of multiple intelligences by Gardner; and cognitive skills like critical thinking. It provides details on the key scholars who proposed each theory and summaries of their main concepts.
Ba PT final theories of learning and schemas MariaElsam
This document discusses theories of learning and provides information on behaviorism, constructivism, and social constructivism. It begins by outlining the learning intentions of reflecting on theories of learning and their associated theorists in the context of the primary classroom. It then provides definitions of learning theories and overviews key aspects of behaviorism, including classical and operant conditioning. Constructivism and Jean Piaget's stages of development are examined. Social constructivism and the work of Lev Vygotsky and Jerome Bruner are also discussed. The document considers evidence of these theories in 21st century classrooms and provides examples and case studies of their application to learning.
Humanist approaches to education website versionsehl050
This document discusses humanist approaches to education and learning. Some key points:
- Humanism emphasizes studying the whole person and their uniqueness. It focuses on inner feelings and self-concept.
- Rogers believed in supportive learning environments where teachers work with students to achieve agreed goals so students love learning.
- Knowles proposed 6 principles of adult learning: need/reason for learning, self-concept, experience, readiness, problem-solving, and motivation.
- Humanism values learner autonomy, experience, problem-solving and intrinsic motivation over rote learning and external rewards. It aims to understand individuals and facilitate active, self-directed learning.
This document provides an overview of behaviorism as it relates to education. It discusses the key philosophers and researchers in behaviorism, including Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Their major works and findings are summarized, such as Pavlov's dog experiments, Thorndike's puzzle box experiments, Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, and Skinner's operant conditioning research. The document also discusses how behaviorism influences curriculum and instruction in the classroom, with a focus on reinforcement, punishment, and using environmental stimuli to shape student behavior. Overall, the document presents the basic tenets and historical foundations of the behaviorist perspective in educational psychology.
This document discusses the following points;
1. School of thought
2. Some proponents
3. Application to mathematics
4. Implication to teaching and learning
5. Teaching methods
The document discusses three classic theories of learning: behaviorism, constructivism, and social constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov and Skinner, views learning as the formation of habits through reinforcement or punishment in response to stimuli. Constructivism, developed by Piaget, sees learning as an active process where students construct knowledge based on their experiences. Social constructivism, from Vygotsky, emphasizes that social interactions and language play a role in students' cognitive development. The document also examines how aspects of these theories can still be seen in modern classrooms.
The document discusses three classic theories of learning: behaviorism, constructivism, and social constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Pavlov and Skinner, views learning as the formation of habits through reinforcement or punishment in response to stimuli. Constructivism, developed by Piaget, sees learning as an active process where students construct knowledge based on their experiences. Social constructivism, from Vygotsky, emphasizes that social interactions and language play a role in students' cognitive development. The document also examines how aspects of these theories can still be seen in modern classrooms.
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that studies how people learn in educational settings, both in and out of school. It aims to apply psychological insights and principles to understand and improve educational practice. Some key areas it covers are understanding learners, selecting learning experiences, teaching techniques and strategies, creating effective learning environments, and evaluating learning outcomes. It provides a scientific basis and practical guidance to help learners acquire knowledge and skills through satisfactory educational experiences.
Introduction to educational psychology 1majid hussain
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that studies how people learn in educational settings, both in and out of school. It aims to apply psychological insights and principles to understand and improve educational practice. Some key areas it covers are understanding learners, selecting learning experiences, teaching techniques to facilitate learning, and evaluating learning outcomes. It provides a scientific basis and practical guidance to help create effective learning environments and experiences for students.
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1. Introduction to the Behaviourist
theories of learning
Understanding Learning: MOD001256
2. Learning Objectives
By the end of the session, you will:
• Review some of the research of the behaviourist
learning theorists: Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson and
Skinner.
• Consider how behaviourist learning approaches are
used currently in a range of learning contexts and
settings.
3. Definition: Learning
“any more or less permanent change in
behaviour which is the result of experience”
(Borger & Seaborne, 1966, p16 cited in Jarvis, Holford & Griffin, 2003. p.25)
4. Influences in the late
19th/early 20th century
• Age of enlightenment - 18th Century
o Scientific approach to research- Positivism
• Psychology emerging a discipline (Freud)
• Darwin – Evolution
• Durkheim – Education to reinforce social solidarity
• Technology impacting on everyday life – modernity
Mood: The world is becoming increasingly explained and
understood. The introduction of new technology is encouraging
people to think of a future where the environment and life
experiences can be controlled.
5. Behaviourist learning
theorists – timeline:
I. Pavlov (1849-1936) [active 1890’s – 1900’s]
E.L. Thorndike (1874-1949) [active 1900’s – 1930’s]
J. Watson (1878–1958) [active 1910’s – 1920]
B. F. Skinner (1904 –1990) [active 1930’s – 1960’s]
6. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
(1849-1936)
• Russian
• Nobel Prize winner 1904 in Physiology and
Medicine for research about digestion.
• Key concept is conditioned (conditional) reflex
• He was not specifically concerned with the
study of learning
7. Conditioned Reflex
(Classical Conditioning)
• An Unconditioned Stimulus - sight/taste of food - provokes
an Unconditioned Response – salivation
• A normally neutral stimulus – bell, buzzer, metronome is
associated with the food until it provokes the response –
salivation
• The sound becomes the Conditioned Stimulus and the
response becomes the Conditioned Response
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho
8. Classical Conditioning
An example from a learning environment
Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response
Teacher instructs pupils to work quietly. Pupils work quietly on tasks.
