This document summarizes a study that aimed to model train accidents at railroad crossings in East Java, Indonesia. The researchers collected data from 33 railroad crossings without guardrails and identified explanatory variables related to train engineering, road engineering, and the environment. Poisson regression analysis was used to develop models relating these variables to the number of accidents. The final model included four significant variables: train speed, distance between signs and the crossing, presence of flashing lights, and average daily traffic. The model showed that increases in train speed had the largest impact on predicted accidents.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Modeling of driver lane choice behavior with artificial neural networks (ann)...cseij
In parallel to the economic developments, the importance of road transportation was significantly
increased in Turkey. As a result of this, long-distance freight transportation gains more importance and
hence numbers of the heavy vehicles were significantly increased. Consequently, road surface deformations
are observed on the roads as the increasing freight transportation and climatic conditions influence the
road surface. Therefore, loss of functionality of the road surface is observed and drivers are much prone to
accident due to their driving characteristics as they can have more tendencies to change their lanes not to
pass through the deformation area. In this study, the lane changing behaviors of the drivers were
investigated and both Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Linear Regression (LR) models were proposed
to simulate the driver behavior of lane changing who approach to a specific road deformation area. The
potential of ANN model for simulating the driver behavior was evaluated with successive comparison of the
model performances with LR model. While there was a slight performance increase for the ANN model with
respect to LR model, it is quite evident that, ANN models can play an important role for predicting the
driver behavior approaching a road surface deformation. It can be said that, approaching speed plays an
important factor on the lane changing behavior of a driver. This can be criticized by the fact that, drivers
with high approaching speeds more likely pass through the deformation to avoid the accidents while
changing their lanes with a high speed.
Presentation by Professor Toshio YOSHII of Ehime University of Japan, delivered as a guest seminar during a visit to the Institute for Transport Studies, July 2014.
It is well known that traffic accident tends to occur more in congested flow state than in flee flow state. The developing simulation can estimate the traffic accident risk considering these traffic states. The traffic accident risk shows the likelihood of the occurrence of accidents. 3 traffic states are considered in the analysis, which are free flow, congested flow and mixed flow. The simulation can estimate traffic states at each link and using these states the risk estimation model can estimate traffic accident risks. The risk estimation model has been developed by Poisson regression analysis. The results of the Poisson regression analysis is presented.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The Effect of Speed Camera Warning Sign on Vehicle Speed in School Zones musuthm
Driving too fast is one of the most prevalent factors that contribute to traffic crashes. In school zones,
staying alert and obeying the posted speed limit especially during the school period are imperative for public safety,
particularly involving children. Encouraging motorists to travel at safe speeds through the installation of yellow
transverse bars at Seri Sabak Uni School and Pintas Puding School was found to be ineffective. Drivers were
observed to have violated the 30 km/h speed limit and more seriously, driven over the speed limits of adjoining
roads. Consequently, speed camera warning signs were erected as a pre-emptive measure to curtail speeding
problems in the school zones. From impact studies carried out to measure the effectiveness of these signs, it was
found that the speed camera warning signs were also not able to change driver behavior.
Modeling business management systems transportationSherin El-Rashied
Introduction
How IT &Business Process Fit Together
What is modeling?
What is Simulation?
Modeling & Simulation in Business Process Management
The Seven-Step Model-Building Process
Transportation
An overview on transportation modeling
Transport model scope & structure
Car Traffic Jam Problem
Aim of Transportation Model
Types of Traffic Models
Microscopic Traffic model & Simulation
Cellular Automaton model
Conclusion
Solving Transportation Problem by Software Application
Class Example
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Modeling of driver lane choice behavior with artificial neural networks (ann)...cseij
In parallel to the economic developments, the importance of road transportation was significantly
increased in Turkey. As a result of this, long-distance freight transportation gains more importance and
hence numbers of the heavy vehicles were significantly increased. Consequently, road surface deformations
are observed on the roads as the increasing freight transportation and climatic conditions influence the
road surface. Therefore, loss of functionality of the road surface is observed and drivers are much prone to
accident due to their driving characteristics as they can have more tendencies to change their lanes not to
pass through the deformation area. In this study, the lane changing behaviors of the drivers were
investigated and both Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Linear Regression (LR) models were proposed
to simulate the driver behavior of lane changing who approach to a specific road deformation area. The
potential of ANN model for simulating the driver behavior was evaluated with successive comparison of the
model performances with LR model. While there was a slight performance increase for the ANN model with
respect to LR model, it is quite evident that, ANN models can play an important role for predicting the
driver behavior approaching a road surface deformation. It can be said that, approaching speed plays an
important factor on the lane changing behavior of a driver. This can be criticized by the fact that, drivers
with high approaching speeds more likely pass through the deformation to avoid the accidents while
changing their lanes with a high speed.
