Bacteria 19 1
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Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in that they lack peptidoglycan and have different membrane lipids, and their DNA sequences are more similar to eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are identified by characteristics like shape, cell wall composition, motility, and how they obtain energy. Bacteria play vital roles in ecosystems as producers through photosynthesis, decomposers that break down dead matter and nutrients, and have many human uses.
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MONERA
This document summarizes key information about the kingdom Monera. It discusses that Monera are prokaryotic organisms that do not have a nucleus membrane and includes bacteria and cyanobacteria. The taxon Monera was first proposed in 1866 and was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925. In modern taxonomy, bacteria and archaea are divided into separate domains. Bacteria have a well-developed cell structure not found in archaea or eukaryotes. The document also summarizes different genera of cyanobacteria like Nostoc, Anabaena, and Rivularia. Bacteria can be grouped based on their response to oxygen as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative anaerobic. They can also be
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The document summarizes key evolutionary tendencies in the kingdom Monera. It describes Monera as the oldest and simplest living organisms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria. Bacteria first evolved approximately 3.2-3.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by gene sequencing and ancient microfossils. Cyanobacteria were among the first organisms to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis approximately 2.45 billion years ago, introducing oxygen into the atmosphere. Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that share characteristics with fungi and play an important role in decomposing organic materials in soil.
Moneran Kingdom
Monerans are single-celled organisms that exist anywhere life can be found and can survive in extreme temperatures and pressures. They lack nuclei but some have flagella for movement. Bacteria are a type of moneran that feed on dead or decaying matter and living things, and are classified by shape. Blue-green bacteria contain chlorophyll and can produce their own food through photosynthesis. Monerans reproduce through binary fission under ideal conditions every 20 minutes. Viruses are tiny fragments of genetic material wrapped in a protein capsule that reproduce by taking over host cells and forcing them to produce more viruses until the host cell bursts. Communicable diseases spread via direct or indirect contact when bacteria or viruses enter the body and cause
Bacteria
This document outlines the six kingdoms of classification - Eubacteria, Archebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides key details about each kingdom, including whether the cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain nutrition. It also describes the typical characteristics of bacterial cells, including their cell wall composition, shape, staining properties, and how they reproduce and gain genetic variation.
Origin and Evolution of Life by Ratnodip Saha
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2. It describes the early Earth environment and the formation of simple organic molecules, followed by more complex polymers that aggregated to form early protocells like coacervates and microspheres.
3. Key events in the development of life included the evolution of protocells into prokaryotic cells, then eukaryotic cells, and later the rise of multicellular organisms.
Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and can live in nearly every habitat on Earth including some of the most extreme environments. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Viruses
This powerpoint presentation covers viruses, bacteria, and other microbes. It begins by defining viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. Examples discussed include bacteriophages like T4 and viruses like herpes. Bacteria like E. coli are introduced as single-celled organisms distinct from viruses. The structures of viruses and bacteria are described, along with how bacteria reproduce through binary fission, conjugation, and forming spores. Different types of bacteria are classified by their energy production, respiration, and symbiotic relationships. The powerpoint concludes by discussing nitrogen fixation by bacteria.
Eykaryotes
There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles like the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in a process called endosymbiosis, providing both cells with evolutionary advantages. Eukaryotic cells have complex internal structures like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes that allow them to produce proteins, package and transport materials within the cell.
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Monerans are single-celled organisms that exist anywhere life can be found and can survive in extreme temperatures and pressures. They lack nuclei but some have flagella for movement. Bacteria are a type of moneran that feed on dead or decaying matter and living things, and are classified by shape. Blue-green bacteria contain chlorophyll and can produce their own food through photosynthesis. Monerans reproduce through binary fission under ideal conditions every 20 minutes. Viruses are tiny fragments of genetic material wrapped in a protein capsule that reproduce by taking over host cells and forcing them to produce more viruses until the host cell bursts. Communicable diseases spread via direct or indirect contact when bacteria or viruses enter the body and cause
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2. It describes the early Earth environment and the formation of simple organic molecules, followed by more complex polymers that aggregated to form early protocells like coacervates and microspheres.
3. Key events in the development of life included the evolution of protocells into prokaryotic cells, then eukaryotic cells, and later the rise of multicellular organisms.