Conditioned stimulus with additional
stimulus.
Unconditioned response
Teacher instructs pupils to work quietly
while putting her fingers on her lips.
Pupils work quietly on tasks.
Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response
Teacher puts her fingers on her lips. Pupils work quietly on tasks.
(From Bartlett and Burton, 2012, p.197)
9. John Broadus Watson
(1878–1958)
• American Psychologist
• Considered first person to use term ‘Behaviourism’
• Considered the mind as being irrelevant to learning
• Rejected determinism through instinct and heredity as the
major factor in learning – environment is the key
• Some interest in concept of thinking as ‘subvocal speech’
• Commented on child rearing
10. “Little Albert”
• “Little Albert” experiment: conditioned a young child to
associate fear with a furry object (rat, rabbit, fur hat, Santa
etc)
• “Little Albert” experiment:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE&feature=related
11. Watson writes…..
“Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental
branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and
control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods,
nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with
which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness.
The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response,
recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man,
with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the
behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.”
(Watson, 1913)
12. Watson writes…..
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified
world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and
train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer,
artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of
his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his
ancestors………..”
(Watson, 1930. p.82)
13. Edward Lee Thorndike
(1874-1949)
• American Psychologist
• In series of experiments which required cats to escape from
‘puzzle boxes’ he rejected notion that the cats might be using
insight to open the box in favour of learning through conditioned
responses (Trial and Error):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk6H7Ukp6To&NR=1
• Key idea is Law of Effect: responses that are closely followed
(‘recency’) by gaining a reward, become associated with the
situation and are more likely to be repeated. Negative
consequences can lead to weakened association.
14. Burrhus Frederic Skinner
(1904 –1990)
• American Psychologist – originally an English graduate
• The founder of ‘Radical Behaviourism’: behaviour is
learned through reinforcement
• Key ideas: ‘Operant Conditioning’ and ‘Reinforcement’
• Invented the ‘Operant Conditioning Chamber’ (Skinner
Box)
15. Operant Conditioning
• Living things are ‘operating’ on their environment
• If during this operation a reinforcing stimulus is
encountered, this increases the ‘operant’ i.e. the behaviour
immediately before the reinforcement. The reinforcing
stimulus increases the likelihood of the organism repeating
the behaviour.
• Typically this was tested in ‘Skinner boxes’:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQtDTdDr8vs&NR=1
16. Reinforcement
• Positive: Strengthening of behaviour by praise, rewarding
event
• Negative: Strengthening of behaviour by
removal/avoidance of event e.g. avoiding harm
• Punishment: Weakening of behaviour by aversive event
• Extinction: Weakening of behaviour by removal of
rewarding event
•In practice: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNW05PRpPUY
17. Key impacts on learning
• Trial and error learning: (Problem solving, Inquiry Based
Learning.) This can be open ended and student led or subject to
varying degrees of teacher intervention (to a desired outcome).
• Instrumental teaching: Learning outcomes are expressed in
behavioural terms. Learning is measurable and prescriptive.
• Programmed learning: Short tasks with frequent feedback
(reinforcement) and in small steps of increasing complexity.
18. Limitations & Criticisms
• Conformity: Outcomes often conformist. Authority imposes behavioural
goals that are reproduced reliably but predictably: What about free
thinkers, innovation and creativity? Who sets the goals?
• Indoctrination: May be seen as indoctrination when a teacher controls
outcomes and using reinforcement to ‘correct’ result.
• Neglects cognitive (thinking) processes: Potentially limiting learning
• Agency of learning is external: Learners are not encouraged to act
independently and to make their own choices during learning. The learning
and the environment is controlled by the teacher.
19. Watson, John B., 1913. Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It. Psychological
Review. 20. Pp158-177 (Full text available at:
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/views.htm)
Watson, John B., 1930. Behaviorism (revised edition). Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
More from Skinner:
Reinforcement, superstition and free will:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhvaSEJtOV8
Teaching machines:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXR9Ft8rzhk&feature=related
References:
20. Further reading to support your
assignment
Chapter 3 Behaviourist Approaches to Learning in: Jarvis, P., Holford, J., Griffin, C., 2003. The
Theory and Practice of Learning. 2nd edn. London: Routledge (E-book)
Pages 242 – 253 of Woolfolk, A., Hughes, M. & Walkup, V., 2013. Psychology in Education. 2nd
Edn. Harlow: Pearson Education (E-book in the library).
Pages 197 – 199 of Bartlett, S. & Burton, D. 2012. Introduction to Educational Studies.
London: Sage Publications Limited.
Behaviourism - general:
http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-behavourist.htm
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/beh.html
Skinner: http://tip.psychology.org/skinner.html
Thorndike: http://tip.psychology.org/thorn.html
Plus check the Weblinks area on the VLE for further on-line materials on behaviourism.
21. Further reading to support your
assignment
Behaviourism - general:
http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-behavourist.htm
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/beh.html
Skinner: http://tip.psychology.org/skinner.html
Thorndike: http://tip.psychology.org/thorn.html
Plus check the Weblinks area on the VLE for further on-line materials on
behaviourism.