The document summarizes key concepts about cells and tissues from Chapter 3 of the textbook Human Physiology. It describes the structure and functions of cells, organelles, cytoskeleton, membranes, junctions, and the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Specifically, it outlines the characteristics of epithelial tissues, which are made of cells held together by junctions that protect internal environments and regulate material exchange. Epithelial tissues include exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective and secretory types.
This document provides an overview of animal behavior concepts for an AP Biology course. It discusses why animal behavior is studied from an evolutionary perspective and the types of questions that can be asked, such as proximate and ultimate causes. Innate behaviors like fixed action patterns are contrasted with learned behaviors like imprinting, associative learning, and spatial learning. Social behaviors such as communication, dominance hierarchies, cooperation and altruism are also examined. The document emphasizes that behaviors should increase an animal's fitness through greater survival and reproductive success.
The document discusses the organization of the human body into compartments and tissues. It begins by describing the three major body cavities - the dorsal cavity, the cranial cavity, and the ventral cavity. It then discusses the different tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides information on the structure and functions of cells and their membranes. The key body tissues and organs are organized into functional compartments to carry out essential processes.
This document describes how to perform a chi-square test to determine if two genes are independently assorting or linked. It explains that for a two-point testcross of a heterozygote individual, you expect a 25% ratio for each of the four possible offspring genotypes if the genes are independent. The chi-square test compares observed vs. expected offspring ratios. It notes that the standard test assumes equal segregation of alleles, which may not always be true.
Plant shoots bend towards light sources due to the plant hormone auxin. Experiments by Charles Darwin, his son Francis Darwin, and later Peter Boysen-Jensen and F.W. Went showed that the shoot tip perceives light and communicates with the rest of the shoot chemically to cause bending. Went eventually isolated the hormone auxin, which causes differential cell growth on the light and dark sides of shoots and roots, resulting in phototropism and gravitropism. Auxin also influences other growth processes like apical dominance, rooting of cuttings, and fruit development. Gibberellins and cytokinins were also later identified as important plant growth hormones.
The document summarizes key concepts about cells and tissues from Chapter 3 of the textbook Human Physiology. It describes the structure and functions of cells, organelles, cytoskeleton, membranes, junctions, and the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Specifically, it outlines the characteristics of epithelial tissues, which are made of cells held together by junctions that protect internal environments and regulate material exchange. Epithelial tissues include exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective and secretory types.
This document provides an overview of animal behavior concepts for an AP Biology course. It discusses why animal behavior is studied from an evolutionary perspective and the types of questions that can be asked, such as proximate and ultimate causes. Innate behaviors like fixed action patterns are contrasted with learned behaviors like imprinting, associative learning, and spatial learning. Social behaviors such as communication, dominance hierarchies, cooperation and altruism are also examined. The document emphasizes that behaviors should increase an animal's fitness through greater survival and reproductive success.
The document discusses the organization of the human body into compartments and tissues. It begins by describing the three major body cavities - the dorsal cavity, the cranial cavity, and the ventral cavity. It then discusses the different tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides information on the structure and functions of cells and their membranes. The key body tissues and organs are organized into functional compartments to carry out essential processes.
This document describes how to perform a chi-square test to determine if two genes are independently assorting or linked. It explains that for a two-point testcross of a heterozygote individual, you expect a 25% ratio for each of the four possible offspring genotypes if the genes are independent. The chi-square test compares observed vs. expected offspring ratios. It notes that the standard test assumes equal segregation of alleles, which may not always be true.
Plant shoots bend towards light sources due to the plant hormone auxin. Experiments by Charles Darwin, his son Francis Darwin, and later Peter Boysen-Jensen and F.W. Went showed that the shoot tip perceives light and communicates with the rest of the shoot chemically to cause bending. Went eventually isolated the hormone auxin, which causes differential cell growth on the light and dark sides of shoots and roots, resulting in phototropism and gravitropism. Auxin also influences other growth processes like apical dominance, rooting of cuttings, and fruit development. Gibberellins and cytokinins were also later identified as important plant growth hormones.
The document discusses plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It covers the life cycles of non-flowering plants like mosses and ferns which have motile sperm that require moist environments. The document also discusses the life cycles of flowering plants, which have evolved relationships with insect pollinators and can live in more diverse environments as a result. Key terms defined include haploid, diploid, mitosis, and meiosis. The alternation of generations in plant life cycles is also explained.
