Operant conditioning involves reinforcing correct responses to shape behavior. Principles include intermittent reinforcement being effective, presenting information in small amounts, and reinforcement generalizing across similar stimuli. Neo-behaviorism introduced cognitive factors like purpose and maps. Tolman's concepts included goal-directedness and latent learning. Bandura's social learning theory emphasized observational learning and modeling behaviors, which requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Reinforcement can indirectly influence learned behaviors through expectations. Cognition plays a role in social learning through processes like expectations and reciprocal causation.
These slides contains the introduction of Albert Bandura. its all about his biography.
Birthdate: December 4, 1925
Birthplace: Mundane in northern Alberta, Canada
He is the youngest child, and only son, in a family of six.
Both of his parents had immigrated to Canada when they were both adolescents; his father from Krakow, Poland and his mother from the Ukraine.
Due to the shortage of teachers and resources, learning was left largely to the students' own initiative.
According to Bandura, because of this limited access to educational resources, the students had to take charge of their own education.
Bandura’s elementary and high school years were spent at the one and only school in town.
Observational Learning Theory and Its Application.pdfKhemraj Subedi
Observational learning theory, also known as social learning theory or modeling, is a psychological theory developed by Albert Bandura that explains how people learn new behaviors by observing others. His work was published in 1977 book titled Social Learning Theory. According to this theory, learning can occur through direct experience or through the observation of others' actions, behaviors, and the consequences they experience.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
These slides contains the introduction of Albert Bandura. its all about his biography.
Birthdate: December 4, 1925
Birthplace: Mundane in northern Alberta, Canada
He is the youngest child, and only son, in a family of six.
Both of his parents had immigrated to Canada when they were both adolescents; his father from Krakow, Poland and his mother from the Ukraine.
Due to the shortage of teachers and resources, learning was left largely to the students' own initiative.
According to Bandura, because of this limited access to educational resources, the students had to take charge of their own education.
Bandura’s elementary and high school years were spent at the one and only school in town.
Observational Learning Theory and Its Application.pdfKhemraj Subedi
Observational learning theory, also known as social learning theory or modeling, is a psychological theory developed by Albert Bandura that explains how people learn new behaviors by observing others. His work was published in 1977 book titled Social Learning Theory. According to this theory, learning can occur through direct experience or through the observation of others' actions, behaviors, and the consequences they experience.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. IMPLICANTS OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING
• 1. Practice should take the form of question (Stimulus)
• 2. Require that the learner makes response for every frame and receives
immediate feedback.
• 3. Try to arrange the difficulty of the question so that the response is always
correct and hence, a positive reinforcement.
• 4. Ensure that the good performances in the lesson is paired with
reinforcement such as verbal praise, prizes and good grades.
2. PRINCIPLES DERIVED FROM
SKINNER’S OPERANT CONDITIONING
• 1. Behavior that is positively reinforced will reoccur: intermittent
reinforcement is practically effective.
• 2. Information should be presented in small amounts so that response can be
reinforced (shaping).
• 3. Reinforcement will generalize across similar stimuli (“stimulus
generalization”) producing secondary conditioning.
4. WHAT IS NEO BEHAVIORISM?
• Neo Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that bases its teaching on the
idea that people learn their behaviors by watching others and imitating them.
• Neo Behaviorism is a behavior cannot be full understood simply in terms of
observable stimuli and reactions. Neo behaviorism introduce mediating
variables into behaviorist stimulus response scheme.
5. NEO BEHAVIORISM
TOLMAN’S PURPOSIVE
BEHAVIORISM
• Goal Directedness
• Cognitive Maps
• Latent Learning
• Intervening Variables
BANDURA SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
• Principles
• Modeling
• Four Conditions For Effective
Modeling
6. TOLMAN’S PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM
• Purposive Behaviorism has also been referred to as a sign learning theory
and is often seen as a link between behaviorism and cognitive theory.
• Tolman’s theory was founded on two psychological views: those of the
gestalt psychologist and those of John Watson, the behaviorist.
7. EDWARD C. TOLMAN
*He is best known for cognitive behaviorism, his research on
cognitive maps, the theory of latent learning theory and the concept
of intervening variables.
* Edward Tolman was born on April 14, 1886 and died on
November 19, 1959.
8. TOLMAN’S KEY CONCEPTS
• Learning is always purposive and goal directed.
• Cognitive maps in rats.
• Latent Learning
• The concept of intervening variables.
• Reinforcement not essential for learning.
9. ALBERT BANDURA’S SOCIAL
LEARNING
• Social Learning Theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social
context.
• It consider that people learn from one another, including such concepts as
observational learning, imitation and modeling.
• Among others Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this
theory.
10. ALBERT BANDURA
• He is a Canadian-American psychologist and he was born on
December 04,1925 and died on July 26,2021 At the age of 95.
• Bandura was responsible for contributions to the field of education
and to several fields of psychology, including social learning theory,
therapy and personality psychology and was also an influences in the
transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology.
11. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
• 1. People can learn by observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of
those behaviors.
• 2. Learning can occur without a change in behavior.
• 3. Cognition plays a role in learning.
• 4. Social learning theory can be considered a bridge or a transition between
behaviorist learning theorist and cognitive learning theories.
12. HOW THE ENVIRONMENT
REINFORCESAND PUNISHES
MODELING
• 1. Observe the reinforce by the model.
• 2. The observer is reinforces by the third person.
• 3. The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing consequences.
• 4. Consequences of the model’s behavior affect the behaviors order
vicariously.
13. CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL LEARNING
PERSPECTIVE OF REINFORCEMENT
• 1. Contemporary theory purposes that both reinforcement and punishment
have indirect effects on learning.
• 2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the extent to which an individual
exhibits a behavior that has been learned.
• 3. The expectation of the reinforcement influences cognitive process that
promote learning.
14. COGNITIVE FACTORS IN SOCIAL
LEARNING
• 1. Learning without performances.
• 2. Cognitive process during learning.
• 3. Expectations
• 4. Reciprocal Causation
• 5. Modeling
16. EFFECTS OF MODELING ON
BEHAVIOR
• 1. Modeling teaches new behavior.
• 2. Modeling influences the frequency of previously learned behaviors.
• 3. Modeling may encourage previously forbidden behaviors.
• 4. Modeling increase the frequency of similar behavior.
17. EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONSOF
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
• 1. Student often learn great deal simply by observing with other people.
• 2. Describing the consequences behavior can effectively increase the
appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate one’s.
• 3. Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behavior.
• 4. Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that
they do not model inappropriate behaviors.
• 5. Teachers should expose students to a variety of models.