Bacteria are the simplest ,most primitive and unicellular organisms without a true nucleus. That is why they are prokaryotic. they are placed under kingdom Monera. they are found everywhere in air,water,soil,food,inside our body etc. they lack nucleus and other cell organelles of complex cellslike plants,they possess a cell wall. each bacterial cell has its nuclear material in the form of a single chromosome which is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria: BACTERIA AS A MODEL ORGANISM
THIS WAS MY PRESENTATION TOPIC IN CLASS. THOUGHT OF SHARING IT AND HOPE IT HELPS.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria: BACTERIA AS A MODEL ORGANISM
THIS WAS MY PRESENTATION TOPIC IN CLASS. THOUGHT OF SHARING IT AND HOPE IT HELPS.
Kingdom Monera
Bacteria
structure of Bacteria
shapes of Bacteria
reproduction in bacteria
How do Bacteria cause disease?
How can Bacteria work to our benefit?
CYNOBACTERIA
Example of cynobacteria
Cyanobacteria terminology
Actinomycetes
Streptomyces
Functions/Role of actinomycetes
The stem bears leaves, buds, flowers & fruits & helps to spread them out so that they can function properly. For example, it helps to spread out the leaves in such a way that they get the maximum possible sunlight and air..
It is a type of cyclic flow of nutrients between non- living components like soil, rock air and water and living organisms and micro oganism (Pseudomonas and Aeruginosa). It makes the biosphere dynamic. In oxygen cycle there is a cyclic flow of atmospheric oxygen. Photosynthesis releases oxygen in the atmosphere. Respiration absorbs oxygen. By photosynthesis plant produces organic molecules (C6 H12 O6). By respiration that organic molecule is oxidized to release energy and carbon oxide.
Kingdom Monera
Bacteria
structure of Bacteria
shapes of Bacteria
reproduction in bacteria
How do Bacteria cause disease?
How can Bacteria work to our benefit?
CYNOBACTERIA
Example of cynobacteria
Cyanobacteria terminology
Actinomycetes
Streptomyces
Functions/Role of actinomycetes
The stem bears leaves, buds, flowers & fruits & helps to spread them out so that they can function properly. For example, it helps to spread out the leaves in such a way that they get the maximum possible sunlight and air..
It is a type of cyclic flow of nutrients between non- living components like soil, rock air and water and living organisms and micro oganism (Pseudomonas and Aeruginosa). It makes the biosphere dynamic. In oxygen cycle there is a cyclic flow of atmospheric oxygen. Photosynthesis releases oxygen in the atmosphere. Respiration absorbs oxygen. By photosynthesis plant produces organic molecules (C6 H12 O6). By respiration that organic molecule is oxidized to release energy and carbon oxide.
Intestine part of the alimentary canal is prone to many infections which we term as nutritional diseases which may lead to its inflammation. The various infectious agents causing nutritional disorders are bacteria, virus, tapeworms, roundworms, threadworms, hookworm, pin worm etc. Here are some common nutritional diseases or disorders of the digestive system (marasmus)
INTRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY: We know that by the time conventional sources of energy will deplete soon due to improved technological progress and increased demand. To cater the rising demand, keeping a balance with limited with limited availability of conventional sources is very important. It is mandatory to look up to the alternative sources of energy which we also term as non-conventional sources of energy.
We perform many activities consciously or unconsciously, for example, when we eat food, our eyes help to locate the food, the nose smells it, hands bring food to the mouth, teeth chew and masticate it, the tongue pushes the food inside the alimentary canal, and so on. (NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION) All these activities occur in a coordinate manner. The organ system in our body that brings about coordination and integration of body activities, is the nervous system.
LIKE BEGETS LIKE, which means young one resemble their parents, (MONOHYBRID CROSS & DIHYBRID CROSS) is the well-known dogma associated with heredity. Each species has similarities among themselves due to the cause of heredity. W.Bateson was the first one to coin the term genetics in 1905. It is derived from the greek word “genesis” means to grow into or to become . in other word, genetics is the study of heredity and variation.
