Semiconductor Memory Fundamentals
Memory Types
Memory Structure and its requirements
Memory Decoding
Examples
Input - Output Interfacing
Types of Parallel Data Transfer or I/O Techniques
Semiconductor Memory Fundamentals
Memory Types
Memory Structure and its requirements
Memory Decoding
Examples
Input - Output Interfacing
Types of Parallel Data Transfer or I/O Techniques
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
It is a central processing unit etched on a single chip.A single integrated circuit has all the functional components of a cpu namely ALU,CONTROL UNIT & REGISTERS
Basics of Microprocessor 8085
Architecture of 8085
Registers of 8085
Arithmetic Logic Unit of 8085
Instruction Decoder
Address buffer
Address/data buffer
Increment / decrement address latch
Interrupt control
Serial input / output control
Timing and control circuitry
Pin configuration of Microprocessor 8085
The 8085 is based on von Neumann design. It is designed by using NMOS technology. The “5” in the model number came from the fact that the 8085 requires only a +5 V power supply, rather than requiring the +5 V, -5 V and +12 V supplies the 8080 needed. It has 8 bit data bus and 16 bit address bus. It has 8 bit data bus and 16 bit address bus. It can work up to 5 MHz frequency. It has 40 pins in its chip. Lower order address bus is multiplexed with data bus to minimize the chip size
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
8085 Microprocessor, Features/Characteristics of 8085, Communication between Microprocessor & Memory, 8085 Programming Model, 8085 Registers, Flag Register, General Purpose Register, Special Purpose Register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter, Interrupts, Control Unit, Architecture/Block Diagram of 8085 & its explanation, Pin diagram of 8085
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. INTRODUCTION
• 8085 microprocessor was introduced by
Intel in the year 1976.
• This microprocessor is an update of 8080
microprocessor.
• The 8080 processor was updated with
Enable/Disable instruction pins and
Interrupt pins to form the 8085
microprocessor.
3. Features of 8085
• It is an 8 bit microprocessor.
• It has 16 bit address lines, hence it can access
(216
) 64 kB of memory.
• It provides 8-bit I/O addresses to access(28
) 256
I/O ports.
• It has 8 bit accumulator, flag register, instruction
register, six 8 bit general purpose register and
two 16 bit register.
• It provide five hardware interrupts : TRAP,RST
7.5,RST 6.5,RST 5.5 AND INTR.
6. It consists of various functional blocks as listed below:-
1. Registers
2. Arithmetic and logic unit
3. Instruction decoder and machine cycle encoder.
4. Address buffer
5. Address/Data buffer
6. Increment/Decrement address latch
7. Interrupt control
8. Serial I/O control
9. Timing and control circuitry
7. General Purpose Register
Individual B C D E H L
Combination B&C D&E H&L
Temporary Register
Temporary data register
W and Z registers
Special Purpose Register
Accumulator
Flag Register
Instruction Register
Sixteen Bit register
Program Counter(PC)
Stack Pointer(SP)
8. General purpose resistors-
The 8 bit general purpose register B,C,D,E,H and l can be used a separate 8 bit register or as
16 bit register pair ,BC,DE and HL.When used in register pair mode,the higher byte resides in
the first register and lower order byte resides in the second register.
Temporary register-
1. Temporary data register-
The ALU has two inputs. One input is supplied by accumulator and other from temporary data
register. The programmer can not access its temporary data register.
2. W and Z register-
These registers are used to hold 8 bit data during execution of some instruction.
Special Purpose registers-
1. Register A (Accumulator)-
It is extensively used in arithmetic, logic load and store operations, as well as in (I/O)
operations.
2. Flag register-
It is an 8 bit register in which five of the bits carry significant infromation in the form of flags
S(sign flag),Z(zero flag),AC(Auxuliary Carry),P(parity flag) and CY(carry flag) as shown in fig.
9. S Z AC P CY
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S-Sign flag-After the execution of arithmetic or logical operations, If bit D7 of the result is
1,the sign flag is set means negative. If d7 is o, the number will be considered as positive
number.
Z-Zero flag-The zero flag sets if the result of operation in ALU is zero and the flag resets if the
result is non zero.
AC-This flag is set if there is an overflow out of bit 3.
P-Parity flag-If the result has even number of 1’s ,the parity flag is set.if the parity is odd,flag
is reset.
CY-Carry flag-This flag is set if there is an overflow out of bit 7.
Instruction register-The CPU stores this opcode in a register called the instruction register.
10. Sixteen bit registers-
1. Program Counter(PC)-
The program counter is a special type of register which at a given time, stores the address of
the next instruction to be fetched.
2. Stack pointer(SP)-
A 16 bit stack pointer in used to hold the address of the most recent stack entry .