Kingdom monera
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This powerpoint presentation covers viruses, bacteria, and other microbes. It begins by defining viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. Examples discussed include bacteriophages like T4 and viruses like herpes. Bacteria like E. coli are introduced as single-celled organisms distinct from viruses. The structures of viruses and bacteria are described, along with how bacteria reproduce through binary fission, conjugation, and forming spores. Different types of bacteria are classified by their energy production, respiration, and symbiotic relationships. The powerpoint concludes by discussing nitrogen fixation by bacteria.
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Biology 19.1
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CHapter 27 bacteria
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- Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Genetic variation occurs through transformation, transduction, or conjugation.
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This document defines and describes different types of bacteria and their characteristics. It discusses bacteria that are prokaryotes, different shapes including bacillus and coccus, and how they obtain energy and carbon including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs. It also covers various forms of reproduction in bacteria like binary fission, conjugation, and endospores. Key processes like nitrogen fixation are also defined.
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The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that the first cell must have arisen from non-living materials and that all subsequent cells come from pre-existing cells, as demonstrated by Pasteur's experiments. It describes the endosymbiotic theory, which explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through the engulfment of bacteria that became mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes the similarities in size, structure, DNA, and division of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacteria.
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The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic cells engulfing other prokaryotic cells via endocytosis. Over time, the engulfed cells evolved into membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes similarities between these organelles and prokaryotes like circular DNA, ribosomes, and binary fission. The theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and explains the origin of eukaryotic cells and certain organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Eukaryotes arose during the Proterozoic eon through endosymbiotic relationships between ancient bacteria and archaea. The nuclear genome is derived from an archaeon that engulfed a bacterium, while the mitochondrial genome comes from alpha-proteobacteria that was engulfed by the nascent eukaryotic cell. Chloroplast genomes originate from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotes via endosymbiosis. DNA sequencing supports the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Prokaryotes have adapted structures that allow them to thrive in many habitats, including fimbriae, capsules, flagella, and cell walls. They reproduce quickly through binary fission and genetic recombination, allowing populations to evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. Prokaryotes use different methods of nutrition, including photoheterotrophy, chemoautotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy. They also show metabolic adaptations for oxygen levels and nitrogen fixation. Molecular systematics is leading to a phylogenetic classification of prokaryotes, with Archaea and bacteria in their own domains based on adaptations to extreme environments.
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- Bacteria also typically have a cell wall, flagella for movement, pili for surface attachment, and sometimes a glycocalyx outer layer or capsule.
- Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Genetic variation occurs through transformation, transduction, or conjugation.
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This document discusses the classification of archaebacteria and bacteria. It describes the transition from the older 5 kingdom system of classification to the newer 3 domain system, which better reflects evolutionary relationships based on molecular evidence. The 3 domains are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. The document then provides details on the structure, metabolism, genetics, roles as pathogens and benefits of prokaryotic bacteria and archaea.
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Topics:
# Characters of monera
# Different shapes of bacteria
# Different types of bacteria (archaebacteria & eubacteria)
# Importance of kingdom monera (bacteria)
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This document provides an overview of cell and molecular biology. It defines cells as the basic structural and functional units of life and describes their components and characteristics. The development of cell theory by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow is summarized. Molecular biology is introduced as the study of gene structure and function at the molecular level, involving DNA, RNA, proteins, and their interactions. Common techniques used in molecular biology like PCR and DNA sequencing are listed.
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The document discusses the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of chloroplasts. It proposes that chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by but not digested by larger eukaryotic cells. Over time, the cyanobacteria established a symbiotic relationship with the host cell, providing it nutrients through photosynthesis. Evidence that supports this includes chloroplast DNA resembling prokaryotic DNA and chloroplasts dividing in a prokaryotic manner. The theory explains the endosymbiotic origins of other plant cell components like mitochondria.
