Prokaryotes have adapted structures that allow them to thrive in many habitats, including fimbriae, capsules, flagella, and cell walls. They reproduce quickly through binary fission and genetic recombination, allowing populations to evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. Prokaryotes use different methods of nutrition, including photoheterotrophy, chemoautotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy. They also show metabolic adaptations for oxygen levels and nitrogen fixation. Molecular systematics is leading to a phylogenetic classification of prokaryotes, with Archaea and bacteria in their own domains based on adaptations to extreme environments.

1. Chapter 27Bacteria &ArchaeaBy Anthony Stotts

2. Prokaryotes ability to adapt to a broad range of habitats provide them the ability to be the largest organism population .Prokaryote’s structures contribute to their success; Fimbriae- hairlike appendages .Capsule – sticky layer of polysaccharide or proteins.Internal Organization- no nucleus, ext.Flagella- organs used for propulsion.Cell wallCircular chromosome- often accompanied by smaller rings of DNA called Plasmids.Structural and fictional adaptations

4. Reproduction and adaptation Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by binary fissionPopulations can evolve in short periods of time for the highest level of survival in response to environmental changes.Certain bacteria can develop endospores, which are resistant cells that help when propter nutrition lacking.

5. Due to rapid reproduction in Prokaryotes Mutations can happen often, quickly increasing a population’s genetic variation.This enables adaptive evolution .Genetic Recombination also supports diversity threw recombination in DNA. Transformation, transduction and conjugation are methods used by bacteria. This can transfer alleles that may have advantageous like; Antibiotic resistances.Reproduction, Mutation, Recombination

6. Exs. Of nutrition: photoheterotrophy- use of light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon in organic form.Chemoautotrophy- needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.Chemoheterotroph- must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.Photoautotroph- harnessing light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.nutritional and metabolic adaptations

8. Oxygen in metabolism effect aerobes (organism like Bacteria) in different ways. Obligate aerobes need O2 for cellular respiration Obligate anaerobe are poisoned by O2Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without O2Prokaryotes can also metabolize a wide variety of nitrogenous compounds in a process called nitrogen fixation. A large number of prokaryotes use cooperation metabolically, exchanging metabolic products.

9. Molecular systematic is leading to a phylogenetic classification.Archaea share certain traits with bacteria, however extreme thermopiles and extreme halophiles are in here own class of extreme environments.Other archealive in moderate environments such as; soils, lakes and oceans.The two largest groups of bacteria are proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria.Illuminating prokaryotic phylogeny

10. Heterotrophic prokaryotes chemically recycle, as nitrogen – fixing prokaryotes recycles elements in the ecosystems. Many prokaryotes have symbiotic relationships with a host; however; range from mutualism to parasitism. Crucial roles in the biosphere

11. Harmful and beneficial impact Pathogenic bacteria typically cause diseases by releasing extoxins or endotoxins.Harmful strands of bacteria can transfer genes to harmless strands making them harmful.Prokaryotes can be used in research to find cures for illnesses along with making new eco-friendly materials.