Behavioral and cognitive views of learning have existed for decades. Behaviorists say that learning involves forming associations between actions and stimuli, while cognitivists say learning involves forming mental representations of task elements and their relationships. An experiment on rats in mazes found that when landmarks were visible, rats learning to navigate to a single place learned faster, supporting cognitive views, but when landmarks were hidden, rats learning a response pattern learned faster, supporting behavioral views.

1. Behavioral vs. Cognitive Views
of Learning
These traditions in learning theory have existed for decades.
They give different answers to the fundamental question,
“What is learned” when learning takes place?
Behaviorists say: Cognitivists say:
“Specific actions” “Mental representations”
For example, in a
“Skinner Box”, a rat may
receive a food reward
every time he presses
the bar. He presses
faster and faster. What
has he learned?

2. Behavioral vs. Cognitive Views
of Learning
These traditions in learning theory have existed for decades.
They give different answers to the fundamental question,
“What is learned” when learning takes place?
Behaviorists say: Cognitivists say:
“to press the bar.” “that pressing produces food.”
For example, in a
“Skinner Box”, a rat may
receive a food reward
every time he presses
the bar. He presses
faster and faster. What
has he learned?

3. Behavioral vs. Cognitive Views
of Learning
Behaviorism
(“learns to”)
1. Learning involves the formation of associations between
specific actions and specific events (stimuli) in the
environment. These stimuli may either precede or follow the
action (antecedents vs. consequences).
2. Many behaviorists use intervening variables to explain
behavior (e.g., habit, drive) but avoid references to mental
states.
3. RADICAL BEHAVIORISM (operant conditioning/behavior
modification/behavior analysis): avoids any intervening
variables and focuses on descriptions of relationships
between behavior and environment (“functional analysis”).

4. Behavioral vs. Cognitive Views
of Learning
Cognitivism
(“learns that”)
1. Learning takes place in the mind, not in behavior. It
involves the formation of mental representations of the
elements of a task and the discovery of how these elements
are related.
2. Behavior is used to make inferences about mental states
but is not of interest in itself (“methodological behaviorism”).
3. EXAMPLE: Tolman & Honzik’s experiment on latent
learning. Tolman, a pioneer of cognitive psychology, argued
that when rats practice mazes, they acquire a “cognitive map”
of the layout—mental representations of the landmarks and
their spatial relationships.

5. Response Vs. Place Learning
(Tolman, Ritchie & Kalish, 1946)
Start 2
This maze had no walls or
roof so that rats could see
“landmarks” in the room such
as a window, door, or lamp.
On a random half of the trials,
the rats started from Start Goal 2 Goal 1
Box 1, and on the other half
they started from Start Box 2.
Start 1
GROUP P always found food in Goal Box 1.
GROUP R found food in Goal Box 1 when they
started from Start Box 1 but received food in
Goal Box 2 when they started from Start Box 2.

6. Response Vs. Place Learning
(Tolman, Ritchie & Kalish, 1946)
Start 2
Cognitive theory predicted
that GROUP P would learn
faster because they only had
to learn one cognitive map.
Behavior theory predicted
GROUP R would learn faster Goal 2 Goal 1
because they only had to
learn one sequence of
movements at the choice
point—a right turn.
Start 1
GROUP P always found food in Goal Box 1.
GROUP R found food in Goal Box 1 when they
started from Start Box 1 but received food in
Goal Box 2 when they started from Start Box 2.

7. Response Vs. Place Learning
(Tolman, Ritchie & Kalish, 1946)
Start 2
What’s YOUR prediction?
Are you a behaviorist or a cognitivist?
GROUP GROUP P
R
Goal 2 Goal 1
Start 1
GROUP P always found food in Goal Box 1.
GROUP R found food in Goal Box 1 when they
started from Start Box 1 but received food in
Goal Box 2 when they started from Start Box 2.

8. Response Vs. Place Learning
(Tolman, Ritchie & Kalish, 1946)
Start 2
What’s YOUR prediction?
Are you a behaviorist or a cognitivist?
GROUP GROUP P
R
Group P learned
faster.
But Goal 2 Goal 1
Later studies found that if the maze had a roof
so the rats couldn’t see things in the room,
response learning was faster. Start 1
GROUP P always found food in Goal Box 1.
GROUP R found food in Goal Box 1 when they
started from Start Box 1 but received food in
Goal Box 2 when they started from Start Box 2.

9. Response Vs. Place Learning
(Tolman, Ritchie & Kalish, 1946)
Start 2
What’s YOUR prediction?
Are you a behaviorist or a cognitivist?
GROUP GROUP P
R
Group P learned
faster.
Goal 2 Goal 1
Both response and place learning
occur. Which type is faster depends
on what cues are available. So both
the cognitive and behavioral views
turned out to be right! Start 1
GROUP P always found food in Goal Box 1.
GROUP R found food in Goal Box 1 when they
started from Start Box 1 but received food in
Goal Box 2 when they started from Start Box 2.