Presentation by Professor Toshio YOSHII of Ehime University of Japan, delivered as a guest seminar during a visit to the Institute for Transport Studies, July 2014.
It is well known that traffic accident tends to occur more in congested flow state than in flee flow state. The developing simulation can estimate the traffic accident risk considering these traffic states. The traffic accident risk shows the likelihood of the occurrence of accidents. 3 traffic states are considered in the analysis, which are free flow, congested flow and mixed flow. The simulation can estimate traffic states at each link and using these states the risk estimation model can estimate traffic accident risks. The risk estimation model has been developed by Poisson regression analysis. The results of the Poisson regression analysis is presented.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The Effect of Speed Camera Warning Sign on Vehicle Speed in School Zones musuthm
Driving too fast is one of the most prevalent factors that contribute to traffic crashes. In school zones,
staying alert and obeying the posted speed limit especially during the school period are imperative for public safety,
particularly involving children. Encouraging motorists to travel at safe speeds through the installation of yellow
transverse bars at Seri Sabak Uni School and Pintas Puding School was found to be ineffective. Drivers were
observed to have violated the 30 km/h speed limit and more seriously, driven over the speed limits of adjoining
roads. Consequently, speed camera warning signs were erected as a pre-emptive measure to curtail speeding
problems in the school zones. From impact studies carried out to measure the effectiveness of these signs, it was
found that the speed camera warning signs were also not able to change driver behavior.
Modeling business management systems transportationSherin El-Rashied
Introduction
How IT &Business Process Fit Together
What is modeling?
What is Simulation?
Modeling & Simulation in Business Process Management
The Seven-Step Model-Building Process
Transportation
An overview on transportation modeling
Transport model scope & structure
Car Traffic Jam Problem
Aim of Transportation Model
Types of Traffic Models
Microscopic Traffic model & Simulation
Cellular Automaton model
Conclusion
Solving Transportation Problem by Software Application
Class Example
Based on prospect theory of pedestrian impact analysisIJERA Editor
Crossing the street is the important behavior of pedestrian traffic system, the type of crossing facilities will directly affect the choice of the ways of pedestrians to cross the street. On the analysis of the characteristics of pedestrian crossing facilities and the factors influencing the choice of the ways of pedestrians to cross the street, on the basis of combination of the specific case of crossing facilities installed on xuefudadao road , the investigation and analysis in the choice of pedestrians to cross the street and utilization of existing crossing facilities , and thus put forward suggestions to set up crossing facilities space location.
Pedestrian Accident Scenario of Dhaka City and Development of a Prediction ModelRafidTahmid1
Conference: International Conference on Recent Innovation in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (IICSD).
Year: 2015.
Place: Department of Civil Engineering, DUET - Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Type: Conference Paper.
Paper ID: TE-049.
Authors: H. M. Ahsan (1); M. H. Rahman (2).
(1) Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET.
Email: hmahsan@ce.buet.ac.bd
(2) Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET.
Email: md.hasibur.rahman.buet.ce@gmail.com
OPTIMIZED SOLUTIONS FOR RESOLVING TRAFFIC CONGESTION AT UNIVERSITY CIRCLEIAEME Publication
In today’s world, due to globalization, transportation becomes one of the essential need of human being .In developing countries like India, where the population is going on increasing which leads to the serious traffic issues .In city, Pune which would be the metro-city in next some days, is facing a huge traffic problems Hence it is necessary to do a traffic study of the city to provide designed, planned and cost effective road transportation system. In this paper, traffic data is counted and analysis of data is done with the help of software PTV VISTRO for signal optimization. Also, the other improvements are suggested. The main factors influencing the traffic problem are type of traffic, seasons, population accumulated in the area, direction of flow, parking, foot path availability, the width of the road, connectivity to the different locations and value of area etc. The aim of this paper is to identify the problems creating the traffic and providing solutions for effective transportation through the city.