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Kingdom Monera or bacteria (biological classification) by Ratnodip Saha
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PROKARYOTES
This document provides information on prokaryotes, including their structure, growth, reproduction, metabolic diversity, and roles. It discusses the key characteristics of prokaryotic cells, such as their lack of membrane-bound organelles. It describes the different shapes of prokaryotes and structures found in their cells like cell walls, flagella, and endospores. The document also summarizes the different types of prokaryotic metabolism and how they obtain energy and carbon. It outlines the important ecological roles of prokaryotes as decomposers, pathogens, symbionts, and their use in industry. Finally, it distinguishes the three main groups of Archaebacteria: methanogens, halophiles,
PROKARYOTES
This document provides information on prokaryotes, including their structure, growth, reproduction, metabolic diversity, and roles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. They are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. They have various shapes and structures including cell walls, flagella, and plasmids. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. Metabolically, they include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. Prokaryotes play important ecological roles as decomposers, pathogens, symbionts, and are used commercially in food/medical industries and bioremediation. Archaea are unique prok
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The document discusses the kingdoms Monera and viruses. It covers the characteristics of bacteria, including that they are prokaryotes, single-celled, and the oldest and most abundant organisms. It describes the two kingdoms of archaea and eubacteria. Archaea include extremophiles like thermophiles and methanogens. Eubacteria are more diverse and make up most bacteria. Key bacterial structures and processes like shape, nutrition, respiration, and reproduction are summarized.
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This document provides information about viruses and bacteria. It discusses the structure and reproduction cycles of viruses, including how they infect host cells and use the host's machinery to replicate. It also describes bacteriophages and the lytic and lysogenic cycles they undergo when infecting bacteria. The document compares prokaryotes and eukaryotes and examines different bacterial characteristics such as shape, nutrition, and respiration. It provides examples of how bacteria are classified and discusses their importance in areas like nitrogen fixation and disease.
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The document discusses bacteria and viruses. It describes that prokaryotes like bacteria are classified into eubacteria and archaebacteria based on cell wall composition. Viruses require a living host cell to reproduce and can cause lytic or lysogenic infections. Bacteria and viruses can cause diseases in humans and plants through various mechanisms.
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Based on what you have observed in lab and learned in lecture, commen.pdf
Based on what you have observed in lab and learned in lecture, comment on the following claim
- \"all multicellular organisms can out-compete and out-survive all unicellular organisms because
they are more complex.\"
Solution
The formation of a living cell from organic molecules has taken a long way. The formation of
life from nonlife has greatest gap in the scientific theories of earth’s history. After the cooling of
earth, some 200 to 300 billion years ago, the water cells similar to modern bacteria were formed
from condensation of organic molecules into proteinoid microspheres under certain conditions.
These are not cells but have some characteristics of living systems. During the course of
evolution first, simple RNA molecules might have formed which later had the characteristics of
self replication, processing of other messenger RNA after transcription, helping in the replication
of DNA, catalyzing the chemical reactions and might have led to formation of systems consisting
of DNA directed protein synthesis.
The micro fossils discovered in the rocks more than 3.5 billion years old were the single celled
prokaryotic organisms resembling the modern bacteria. These must have evolved in absence of
oxygen. Over time, photosynthetic organisms might have evolved increasing the concentration of
oxygen in the atmosphere. This has caused some organisms to extinct because they could not
tolerate the high oxygen levels and some organisms to develop more effective metabolic
pathways to metabolize the oxygen.
The prokaryotic cells evolved earlier were started to develop internal membranes some 2 billion
years ago, due to which the evolution of eukaryotic cells had took place. The eukaryotic
organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast resemble the prokaryotic cells. This has happened
due to establishment of symbiotic relationship between prokaryotes that entered the eukaryotic
cells. Thus, endosymbiotic theory states that the eukaryotic cells are produced from living
communities formed by prokaryotic organisms.
The prokaryotes have small genomes and may contain less than 500 to more than 5000 genes.
The bacteria have a small circular chromosome and show specific variation with other bacterial
species. The bacteria contain extra chromosomal circular DNA called a plasmid. The plasmid is
capable of replicating on its own and often carries the non essential genes that can be transferred
from one cell to another. The bacterial genes are organized in to clusters known as operons that
can be transferred at a time. The genes of the operons contain protein encoding gene as well as
regulatory sequences. The gene density in the prokaryotes is one gene per kilo base.
The bacterial genomes highly differ with eukaryotic genomes in the aspects of gene density and
organization. The bacteria are single celled organism whereas the eukaryotes are multi cellular.
