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Basic
Electronics
Course Instructor:
Rida Shifa
Pattern
 Paper will comprise of 100 marks.
 25 marks will be covered by MID.
 35 marks will be covered by FINALS.
 The remaining 40 marks is in your hand, that
is known as sessional marks.
2
Sessional Marks
It will depend upon following things:
 Your behavior.
 Your participation in class.
 Assignments.
 Presentations.
 Attendance.
 Quizzes.
3
Contact Information
ridashifa1@gmail.com
4
Reference material
 1. University Physics, Freedman. Young. 10th
and higher editions.
 2. College Physics, Resnick. Halliday. Krane.
6th and higher editions.
5
Introduction
 We are living in an age of Information
Technology.
 Electronics is the very basic foundation of this
computer age.
6
Introduction
 Different types of electronic equipment are
used by us in our every day life.
 Devices like TV, AC and Telephone e.t.c
 Electronics have made deep impact on our
every day life such as health care,
automobiles, space travels, e.t.c
7
History of electronics
 The invention of Vacuum tube brought in the
age of electronics.
 Many new and exciting applications were
found for devices.
 Edison, Marconi, Ambrose, De Forest , etc
are associated with electronics.
8
History
 After World war 2 , the transistors were
introduced instead of this.
 There came the concept of IC, that stands for
Integrated Circuit.
 Today IC is found in every modern electrical
device like computers, cars, TV, CD players,
cell phones, etc.
9
History
 Using semi-conductors not for just transistors
and diodes , but also for resistors and
capacitors.
10
Pictorial Representation
11
Pre-requsite
 To have a basic knowledge of principles of
electricity and magnetism.
 There comes an assignment with it , whose
details will be told by me in last.
12
Fundamentals of semi-conductor
physics
 Resistors
 Restivity
 Transistors
 Capacitors
 Diodes
 Inductors
 Conductors
 Semi conductors
13
Resistors
 A resistor is an electrical component that
limits or regulates the flow of electrical current
in an electronic circuit.
 Resistors can also be used to provide a
specific voltage for an active device such as a
transistor.
14
Resistivity
 The electrical Resistance of an electrical or electronic
component or device is generally defined as being the
ratio of the voltage difference across it to the current
flowing through it, basic Ohm´s Law principals.
 The problem with using resistance as a measurement
is that it depends very much on the physical size of the
material being measured as well as the material out of
which it is made.
 For example, if we were to increase the length of the
material (making it longer) its resistance would also
increase proportionally.
15
Transistors
 A transistor is a device that regulates current
or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate
for electronic signals.
 Transistors consist of three layers of a
semiconductor material, each capable of
carrying a current.
16
Capacitors
 A device used to store an electric charge,
consisting of one or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator.
17
Diodes
 A diode is a specialized electronic component
with two electrodes called the anode and
the cathode. Most diodes are made
with semiconductor materials such as silicon,
germanium, or selenium.
18
Inductor
 An inductor is an electronic component that
stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.
 In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a
wire loop or coil.
19
Conductor
 A conductor is an object or type of material
that allows the flow of an electrical current in
one or more directions.
 Copper, human body, water,etc
20
Semi-conductor
 A semiconductor is a material whose electrical
conductivity is between that of a conductor
and an insulator.
 The elements most commonly used in
semiconducting devices
are silicon and germanium.
21
Insulator
 Insulators are used to protect us from the
dangerous effects of electricity flowing
through conductors.
 Glass, plastic, rubber, air and wood
22
Intrinsic semi-conductor
 An intrinsic semiconductor is an un-doped
semiconductor.
 This means that holes in the valence band
are vacancies created by electrons that have
been thermally excited to the conduction
band.
 As opposed to doped semiconductors where
holes or electrons are supplied by a “foreign”
atom acting as an impurity
23
Intrinsic semi-conductor
24
Extrinsic semi-conductor
 An extrinsic semiconductor is a
semiconductor doped by a specific impurity
which is able to deeply modify its electrical
properties.
 Making it suitable for electronic applications
(diodes, transistors, etc.) or optoelectronic
applications (light emitters and detectors).
25
Extrinsic semi-conductor
26
Band theory
 Band theory, in solid-state physics,
theoretical model describing the states
of electrons, in solid materials, that can have
values of energy only within certain specific
ranges.
 The behavior of an electron in a solid is
related to the behavior of all other particles
around it.
27
Band Theory
28
PN junction
 A p–n junction is a boundary or interface
between two types of semiconductor
materials, p-type and n-type, inside a
single crystal of semiconductor.
 The "p" (positive) side contains an excess
of holes, while the "n" (negative) side contains
an excess of electrons in the outer shells of
the electrically neutral atoms there
29
PN junction
 p–n junctions are used as the elementary "building
blocks" -- diodes and transistors -- in
most semiconductor electronic
devicesincluding integrated circuits.
 They are the active sites where the electronic action of
the device takes place. For example, a common type
of transistor, the bipolar junction transistor, consists of
two p–n junctions in series, in the form n–p–n or p–n–p.
 They are also used in solar cells and LEDs. A Schottky
junction is a special case of a p–n junction, where
metal serves the role of the p-type semiconductor.
30
PN junction
31
PN junction
32
Assignment
 In next class you will submit a hand- written
assignment that will be about electricity and
magnetism principles.
 Copied assignments won’t get any assistance
in terms of marks.
33
34