Car-Following Parameters by Means of Cellular Automata in the Case of EvacuationCSCJournals
This study is attention to the car-following model, an important part in the micro traffic flow. Different from Nagel–Schreckenberg’s studies in which car-following model without agent drivers and diligent ones, agent drivers and diligent ones are proposed in the car-following part in this work and lane-changing is also presented in the model. The impact of agent drivers and diligent ones under certain circumstances such as in the case of evacuation is considered. Based on simulation results, the relations between evacuation time and diligent drivers are obtained by using different amounts of agent drivers; comparison between previous (Nagel–Schreckenberg) and proposed model is also found in order to find the evacuation time. Besides, the effectiveness of reduction the evacuation time is presented for various agent drivers and diligent ones.
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
Quantifying modelingon risk of travel demand and measure to sustaining road s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In these days urbanization of road transportation facilities are more complexity to developing in the form of to improve road safety. With the increased usage of Vehicles has enhanced the need for developing the infrastructure where these motor vehicles can move safely. By developing safe roads which connect destinations and cities is a key foundation to infrastructural development in a safe connectivity of road transportation. Mainly in this study can approach the road safety by using principal component analysis(PCA) by using MAT LAB and geographical information system (GIS) Arc-GIS software to develop base maps and accident causing zones identify in the study area. In this study an attempt has been made to study the existing road network for Ongole, Pernamitta village road (Kurnool road state highway) area and propose the necessary improvements to be done. And this model presented in this paper discussing with a multi set of variables under the one dimensionality set to identifying and deriving the new data set for risk identify zones with raking by this analysis of principal component analysis. The safety audit is defined as the place or location which causes number of accidents. It may be curve or faulty infrastructure. Such accidents are taken as input from Ongole taluka Police Station at Ongole for further study. These accidents are registered from First Information Report (FIR) informed by people. The study areas taken into consideration are Ongole to Pernamitta village Road (Ongole to Kurnool UN divided two way line state highway). The aim of this study is to minimize the accidents and find out the risk identify zones on the particular road network. Key words: road safety,faulty infrastructure, PCA analysis, Arc-GIS,FIR and urbanization.
Effectiveness Analysis of Travel Time For Mode Alternatife Trnasportation Bec...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this research is to obtain a model of user behavior modes of transportation in the city of Semarang in choosing the two modes of transportation, namely Modes A (rickshaw) and Mode B (motorized rickshaws), using the approach of Logit Binomial Model with three variables (cost, time and distance) with method stated preference. From the data processing, which consists of travel time, travel expenses, the distance traveled and the proportion of modal choice between Modes A and Mode B based on the cost of travel, travel time and travel distance, is analyzed with regression analysis, correlation, analysis of variance, multiple linear regression, linear interpolation. In this study of three variables, namely the analysis of costs, time and distance, researchers modeling the behavior of users rickshaws and motorized rickshaws gradually. The first researchers to model the Binomial logit model with two variables: cost and time, then the modeled user behavior mode again with the same analytical model with variable costs and the distance. Both models were then compared with regards variable costs in the first model as a reference to obtain the magnitude of the difference in cost, the time difference and the difference in distance as well.
The spectacular growth of the automobile as one of the most convenient modes of travel has brought in its wake frustrating problems of parking, accidents, delay, congestion, etc. It is no longer sufficient to build roads of adequate structural strength to cater to the needs of vehicles, but it is equally important that the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of traffic and other road user is ensured on these roads. Highway intersections are nodes of road networks and accident - prone locations. They are the places where vehicles coming from different approaches and moving towards different directions interact and conflict with each other. Due to the conflicts from all users, more traffic crashes could happen at unsignalized intersection as compared with roadway segments. This study is fully based on the existing conditions of unsignalized intersection, including geometric design, sight distance, traffic control devices etc. The problems of parking, accidents and delay are also prevailing in the area under our study i.e. intersection at 26th mile. The intersection is an unsignalized one and therefore, the chances of accidents during the peak hours are very high. Since, it is a meeting point of a national highway and a state highway, the variation in the design speed of both roads also interrupts the traffic flow. Our study on the intersection at 26th mile mainly aims at improving the geometrical as well as the safety features of the intersection like accident control by signal installation, incorporation of proper sight distances, uninterrupted traffic flow without causing crashes, delay, etc.
A Route Selection Scheme for supporting Virtual Tours in Sites with Cultural ...University of Piraeus
Virtual tourism is a novel trend that enhances the experience the users perceive from touristic places, such as archaeological sites. Drones are equipped with 360o video cameras and used for video capturing of the heritage sites. The video material is streamed to the users in real time, enriched with additional 3D, Augmented Reality (AR) or Mixed Reality (MR) material. Furthermore, the selection of the appropriate flying route for each drone should be performed, in order to provide a satisfactory tour experience to the user, considering his preferences about specific monuments. To address this issue, this paper describes a heritage route selection scheme for supporting real-time virtual tours in sites with cultural interest using drones. The proposed scheme applies a Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) algorithm, the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Topsis for Heritage Route Selection (TFT-HRS), to accomplish the ranking of the candidate heritage routes. The algorithm uses Interval-Valued Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (IVTFN) for the representation of heritage routes evaluation values. Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method produces better results compared to the Fuzzy Topsis (FTOPSIS) by selecting the most appropriate flying route for the drone.
