The document provides an overview of basic electrical and electronics concepts and components. It begins with definitions of key terms like electricity, voltage, current and atomic structure. It then explains components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and how they work. Different circuit applications using these components are discussed, including rectifiers, amplifiers and oscillators. The document serves as training material for an introductory workshop on circuit design and analysis.

1. WELCOME

2. Contents
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3. Introduction
• Concepts of…
• Electricity
• EMF
• Potential difference
• Voltage
• Current
• Atomic structure
• semiconductors
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4. What’s Electricity..?
• Electricity is a form of energy, which can
produce the light, heat, motion and magnetic
effects by the flow of electrons through a
conductor
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5. Electronics Vs Electrical
Electronics
• Current through Semi
conductors, Gas and
Vacuum
• High frequency current
through Conductors
Electrical
• Current through conductors
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6. EMF
• Force, to motive Electron
• Unit Volt
• The Actual voltage of a Cell.
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7. Potential Difference
• Force Due to the difference in Potential
• It’s a kind of potential
• Output voltage of a Battery
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8. Atomic Structure
• Electrons
– Negative Charge
– Moving Around Nucleus
– Have PE and KE
– In Orbits
• Nucleus
• Positive Charge
• Neutrons and protons
• Orbits
• Energy levels
Since electricity is related
to the electrons, the
Electrical behavior of a
material is decided by the
atomic structure of the
material.
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9. Atomic Structure
• Valance Electrons: are the
electrons in the Outer most
Shells.
• Max No of Valance
Electron is 8 and the 8
electron is the stable state.
To attain Stability the
Electron may lose or gain.
• Free Electrons: are valance
electrons having very weak
attachment with the
nucleus(Lose for stability)
Electrons are able to lose or gain
energy and to move (Excite) from one
orbit to another. Electrons have
Potential energy due to the nucleus
and kinetic energy due to the motion.
Electron requires energy to escape
from the atomic nucleus. Number of
outer most electrons is called the
valance of the atom. For a stable
atom, the valance number should be
eight. Atom has a tendency to attain
stability. For this, they lose, gain or
share electrons
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10. Energy Bands: • Valance Band: is the energy
band of outer most orbits.
• Conduction Band: is the energy
band of conduction band (the
minimum energy required to
an electron is free).
• Conductors
• Semi Conductors
• Insulators
Consider a particular orbit of an atom;
each electron in the orbit has different
energy. In a Semiconductor (Crystal), a
number of such atoms are there. So a
particular Shell or Sub shell have a an
energy band (Collection of Energy
levels),instead of a single energy level.
Such bands are called energy bands.
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11. Semi conductors
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
• N-type
• P-type
• Conduction in Semi Conductors
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12. Contents
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13. Electronic components
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Diodes
• Zener diodes
• LEDs
• Transistors
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14. Resistors • Fixed
– Carbon Film
– Metal film
– Carbon Composition
• Variable
– Linear
– Log
• Semi Variable
They are used for offering resistance
for the circuit. They are available as
Fixed, Variable and Semi variable
Resistors A resistor has Following
Specifications.
Resistance: is the Resistance offered
by the Resistor. For Variable and Semi
Variable Resistors, Resistance is the
maximum resistance, that offers.
Tolerance: indicates the deviation of
the resistance from the typical value,
due to other parameters like
temperature variation. Tolerance is
expressed in percentage.
Wattage: of a resistor says about max
current, that a resistor can withstand,
without any damage.
Used for:
Current control
Voltage divider
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15. Capacitors
• Fixed
– Paper
– Mica
– Ceramic
• Variable
• Semi Variable
Capacitors are used to store charges.
Capacitor is made by placing an
insulator (called dielectric) in between
two Metal plates. Capacitance is the
measure of capacitor’s ability to store
electric charge. Its unit is farad. Like
Resistors, they are also available as
Fixed, Variable and Semi Variable.
They are called by the name of the
dielectric used in it.
Capacitance: is the value marked on it.
Micro Farad (μF) is the practical unit.
Tolerance: will also be marked as
percentage.
Voltage rating: of capacitor is the
maximum voltage that can be stored
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17. Diodes • Forward Voltage drop (VF): is
the voltage drop across the
diode when it’s in conducting
state (forward biased). It will
be slightly greater than the
Knee Voltage.
• Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV):is
the maximum voltage that can
be applied in the reverse bias,
without any damage.
Diodes are P-N junction devices.