Division Anthophyta contains flowering plants (angiosperms) which differ from non-flowering seed plants (gymnosperms) in producing flowers and fruits. Angiosperms enclose their ovules within a carpel and after fertilization the ovule develops into a seed within the fruit. Flowers function to protect gametes and aid in pollination and fertilization. A flower typically has four specialized whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Floral parts can be described using formulas and diagrams which indicate symmetry, part numbers and relationships.
This document outlines the goals and key concepts regarding protein structure. It discusses the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Methods for determining protein structure are also covered, including protein purification techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, and centrifugation. Protein sequencing methods such as Edman degradation are also summarized. The document provides an overview of protein structure and analysis.
This document outlines and provides examples of different phylogenetic tree construction methods, including UPGMA and neighbor joining. UPGMA assumes a constant mutation rate and joins clusters based on average distances. Neighbor joining does not assume a constant rate and finds the tree that best satisfies the four-point criterion of additive distances. The examples demonstrate the step-by-step process of applying these methods to distance matrices to build phylogenetic trees through an iterative clustering approach.
Biochemistry 304 2014 student edition enzymes and enzyme kineticsmartyynyyte
Enzyme kinetics and the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis are described. Key points include:
1) Enzymes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions, increasing rates up to billions of times faster than uncatalyzed reactions. This is achieved through various catalytic mechanisms including acid-base, covalent, and metal ion catalysis.
2) Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe enzyme-catalyzed reactions, relating reaction velocity to substrate concentration. The Michaelis constant Km and maximum velocity Vmax are important parameters.
3) Different kinetic approaches like rapid equilibrium and steady state are used to derive rate equations depending on if reaction steps are at equilibrium. Rate equations can be plotted and analyzed to determine
Plants reproduce both sexually and asexually. In plants, the life cycle involves an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid stages. In the haploid stage, the gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis. In the diploid stage, the sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. Primitively, the gametophyte was the dominant stage but evolved to have the sporophyte as the dominant stage. Angiosperms have double fertilization where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the embryo, and the other sperm cell fertilizes the central cell to form the endosperm which nourishes the embryo. The ovary develops into a fruit containing seeds which have a dorm
The document discusses plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It covers the life cycles of non-flowering plants like mosses and ferns which have motile sperm that require moist environments. The document also discusses the life cycles of flowering plants, which have evolved relationships with insect pollinators and can live in more diverse environments as a result. Key terms defined include haploid, diploid, mitosis, and meiosis. The alternation of generations in plant life cycles is also explained.
Division Anthophyta contains flowering plants (angiosperms) which differ from non-flowering seed plants (gymnosperms) in producing flowers and fruits. Angiosperms enclose their ovules within a carpel and after fertilization the ovule develops into a seed within the fruit. Flowers function to protect gametes and aid in pollination and fertilization. A flower typically has four specialized whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Floral parts can be described using formulas and diagrams which indicate symmetry, part numbers and relationships.
This document outlines the goals and key concepts regarding protein structure. It discusses the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Methods for determining protein structure are also covered, including protein purification techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, and centrifugation. Protein sequencing methods such as Edman degradation are also summarized. The document provides an overview of protein structure and analysis.
This document outlines and provides examples of different phylogenetic tree construction methods, including UPGMA and neighbor joining. UPGMA assumes a constant mutation rate and joins clusters based on average distances. Neighbor joining does not assume a constant rate and finds the tree that best satisfies the four-point criterion of additive distances. The examples demonstrate the step-by-step process of applying these methods to distance matrices to build phylogenetic trees through an iterative clustering approach.
Biochemistry 304 2014 student edition enzymes and enzyme kineticsmartyynyyte
Enzyme kinetics and the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis are described. Key points include:
1) Enzymes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions, increasing rates up to billions of times faster than uncatalyzed reactions. This is achieved through various catalytic mechanisms including acid-base, covalent, and metal ion catalysis.
2) Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe enzyme-catalyzed reactions, relating reaction velocity to substrate concentration. The Michaelis constant Km and maximum velocity Vmax are important parameters.
3) Different kinetic approaches like rapid equilibrium and steady state are used to derive rate equations depending on if reaction steps are at equilibrium. Rate equations can be plotted and analyzed to determine
Plants reproduce both sexually and asexually. In plants, the life cycle involves an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid stages. In the haploid stage, the gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis. In the diploid stage, the sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. Primitively, the gametophyte was the dominant stage but evolved to have the sporophyte as the dominant stage. Angiosperms have double fertilization where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the embryo, and the other sperm cell fertilizes the central cell to form the endosperm which nourishes the embryo. The ovary develops into a fruit containing seeds which have a dorm