2019-2020 research findings in Public Transit from the Centre for Transport Studies, University of TWENTE. The presented findings at the Transportation Research board include overcrowding, operational control, electric buses, and train assignment.
Review on Design & Implementation of Road Side Symbol Detection In VANETIJERA Editor
Establishment of vehicular ad-hoc network plays important role in smart traffic management system. Researcher
can create VANET by information sharing of road side unit, vehicle and traffic system & implementing it in real
world. This system implemented to detect road signs from a moving vehicle. In this technology vehicle is able
to detect traffic signs which are on the road side boards e.g. "speed limit" or "school" or "turn ahead". Consider
a condition, user is driving a car at night or in rainy season then it is not possible for driver to keep watch on
each and every road symbol or the message plates like turn, speed breaker, school, diversion etc. Here in this
proposed system every road side board or symbol will use one signal transmitter and the moment vehicle passes
from that road side board the vehicle will receive signals with the help of receiver and indicates the symbol on
LCD display which is in the car. So that the driver can able to concentrate on driving vehicle.
Based on prospect theory of pedestrian impact analysisIJERA Editor
Crossing the street is the important behavior of pedestrian traffic system, the type of crossing facilities will directly affect the choice of the ways of pedestrians to cross the street. On the analysis of the characteristics of pedestrian crossing facilities and the factors influencing the choice of the ways of pedestrians to cross the street, on the basis of combination of the specific case of crossing facilities installed on xuefudadao road , the investigation and analysis in the choice of pedestrians to cross the street and utilization of existing crossing facilities , and thus put forward suggestions to set up crossing facilities space location.
Pedestrian Accident Scenario of Dhaka City and Development of a Prediction ModelRafidTahmid1
Conference: International Conference on Recent Innovation in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (IICSD).
Year: 2015.
Place: Department of Civil Engineering, DUET - Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Type: Conference Paper.
Paper ID: TE-049.
Authors: H. M. Ahsan (1); M. H. Rahman (2).
(1) Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET.
Email: hmahsan@ce.buet.ac.bd
(2) Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET.
Email: md.hasibur.rahman.buet.ce@gmail.com
OPTIMIZED SOLUTIONS FOR RESOLVING TRAFFIC CONGESTION AT UNIVERSITY CIRCLEIAEME Publication
In today’s world, due to globalization, transportation becomes one of the essential need of human being .In developing countries like India, where the population is going on increasing which leads to the serious traffic issues .In city, Pune which would be the metro-city in next some days, is facing a huge traffic problems Hence it is necessary to do a traffic study of the city to provide designed, planned and cost effective road transportation system. In this paper, traffic data is counted and analysis of data is done with the help of software PTV VISTRO for signal optimization. Also, the other improvements are suggested. The main factors influencing the traffic problem are type of traffic, seasons, population accumulated in the area, direction of flow, parking, foot path availability, the width of the road, connectivity to the different locations and value of area etc. The aim of this paper is to identify the problems creating the traffic and providing solutions for effective transportation through the city.
Car-Following Parameters by Means of Cellular Automata in the Case of EvacuationCSCJournals
This study is attention to the car-following model, an important part in the micro traffic flow. Different from Nagel–Schreckenberg’s studies in which car-following model without agent drivers and diligent ones, agent drivers and diligent ones are proposed in the car-following part in this work and lane-changing is also presented in the model. The impact of agent drivers and diligent ones under certain circumstances such as in the case of evacuation is considered. Based on simulation results, the relations between evacuation time and diligent drivers are obtained by using different amounts of agent drivers; comparison between previous (Nagel–Schreckenberg) and proposed model is also found in order to find the evacuation time. Besides, the effectiveness of reduction the evacuation time is presented for various agent drivers and diligent ones.