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
Events of fertilization
A] Pollination brings female and male gametophyte together- The male and female gametophytes must meet and unite their gametes to fertilize egg. This is done by pollination, in which pollen is placed on the stigma of the carpel.
B] Germination of pollen grain under suitable condition- The cytoplasm of the pollen grain absorbs sugar and water from the stigma and bulges out to produce a tube known as pollen tube by braking down exine of pollen grains. This germinating pollen tube grows down through the stigma and style of flower towards the micropyle of the ovary. This tube produces chemical, calcium such as that dissolves the tissues of the style and the tip of the pollen tube enters the ovary through the micropylar end occurring double fertilization.
The eyeball is a spherical structure having 2.5 diameters. Structurally, the eyeball has three layers:- sclerotic layer (outer layer); choroid (middle layer) and retina (inner layer).
Outermost layer contains sclera and cornea
Middle layer contains choroid, ciliary body and iris.
Innermost layer consists of retina
Human beings have always been perplexed about the origin and evolution of life on earth. For centuries, a number of theories and hypothesis have been suggested to explain the evolutionary process.
In the previous year, in a very short time life was created by some supernatural power. Most of the religions and civilizations still believe in it, however, they do not have a scientific explanation and more a matter of faith. There has always been an attempt by the scientists and naturalists with keen observation, to explain the evolution scientifically and to look for its evidences.
The process of evolution involves a gradual change or variation in the organisms generation after generation. It means that the organisms of present-day have arisen from ancestors that were simpler in an organisation.
It is a group of viruses that causes respiratory problems in animals and birds. Some viruses are not so dangerous, but due to biological reasons, some family members become lethal causing even death e.g. SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
MERS (Middle-east respiratory syndrome)
If we see at the sky for some time at night, then we will observe some stars forming groups with shapes. So, the shape formed by the group of stars is called a constellation diagram. The shapes of constellations resemble objects familiar to those people. Each constellation is signified by an animal, a human being, or some other objects it appears to resemble. All the constellations seem to move in the sky from east to west. This is due to the rotation of the earth on its axis from west to east.
The disease is the malfunctioning of the body organs due to one reason or the other. In other words, it is a disorder of the body. The state of the body when any of its normal functions are disturbed or when the structures are altered is called disease. We understand that to remain healthy, we need to do much more than just keep away from disease. CONGENITAL DISEASE: This type of disease is present right from the birth. This is caused either due to genetic disorders or gene mutation or environmental factors. These diseases are passed on from one generation to next generation. Some examples of congenital diseases are Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia, Colour blindness, Thalassaemia etc.
All living organisms are made up of a variety of body parts like roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, wood etc. in plants and bones, flesh, nerves etc in animals. These parts look different from each other, yet they are all composed of tiny units called cells. Moreover, many living organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas etc. consist of only one cell.
All living beings are made up of cells. The structural and functional unit of life is a cell which is the building block of the body. New cell arises from the pre-existing cells by the process of cell division.
Cell division occurs in all living organisms. In unicellular organisms, cell division directly produces two individuals. In multicellular organisms or higher-level organisms, life begins from a single cell, as a zygote, whIch divides and redivides mitotically into a number of cells to form a complete organism.
In multicellular organisms, there are two types of cells.
a)The somatic cells or the body cells- They form the body of an organism.
b)The reproductive cells or sex cells- They are gamete-producing cells.
Atoms are too small to see even with a powerful microscope and too light to be weighed even on the most sensitive balance. The history of the discovery of the structure of an atom is fascinating but a complicated subject. Only 100 years ago, scientists believed that atoms were solid, indestructible particles. Since then many great scientists had contributed brilliantly to give us the today’s model of an atom. Over the centuries, many philosophers and scientists tried to develop a model of the atom.
