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Basic electronics component
- 1. Resistor Capacitor Inductor Connectors and DCJack LED IR Module LM358 H-Bridge L293D IC
- 2. Resistors • Offer opposesto the flow of current. • Have net Potential Drop Across them. How to Read a Resistor Value ?
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- 4. 1.Coupling Capacitors used to extract AC components fromDC + AC components.
- 5. 2. Decoupling •Decoupling capacitors are usedto pass noise coming in from the power source to the ground terminal
- 6. 3.Smoothing Smoothing capacitors suppress ripplesthat are generated even after rectification with a power circuit to smooth-out signals so that they approach direct currents.
- 7. Potentiometer •A potentiometer isa manually adjustable electrical resistor that uses three terminals. •Also Known as Variable Resistor or Rheostat .
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- 20. Light Emitting Diode Alight-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.
- 21. Infra Red LED •AnIR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays . •IR rays are not visible through naked eyes. •It is Forward Bias.
- 22. Photodiode or IRReceiver •A photodiode is a type of photo detector or light receiver capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. •Works in Reverse Bias
- 23. IR Sensors •An infraredSensor is a detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation •IR rays reflected by white background is received by the photodiode while the Black Color will absorb all the Radiation thus Photodiode would detect nothing.
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- 25. LM358 Comparator IC •Usedto compare analog signals to a reference voltage and give a digital high(1) or low(0) signal.
- 26. LM358 as Analogto Digital Convertor IR Sensor IR Sensor To motorRef. input To motor
- 27. IR Sensor usingLM358
- 28. H-Bridge It is anelectronic circuit which enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. It electronically command the motor to go forward, reverse, brake, and coast.
- 29. Motor Driver •Motor Driveris the Component That is required to amplify the current coming from the Control circuit to a suitable amount to drive the motors. •H-Bridge Motor Driver(Bi- Directional Motor Driver) •Using IC(L293D)
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Editor's Notes
- #5 Capacitors used in coupling exploit the characteristic of capacitors to only transmit AC components and not transmit DC components, and are used to extract AC components from DC + AC components. As the operating conditions of transistors, ICs and other active elements on circuits vary, it is necessary to extract only the required AC signal after setting the optimal operating conditions for each circuit. Coupling refers to linking circuits together, and, as their name suggests, coupling capacitors act as the intermediary for linking circuits together.
- #6 Power lines on circuits have capacitance and inductance components. If these components cause the voltage variation on power lines to increase, operation of the circuit becomes unstable. In extreme cases, fluctuations in the power source can become superimposed on the signal line, causing transmission of incorrect signals. Decoupling capacitors are used to pass noise coming in from the power source to the ground terminal, while at the same time continuously supplying stabilized current to combat sudden changes in load current on ICs and other circuits. As shown in Figure 2, even if the noise is superimposed on the line, unwanted noise can be passed to the ground terminal via decoupling capacitors.
- #7 Smoothing capacitors suppress ripples that are generated even after rectification with a power circuit to smooth-out signals so that they approach direct currents. When smoothing capacitors are installed after rectification, excess voltage is stored in the capacitor during high-voltage periods and released during low-voltage periods, thereby eliminating fluctuations in voltage.
- #10 An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which opposes the change in current that created it. An inductor is characterized by its inductance, the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current, which has units of henries (H). Inductors have values that typically range from 1 µH (10−6H) to 1 H. Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance. Along with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three passive linear circuit elements that make up electric circuits. Inductors are widely used in alternating current (AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio equipment. They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers. An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which opposes the change in current that created it. An inductor is characterized by its inductance, the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current, which has units of henries (H). Inductors have values that typically range from 1 µH (10−6H) to 1 H. Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance. Along with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three passive linear circuit elements that make up electric circuits. Inductors are widely used in alternating current (AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio equipment. They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers.
- #19 A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with appropriate transducers, since all objects have natural resonantfrequencies of vibration. For example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple, rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal. When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known as electrostriction or inverse piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like a circuit composed of an inductor,capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant frequency. (See RLC circuit.) Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its crystallographic axes).[11] Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator will remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations.
- #21 The particular semiconductors used for LED manufacture are gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), or gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP). The different semiconductor materials (called substrates) and different impurities result in different colors of light from the LED.
- #22 Infrared radiation extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (nm) to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequencyrange of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Below infrared is the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.