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
Quantifying modelingon risk of travel demand and measure to sustaining road s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In these days urbanization of road transportation facilities are more complexity to developing in the form of to improve road safety. With the increased usage of Vehicles has enhanced the need for developing the infrastructure where these motor vehicles can move safely. By developing safe roads which connect destinations and cities is a key foundation to infrastructural development in a safe connectivity of road transportation. Mainly in this study can approach the road safety by using principal component analysis(PCA) by using MAT LAB and geographical information system (GIS) Arc-GIS software to develop base maps and accident causing zones identify in the study area. In this study an attempt has been made to study the existing road network for Ongole, Pernamitta village road (Kurnool road state highway) area and propose the necessary improvements to be done. And this model presented in this paper discussing with a multi set of variables under the one dimensionality set to identifying and deriving the new data set for risk identify zones with raking by this analysis of principal component analysis. The safety audit is defined as the place or location which causes number of accidents. It may be curve or faulty infrastructure. Such accidents are taken as input from Ongole taluka Police Station at Ongole for further study. These accidents are registered from First Information Report (FIR) informed by people. The study areas taken into consideration are Ongole to Pernamitta village Road (Ongole to Kurnool UN divided two way line state highway). The aim of this study is to minimize the accidents and find out the risk identify zones on the particular road network. Key words: road safety,faulty infrastructure, PCA analysis, Arc-GIS,FIR and urbanization.
Effectiveness Analysis of Travel Time For Mode Alternatife Trnasportation Bec...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this research is to obtain a model of user behavior modes of transportation in the city of Semarang in choosing the two modes of transportation, namely Modes A (rickshaw) and Mode B (motorized rickshaws), using the approach of Logit Binomial Model with three variables (cost, time and distance) with method stated preference. From the data processing, which consists of travel time, travel expenses, the distance traveled and the proportion of modal choice between Modes A and Mode B based on the cost of travel, travel time and travel distance, is analyzed with regression analysis, correlation, analysis of variance, multiple linear regression, linear interpolation. In this study of three variables, namely the analysis of costs, time and distance, researchers modeling the behavior of users rickshaws and motorized rickshaws gradually. The first researchers to model the Binomial logit model with two variables: cost and time, then the modeled user behavior mode again with the same analytical model with variable costs and the distance. Both models were then compared with regards variable costs in the first model as a reference to obtain the magnitude of the difference in cost, the time difference and the difference in distance as well.
The spectacular growth of the automobile as one of the most convenient modes of travel has brought in its wake frustrating problems of parking, accidents, delay, congestion, etc. It is no longer sufficient to build roads of adequate structural strength to cater to the needs of vehicles, but it is equally important that the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of traffic and other road user is ensured on these roads. Highway intersections are nodes of road networks and accident - prone locations. They are the places where vehicles coming from different approaches and moving towards different directions interact and conflict with each other. Due to the conflicts from all users, more traffic crashes could happen at unsignalized intersection as compared with roadway segments. This study is fully based on the existing conditions of unsignalized intersection, including geometric design, sight distance, traffic control devices etc. The problems of parking, accidents and delay are also prevailing in the area under our study i.e. intersection at 26th mile. The intersection is an unsignalized one and therefore, the chances of accidents during the peak hours are very high. Since, it is a meeting point of a national highway and a state highway, the variation in the design speed of both roads also interrupts the traffic flow. Our study on the intersection at 26th mile mainly aims at improving the geometrical as well as the safety features of the intersection like accident control by signal installation, incorporation of proper sight distances, uninterrupted traffic flow without causing crashes, delay, etc.
A Route Selection Scheme for supporting Virtual Tours in Sites with Cultural ...University of Piraeus
Virtual tourism is a novel trend that enhances the experience the users perceive from touristic places, such as archaeological sites. Drones are equipped with 360o video cameras and used for video capturing of the heritage sites. The video material is streamed to the users in real time, enriched with additional 3D, Augmented Reality (AR) or Mixed Reality (MR) material. Furthermore, the selection of the appropriate flying route for each drone should be performed, in order to provide a satisfactory tour experience to the user, considering his preferences about specific monuments. To address this issue, this paper describes a heritage route selection scheme for supporting real-time virtual tours in sites with cultural interest using drones. The proposed scheme applies a Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) algorithm, the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Topsis for Heritage Route Selection (TFT-HRS), to accomplish the ranking of the candidate heritage routes. The algorithm uses Interval-Valued Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (IVTFN) for the representation of heritage routes evaluation values. Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method produces better results compared to the Fuzzy Topsis (FTOPSIS) by selecting the most appropriate flying route for the drone.
2019-2020 research findings in Public Transit from the Centre for Transport Studies, University of TWENTE. The presented findings at the Transportation Research board include overcrowding, operational control, electric buses, and train assignment.
