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Basic electronics, lecture 1
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- 2. Pattern Paper willcomprise of 100 marks. 25 marks will be covered by MID. 35 marks will be covered by FINALS. The remaining 40 marks is in your hand, that is known as sessional marks. 2
- 3. Sessional Marks It willdepend upon following things: Your behavior. Your participation in class. Assignments. Presentations. Attendance. Quizzes. 3
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- 5. Reference material 1.University Physics, Freedman. Young. 10th and higher editions. 2. College Physics, Resnick. Halliday. Krane. 6th and higher editions. 5
- 6. Introduction We areliving in an age of Information Technology. Electronics is the very basic foundation of this computer age. 6
- 7. Introduction Different typesof electronic equipment are used by us in our every day life. Devices like TV, AC and Telephone e.t.c Electronics have made deep impact on our every day life such as health care, automobiles, space travels, e.t.c 7
- 8. History of electronics The invention of Vacuum tube brought in the age of electronics. Many new and exciting applications were found for devices. Edison, Marconi, Ambrose, De Forest , etc are associated with electronics. 8
- 9. History After Worldwar 2 , the transistors were introduced instead of this. There came the concept of IC, that stands for Integrated Circuit. Today IC is found in every modern electrical device like computers, cars, TV, CD players, cell phones, etc. 9
- 10. History Using semi-conductorsnot for just transistors and diodes , but also for resistors and capacitors. 10
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- 12. Pre-requsite To havea basic knowledge of principles of electricity and magnetism. There comes an assignment with it , whose details will be told by me in last. 12
- 13. Fundamentals of semi-conductor physics Resistors Restivity Transistors Capacitors Diodes Inductors Conductors Semi conductors 13
- 14. Resistors A resistoris an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. 14
- 15. Resistivity The electricalResistance of an electrical or electronic component or device is generally defined as being the ratio of the voltage difference across it to the current flowing through it, basic Ohm´s Law principals. The problem with using resistance as a measurement is that it depends very much on the physical size of the material being measured as well as the material out of which it is made. For example, if we were to increase the length of the material (making it longer) its resistance would also increase proportionally. 15
- 16. Transistors A transistoris a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. 16
- 17. Capacitors A deviceused to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator. 17
- 18. Diodes A diodeis a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. 18
- 19. Inductor An inductoris an electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. 19
- 20. Conductor A conductoris an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current in one or more directions. Copper, human body, water,etc 20
- 21. Semi-conductor A semiconductoris a material whose electrical conductivity is between that of a conductor and an insulator. The elements most commonly used in semiconducting devices are silicon and germanium. 21
- 22. Insulator Insulators areused to protect us from the dangerous effects of electricity flowing through conductors. Glass, plastic, rubber, air and wood 22
- 23. Intrinsic semi-conductor Anintrinsic semiconductor is an un-doped semiconductor. This means that holes in the valence band are vacancies created by electrons that have been thermally excited to the conduction band. As opposed to doped semiconductors where holes or electrons are supplied by a “foreign” atom acting as an impurity 23
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- 25. Extrinsic semi-conductor Anextrinsic semiconductor is a semiconductor doped by a specific impurity which is able to deeply modify its electrical properties. Making it suitable for electronic applications (diodes, transistors, etc.) or optoelectronic applications (light emitters and detectors). 25
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- 27. Band theory Bandtheory, in solid-state physics, theoretical model describing the states of electrons, in solid materials, that can have values of energy only within certain specific ranges. The behavior of an electron in a solid is related to the behavior of all other particles around it. 27
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- 29. PN junction Ap–n junction is a boundary or interface between two types of semiconductor materials, p-type and n-type, inside a single crystal of semiconductor. The "p" (positive) side contains an excess of holes, while the "n" (negative) side contains an excess of electrons in the outer shells of the electrically neutral atoms there 29
- 30. PN junction p–njunctions are used as the elementary "building blocks" -- diodes and transistors -- in most semiconductor electronic devicesincluding integrated circuits. They are the active sites where the electronic action of the device takes place. For example, a common type of transistor, the bipolar junction transistor, consists of two p–n junctions in series, in the form n–p–n or p–n–p. They are also used in solar cells and LEDs. A Schottky junction is a special case of a p–n junction, where metal serves the role of the p-type semiconductor. 30
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- 33. Assignment In nextclass you will submit a hand- written assignment that will be about electricity and magnetism principles. Copied assignments won’t get any assistance in terms of marks. 33
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