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Basic electronics, lecture 1

  • 2. Pattern  Paper will comprise of 100 marks.  25 marks will be covered by MID.  35 marks will be covered by FINALS.  The remaining 40 marks is in your hand, that is known as sessional marks. 2
  • 3. Sessional Marks It will depend upon following things:  Your behavior.  Your participation in class.  Assignments.  Presentations.  Attendance.  Quizzes. 3
  • 5. Reference material  1. University Physics, Freedman. Young. 10th and higher editions.  2. College Physics, Resnick. Halliday. Krane. 6th and higher editions. 5
  • 6. Introduction  We are living in an age of Information Technology.  Electronics is the very basic foundation of this computer age. 6
  • 7. Introduction  Different types of electronic equipment are used by us in our every day life.  Devices like TV, AC and Telephone e.t.c  Electronics have made deep impact on our every day life such as health care, automobiles, space travels, e.t.c 7
  • 8. History of electronics  The invention of Vacuum tube brought in the age of electronics.  Many new and exciting applications were found for devices.  Edison, Marconi, Ambrose, De Forest , etc are associated with electronics. 8
  • 9. History  After World war 2 , the transistors were introduced instead of this.  There came the concept of IC, that stands for Integrated Circuit.  Today IC is found in every modern electrical device like computers, cars, TV, CD players, cell phones, etc. 9
  • 10. History  Using semi-conductors not for just transistors and diodes , but also for resistors and capacitors. 10
  • 12. Pre-requsite  To have a basic knowledge of principles of electricity and magnetism.  There comes an assignment with it , whose details will be told by me in last. 12
  • 13. Fundamentals of semi-conductor physics  Resistors  Restivity  Transistors  Capacitors  Diodes  Inductors  Conductors  Semi conductors 13
  • 14. Resistors  A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit.  Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. 14
  • 15. Resistivity  The electrical Resistance of an electrical or electronic component or device is generally defined as being the ratio of the voltage difference across it to the current flowing through it, basic Ohm´s Law principals.  The problem with using resistance as a measurement is that it depends very much on the physical size of the material being measured as well as the material out of which it is made.  For example, if we were to increase the length of the material (making it longer) its resistance would also increase proportionally. 15
  • 16. Transistors  A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.  Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. 16
  • 17. Capacitors  A device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator. 17
  • 18. Diodes  A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. 18
  • 19. Inductor  An inductor is an electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.  In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. 19
  • 20. Conductor  A conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current in one or more directions.  Copper, human body, water,etc 20
  • 21. Semi-conductor  A semiconductor is a material whose electrical conductivity is between that of a conductor and an insulator.  The elements most commonly used in semiconducting devices are silicon and germanium. 21
  • 22. Insulator  Insulators are used to protect us from the dangerous effects of electricity flowing through conductors.  Glass, plastic, rubber, air and wood 22
  • 23. Intrinsic semi-conductor  An intrinsic semiconductor is an un-doped semiconductor.  This means that holes in the valence band are vacancies created by electrons that have been thermally excited to the conduction band.  As opposed to doped semiconductors where holes or electrons are supplied by a “foreign” atom acting as an impurity 23
  • 25. Extrinsic semi-conductor  An extrinsic semiconductor is a semiconductor doped by a specific impurity which is able to deeply modify its electrical properties.  Making it suitable for electronic applications (diodes, transistors, etc.) or optoelectronic applications (light emitters and detectors). 25
  • 27. Band theory  Band theory, in solid-state physics, theoretical model describing the states of electrons, in solid materials, that can have values of energy only within certain specific ranges.  The behavior of an electron in a solid is related to the behavior of all other particles around it. 27
  • 29. PN junction  A p–n junction is a boundary or interface between two types of semiconductor materials, p-type and n-type, inside a single crystal of semiconductor.  The "p" (positive) side contains an excess of holes, while the "n" (negative) side contains an excess of electrons in the outer shells of the electrically neutral atoms there 29
  • 30. PN junction  p–n junctions are used as the elementary "building blocks" -- diodes and transistors -- in most semiconductor electronic devicesincluding integrated circuits.  They are the active sites where the electronic action of the device takes place. For example, a common type of transistor, the bipolar junction transistor, consists of two p–n junctions in series, in the form n–p–n or p–n–p.  They are also used in solar cells and LEDs. A Schottky junction is a special case of a p–n junction, where metal serves the role of the p-type semiconductor. 30
  • 33. Assignment  In next class you will submit a hand- written assignment that will be about electricity and magnetism principles.  Copied assignments won’t get any assistance in terms of marks. 33
  • 34. 34

Editor's Notes

  1. Germanium has= 32
  2. Silicon has = 14 arsenic 5 or 3