Arithmetic and logic unit-
Arithmetic and logic unit performs the arithmetic and logic operations on eight bit
variables.
Instruction Decoder-
The instruction decoder decodes the opcode stored in the instruction register and
accordingly gives
the timing and control signal which control the register,the data buffer,ALU.
Address Buffer-
This is an 8 bit unidirectional buffer.It is used to drive external high order address
bus(A15-A8).
11. Address/Data Buffer-
This is an 8 bit bidirctional buffer.It is used to multiplexed address/data bus.
Incrementer/Decrementer Address Latch-
A 16 bit register is used to increment or decrement the contents of program counter or stack pointer
Interrupt control-
whenever the interrupt signal is enabled or requested the microprocessor shifts the control from
main program to process the incoming request and after the completion of request, the control goes
back to the main program.
Serial I/O Control-
It transfers data bit by bit.it provides two lines are SOD and SID for serial communication.
Timing and control unit-
The control circuitry of the 8085 processor is responsible for all the operations. Along
with the control of fetching and loading operations and generation appropriate signals for
instruction exeution,control circuitry also generates signals required to interface external
device to the 8085 processor.
14. The signals of 8085 can be classified into seven groups according
to their functions-
1. Power supply and frequency signals
2. Data bus and Address bus
3. Control bus
4. Interrupt signals
5. Serial I/0 signals
6. DMA signals
7. Reset signals
15. Power supply and Frequency signals
Vcc
Vss
X1 and X2
Data bus and address bus
AD0 TO AD7
A8 TO A15
Control and status signals
ALE
RD and WR
IO/M
READY
Interrupt Signals
RST 7.5
RST 6.5
RST 5.5
TRAP
INTR
16. Serial I/0 Signals
SID (Serial input data)
SOD(Serial output data)
DMA Signals
HOLD
HLDA
Reset Signals
RESET IN
RESET OUT
17. Power supply and Frequency Signals-
1. Vcc:It requires a single +5V power supply.
2. Vss:Ground reference.
3. X1 and X2:A crystal ocillator is connected at these two pins.
Data bus and Address Bus-
1. AD0 to AD7:During the first part of the machine cycle(T1) lower 8 bit memory address or
I/O address appear on the bus. During the remaining part of the machine cycle (T2 and
T3) these lines are used as a bidirectional data bus.
2. A8 to A15:The upper half of the 16 bit address appears on the address line A8 to A15.
Control and Status singals-
1. ALE: The latching of lower half of an address is down by using external latch and ALE
signal from 8085.
2. RD and WR:RD signal indicates that the selected or memory device is to be read and
data is available on the data bus.WR signal indicates that he data on data bus are to be
written into a selected memory or I/O location.
3. IO/M,S0 and S1:IO/M indicates whether IO operation or memory operation is being
carried out.S1 and S0 indicates the type of machine cycle in progress.
4. READY:It is used by the microprocessor to sense whether a peripheral device is ready for
18. Interrupt Signals-
The 8085 has five hardware interrupt signal RST 5.5,RST 6.5,RST 7.5,TRAP and INTR.
Serial I/O signals-
1. SID(Serial Input Data): This input signal is used to accept serial data bit by bit form the
external device.
2. SOD(Serial Output Data): This is an output signal which enables the transmission of data
serially bit by bit to an external device.
DMA signals-
1. HOLD: This signal indicates that another master is requesting for the use of address bus, data
bus and control bus.
2. HLDA: This active high signal is used to acknowledge HOLD request.
Reset signals-
1. RESET IN:a).Sets the program counter to zero (000H).
b).resets the interrupt enable and HLDA flip flops.
c).Tristate the data bus, address bus and control bus.
2. RESET OUT: This active high signal indicates that processor is being reset.
20. Immediate addressing mode-
In this type of addressing mode data is specified as a part of instruction.e.g.
MVI B,20H : moves 8 bit immediate data (20 H)into register B.
Register addressing mode-
In this addressing mode, the operand is located in one of the registers.e.g.
ADD AX,BX : content of register BX is added to contents of AX(accumulator) an the result is
retained in register AX. AX AX+BX.
Direct addressing mode-
The direct addressing modes specify 16 bit address of the operand within the instruction itself.e.g
LDA 2400H :Loads the 8 bit contents of memory location 2000h into the accumulator.
Indirect addressing mode-
In indirect addressing mode, the memory address where two operands are located is specified by
the contents of a register pair.e.g.
LDAX B :Load the accumulator into the contents of memory location pointed by BC pair.
Implied addressing mode-
In implied addressing mode, opcode specifies the address of the operand.e.g.
CMA :Complement the contents of accumulator.