Conduction of water in plants is less elaborate than that of animal as well as plants. Plants are less active, so their cells do not need quick supply of materials. So, the only substances which are to be supplied to a plant through vascular bundle are water and minerals, this process is called ascent of sap. These materials are not available from air. Transport system also helps to carry food prepared in the leaves to the various parts of the plant like stems , roots etc. Ascent of sap is executed by two types of vascular bundles: Xylem which transports water and Phloem which transports prepared food.
On the basis of the function and occurrence ,tissues present in animal body is called animal tissue. These animal tissue is classified into the following four types:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
The ability of any living organism terms as acclimatization. It develops certain features which improves the chances of its survival in the changing environment. Plants and animals can adopt themselves in such a way that they can easily survive in the conditions where they use to live. We term this phenomenon adaptation also. Acclimatization is a trait of an organism. It favors the living organism by natural selection.
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
1. BACTERIA IMAGES: EASY DRAWING OF
BACTERIA
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BACTERIA IMAGES
INTRODUCTION: Bacteria are the simplest ,most primitive and unicellular organisms without a true nucleus.
That is why they are prokaryotic. they are placed under kingdom Monera. they are found everywhere in
air,water,soil,food,inside our body etc. they lack nucleus and other cell organelles of complex cellslike
plants,they possess a cell wall. each bacterial cell has its nuclear material in the form of a single
chromosome which is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
SIZE:
Bacteria are the smallest of all living organisms. Their size is usually expressed in microns. An
average spherical bacterial cell is 0.5 micrometre (µ) in diameter but most of them range from 0.2 to 2.0
micrometer (µ) in width and less than 2-10 micrometre (µ) in length. Bacillus forms vary from 0.3 to 15
micrometer (µ) in length and from 0.2 2.0 micrometre (µ in width. A single drop liquid may contain about 50
million bacteria.
SHAPE
According to shape bacteria are of four types.
SHAPE OF BACTERIA
SHAPE OF
BACTERIA
SHAPE CHARACTERISTICSDIAGRAM
2. COCCUS
(plural:
cocci)
Spherical
shaped
These may be present
in clusters
(Staphylococci) like a
bunch of grapes.
Sometimes form long
chain(Streptococci)
or in
pairs (Diplococci)
BACILLUS
(plural:
bacilli)
Rod shaped
These may be present
as a single
(Escherichia coli)
or in chains (Bacillus
anthracis)
SPIRILLUM
(plural:
spirilla)
Spiral or
curved
shaped
These bacteria may
have one or more
flagella at the end of
their bodies
(Leptospira spirillum)
3. VIBRIO
Comma
shaped
The body is curved
with only one
flagellum (Vibrio
cholera)
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIUM
*Each bacteria is a simple cell.
*It contains protoplast which is a living substance.
* Bacteria cell is surrounded by a non-living rigid cell wall.
* Bacteria cell wall contains peptidoglycan . It is not cellulose.
*Beneath the cell wall is a thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.
*It does not contain membrane bound organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondria, golgi body and
endoplasmic reticulum.
* The chromatin material is in the form of a single molecule of circular DNA attached to the cell membrane. It
is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
* Nucleoid is the single circular DNA molecule which is the genetic material present in the centre of the
cell.
* Some bacteria have a slimy protective layer called capsule outside the cell wall.
*This capsule helps bacteria to remain dormant during unfavourable conditions.
*Ribosomes and plasmid which is the smaller ring of DNA present in the cytoplasm.
4. *Ribosomes help in protein synthesis.
METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA
MOVEMENT: Most bacteria are immotile i.e. cannot move on their own. They are passively transported by
wind , water or simply by contact. Majority of cocci are non-motile. Some Bacteria such as bacilli and spirilla
can move by the lashing movement of whip- like flagella in a liquid or watery medium. Some of them have a
single flagellum at one end, while bacterium like Salmonella have
flagella all over the body.