The eukaryotic genomes are large in size than the prokaryotes and may range 10 Mb to over 1
lack Mb. Prokaryo.
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This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It describes viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then discusses the structures of specific viruses like bacteriophages and herpes viruses. The document also outlines the structures and life cycles of bacteria, including their shapes, cell walls, movement, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms like nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also summarized.
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BACTERIA IMAGES.docx
Bacteria are the simplest ,most primitive and unicellular organisms without a true nucleus. That is why they are prokaryotic. they are placed under kingdom Monera. they are found everywhere in air,water,soil,food,inside our body etc. they lack nucleus and other cell organelles of complex cellslike plants,they possess a cell wall. each bacterial cell has its nuclear material in the form of a single chromosome which is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
BACTERIA IMAGES.pdf
Bacteria are the simplest ,most primitive and unicellular organisms without a true nucleus. That is why they are prokaryotic. they are placed under kingdom Monera. they are found everywhere in air,water,soil,food,inside our body etc. they lack nucleus and other cell organelles of complex cellslike plants,they possess a cell wall. each bacterial cell has its nuclear material in the form of a single chromosome which is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
https://thegeneralscience.com/bacteria-images/
BACTERIA IMAGES.docx
Bacteria are the simplest ,most primitive and unicellular organisms without a true nucleus. That is why they are prokaryotic. they are placed under kingdom Monera. they are found everywhere in air,water,soil,food,inside our body etc. they lack nucleus and other cell organelles of complex cellslike plants,they possess a cell wall. each bacterial cell has its nuclear material in the form of a single chromosome which is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
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Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes can be classified as either archaebacteria or eubacteria and they inhabit nearly every environment on Earth, including some extreme environments inhospitable to other lifeforms. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, decomposers, and some are parasites.
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Bacteria 19 1
- 2. How do two groups of prokaryotes differ? Archaebacteria lack the peptidoglycan of eubacteria and also have different membrane lipids. Also the DNA sequence of key archaebacterial genes are more like those of eukaryotes than those of eubacteria.
- 3. How do we identify prokaryotes? Prokaryotes are identified by characteristics such as shape, the chemical nature of their cell walls, the way they move and the way the obtain energy.
- 4. Importance of Bacteria Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world. Some are producers that capture energy by photosynthesis. Others are decomposers that break down the nutrients in dead matter and the atmosphere. Still other bacteria have human uses.
- 5. Prokaryote-bacillius The smallest and most common microorganisms are prokaryotes. You can find them even in a single drop of pond water. They are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. Rod shaped prokaryotes are called bacillus.
- 6. Coccus-spirillum Spherical prokaryotes are called coccus. Spiral and corkscrewed shaped prokaryotes are called spirillum.
- 7. chemoheterotrophs Most heterotrophic prokaryotes must take in organic molecules for both energy and a supply of carbon. These prokaryotes are called chemoheterotrophs. Most animals, including humans are chemoheterotrophs.
- 8. photoheterotrophs A smaller group of heterotrophic prokaryotes are called photoheterotrophs. These organisms are photosynthetic, using sunlight for energy, but they also need to take in organic compounds as a carbon source.
- 9. photoautotrophs Some autotrophs, the photoautotrophs, use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen in a process similar to that used by green plants.
- 10. chemoautotrophs Prokaryotes that can perform chemosynthesis and are called chemoautotrophs. They make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide. They do not require light as a source of energy.
- 11. Obligate aerobes Organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen in order to live are called obligate aerobes. The bacterium that causes tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe.
- 12. Obligate anaerobes These are bacteria that do not require energy and in fact can be killed by it, so they must live in the absence of oxygen.
- 13. Facultative anaerobes This kind of bacteria kind survive with or without oxygen. Their ability to switch between the process of cellular respiration and fermentation means that they are able to live just about anywhere.
- 14. Binary fission When a bacterium has grown so that it ahs nearly doubled in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identicle daughter cells. It is an asexual form of reproduction.
- 15. Conjugation and endospore During conjugation bacteria are able to exchange genetic information. A hollow bridge forms between the two bacterial cells and genes move from one cell to the other. An endospore is formed when an bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm.
- 16. Nitrogen fixation The process of converting nitrogen gas into a form that plants can use. It allows nitrogen atoms to continually cycle through the biosphere.