An ordinary Diode act as a Valve.
Diodes are known a particular No.
Data Sheet, provided by the
Manufacture says the
Specifications of Diode
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18. P-N junction
P type N-type
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
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19. Forward Bias
+
+
+
+
P type N-type
-
-
-
-
P type N-type
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
P type N-type
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20. +
+
+
+
P type N-type
-
-
-
-
P type N-type
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
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21. Zener Diodes
• Specifications
– Voltage
– Wattage
• Shunt Regulator
are the diodes which can be used for
the voltage regulation. Zener diodes
work like ordinary diode,; but in
reverse bias, instead of Avalanche
breakdown, they undergo Zener
breakdown. When avalanche break
down reached the diode will be
burned.
Common zener diode voltages are
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22. LEDs
LEDs are the diodes, which emit light.
In diodes the electrons from N-region,
having high energy are recombined
with holes in the P-region as in figure.
So they emit Light. The energy Gap
decides the color of LED, as shown in
the Table. White LED basically emits
ultraviolet light; and is converted to
white by the Phosphorus coating on
the LED.
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23. Transistors
Operating Regions of a Transistor:
• Active region:
• Saturation:
• Cutoff region:
• Inverted region
Basic functions as
1. A switch
2. An amplifier
3. A regulator.
Transistors are three terminals, two
junction devices. Transistors are made
by sandwich of an N-type in between
Two P-type semi conductors
(PNP).NPN Transistors are common in
use. Consider an N type
semiconductor in connection with a
battery as in figure. The electrons Flow
from the –ve terminal to +ve. Now
look in two the Figure B; there is the p-
region blocks the current. This device
is the Transistor. If we apply a biasing
voltage as shown in figure C, the
electrons from emitter will come to
Base because of the forward bias. But
the Base is physically small and the
collector is highly positive. So the
electrons will entre to Collector and
Transistor Conducts.
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24. Contents
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25. Diode Circuits
• Rectifiers
• Clippers
• Clampers
• Voltage Multipliers
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26. Rectifiers
• Half Wave Rectifier
• Full wave Rectifier
• Bridge rectifier
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27. IEEE Circuit Designing
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28. Clippers
• Positive Clipper
• Negative Clipper
• Biased Clipper
Clippers are wave shaping circuits.
They clips out some portions of in put
signal.
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29. Circuit Equivallent
Input Signal
OUT PUT
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30. Clamper
• Positive
• Negative
• Biased
Clamper circuits Chang the DC
levels of an ac.
Here the Capacitor is charged
through the diode when it’s in
forward bias.
The input is added with the
capacitor voltage and is give to
out put while the diode is in
reverse bias.
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31. Voltage Multipliers
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32. Contents
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33. Transistor circuits
• Biasing Methods
• Transistors as amplifiers
• Feed Back amplifiers
• Switches
• Multivibrators
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34. Transistor Biasing
• Base resistor Biasing
• Feed Back Resistor
• Voltage Divider
We have discussed the operating
regions of transistors. A transistor
works as an amplifier in active region.
To reach this we need some fixed
voltages at each junction. How this
acquires? Separate voltage sources are
not a suitable solution. So we provide
the required voltages by some
additional circuits with transistors,
called biasing circuits. Biasing circuits
are used to…
Fix the operating point
Stabilize collector current against
temperature variations
 Make the operating point,
independent of the transistor
parameters.
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35. Amplifier
• A transistor is a transfer Resistor
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36. Feed Back in Amplifiers
• Positive
• Negative
• Sampling
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37. Oscillators
• Tank circuits
• R-c phase shift Oscillators
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38. Multivibrators
• Transistor as a switch
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39. Multivibrators
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40. Contents
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41. Miscellaneous
• Relays
• Read switches
• LDRs
• Regulator circuits
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42. Relays
• Handle Heavy Loads
• Controlled by a dc supply
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43. Read Switch
• Magnetic power
• High current Application
• Like Relays
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44. Contents
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45. Reference
Basic electronic Circuits : N.N Bhargava
Electronic Devices and Circuits : Jacob milman
www.elexp.com
Electronicslab .com
WEB
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46. Thanks
muhsin@in.com
muhsin.ca@gmail.com
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47. 864329
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48. IEEE Circuit Designing
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49. IEEE Circuit Designing
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50. IEEE Circuit Designing
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51. IEEE Circuit Designing
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52. Circuit Equivallent
Input Signal
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