NUTRITION: Most bacteria do not have chlorophyll. Nutrition in bacteria may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
NUTRITION IN BACTERIA
TYPE OF NUTRITION SUBDIVISION CHARACTERISTICS
1)Autotrophic nutrition
i) Photosynthetic bacteria
ii)Chemosynthetic bacteria
It contains bacteriochlorophyll
and produces food material
using light energy e.g. green
sulphur bacteria.
This type of bacteria obtain
energy by oxidizing inorganic
compounds e.g. sulphur
bacteria.
2)Heterotrophic nutrition
i)Saprophytic nutrition
ii)Parasitic nutrition
In this type of nutrition bacteria
obtain food from perishable
organic dead and decaying
matter.
In this nutrition bacteria can get
food from other living
organism (HOST)gets shelter
on
the host e.g. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:
a)Saprophytic nutrition- In this nutrition bacteria obtain food from dead and decaying organisms.
1. b) Parasitic nutrition- In this nutrition bacteria obtain food from other living organisms.
In heterotrophic nutrition bacteria secrete enzymes to make food material soluble which is then absorbed by
the bacterial cell. Most of the heterotrophic bacteria cause diseases to the hosts.
RESPIRATION OF BACTERIA
According to the requirements of oxygen in respiration bacteria may be divided into two types:
1. a) Aerobic bacteria:- They respire by utilising oxygen. By this process glucose is completely oxidised.
2. b) Anaerobic bacteria:- Some bacteria respire in absence of oxygen. We can get many useful products
by utilising anaerobic process.
PRODUCTION OF ENERGY DURING RESPIRATION:
5. Complete oxidation of food molecules during aerobic respiration results in the production of comparatively
more energy (683kcal) and this is happening in aerobic respiration.
Partial breakdown of food molecules during anaerobic respiration results in the production of less energy
(50 kcal ).
REPRODUCTION OF BACTERIA
1. a) Asexual reproduction:- In bacteria reproduction rakes place mostly by asexul processes . It is of
various types.
1. i) Binary fission: It is very much popular among bacteria. Theoretically one fact can be shared that ”
under ideal conditions, some bacteria divide at a rapid rate. A single bacterium cell would produce
281,514,871,750,658 bacteria at the end of 24 hours”. However, it never happens in nature due to
accumulation of toxins in the medium and depletion in food supply.
Binary fission takes place by simple mitotic division. In this process a fully grown bacterial cell divides into
two identical cells by a constriction in the cell wall. The two resulting bacteria get separated and after
reaching maturity redivide. In certain bacteria, the divided cells do not separate but remain attached giving
rise to chains or colonies. During fission, bacteria divide into two. Cell division is preceded by duplication of
the DNA. The bacterium grows and it’s nucleus enlarges due to DNA duplication. The two DNA are pulled
apart to two sides. It is generally happened in favourable conditions.
1. ii) Spore or Endospore formation:- Endospores are formed in a few bacteria. These are thick- walled,
non- motile resistant bodies formed within the cells. These Endospores are resistant to temperature as
low as ice and high as boiling water. They can withstand dry conditions and remain alive in adverse
conditions for a long time. Fortunately only two of the pathogenic bacteria i.e. Tetanus causing and
Anthrax causing bacteria produce Endospores.
6. Spore formation in bacteria is not a method of reproduction but simply a method of escaping unfavorable
conditions as there is no increase in the number of individuals.
Endospore formation is not a method of reproduction by bacteria. It is rather a means to protect themselves
under unfavorable conditions. That time bacteria form thick- walled, non- motile resistant bodies called
Endospores. These are formed within the cells. The cytoplasm of the çell condenses and then secretes a
thick wall to form Endospore. It remains dormant and can tolerate high temperature, freezing temperature,
pH changes, effects of chemicals. On the return of favourable conditions , each Endospore germinate to
form a single bacterial cell.
1. B) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:- It occurs in bacteria through conjugation. This is an unusual form of
reproduction in bacteria. During conjugation bridges are formed between two cells. Exchange of genetic
material is occurred through the bridge. e.g. Escherichia coli . The new individual divideds and redivides
to form new daughter cells .