Review on Design & Implementation of Road Side Symbol Detection In VANETIJERA Editor
Establishment of vehicular ad-hoc network plays important role in smart traffic management system. Researcher
can create VANET by information sharing of road side unit, vehicle and traffic system & implementing it in real
world. This system implemented to detect road signs from a moving vehicle. In this technology vehicle is able
to detect traffic signs which are on the road side boards e.g. "speed limit" or "school" or "turn ahead". Consider
a condition, user is driving a car at night or in rainy season then it is not possible for driver to keep watch on
each and every road symbol or the message plates like turn, speed breaker, school, diversion etc. Here in this
proposed system every road side board or symbol will use one signal transmitter and the moment vehicle passes
from that road side board the vehicle will receive signals with the help of receiver and indicates the symbol on
LCD display which is in the car. So that the driver can able to concentrate on driving vehicle.
Are you doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results? This is the definition of insanity. It is time to get real and get results. Successful leaders make choices every day that move them in the direction of his/her vision. You have the power to achieve all that you want. The secret to getting there is in understanding 3 words: My Daily Habits.
At the end of this seminar, participants will be able to:
a. Identify skill gaps through leadership assessments.
b. Explore leadership habits that get results.
c. List ineffective habits and create a personal action plan.
Statin drugs and their harmful side effectsGeorge Mark
With the knowledge about statin drugs becoming clearer now, there is much confusion in the medical community as to their usability for decreasing cholesterol levels
Text Independent Speaker Identification Using Imfcc Integrated With IcaIOSR Journals
Abstract: Over the years, more research work has been reported in literature regarding text independent
speaker identification using MFC coefficients. MFCC is one of the best methods modeled on human auditory
system. Murali et al (2011) [1] has developed a Text independent speaker identification using MFC coefficients
which follows Generalized Gaussian mixer model. MFCC, because of its filter bank structure it captures the
characteristics of information more effectively in lower frequency region than higher region, because of this,
valuable information in high frequency region may be lost. In this paper we rectify the above problem by
retrieving the information in high frequency region by inverting the Mel bank structure. The dimensionality and
dependency of above features were reduced by integrating with ICA. Here Text Independent Speaker
Identification system is developed by using Generalized Gaussian Mixer Model .By the experimentation, it was
observed that this model outperforms the earlier existing models.
Keywords: Independent Component Analysis; Generalized Gaussian Mixer Model; Inverted Mel frequency
cepstral coefficients; Bayesian classifier; EM algorithm.
Effect of Isolated and Combined Training of Weight and Plyometric Training on...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The reason for this study was to figure out the impact of disconnected and joined weight and
plyometric preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around school men. To confirm the
progressions because of the impact of weight preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around
school men, plyometric preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around school men. To
confirm the progressions because of the joined impact of weight and plyometric preparing on chosen physical
and physiological around school men. The reason for the study was to discover the impact of weight, Plyometric
and Combined preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables to be specific hazardous force, husky perseverance, brawny quality, speed, resting beat rate, breathing holding time and cardiovascular continuance
around school men. To realize the motivation behind this study, 80 school men learner were chosen at irregular
from in and around the Krishna region of Andhra Pradesh, their age ran from 18-23 years. They were
partitioned into four equivalent bunches and every gathering comprised 20 subjects. Group-An experienced
weight preparing; Group-B experienced Plyometric preparing and Group-C experienced joined preparing for
three days for every week for 12 weeks and Group D went about as a control that did not include any
uncommon preparing separated from the customary curricular exercises. While plyometric preparing is
requesting and place respectable push on the figure. The volume and power of the plyometric preparing inside
every these categorise might be directed to low and high practice. The subject of the plyometric assembly
cleared the base quality prerequisite test and exhibits both static and changing control test of their physique
weight with single leg squat, low power place plyometric preparing.
Keywords: Physiological, College Men, Plyometric, variables, Weight.
Error Reduction of Modified Booth Multipliers in Mac UnitIOSR Journals
Abstract: The fixed-width multiplier is well attractive to many multimedia and digital signal processing systems. It proposes a reduction of truncation error from 16-bit to 8-bit MSB bits (Truncated output) using simple error reduction circuit. The Fixed width modified booth multiplier is used to minimize the partial product matrix of Booth multiplication. Multiplication is binary mathematical operation scaling one number by another. Lead the design of high accuracy, low power and area in MAC unit and compare with the Wallace tree multiplier. The system will be designed using VHDL coding (Very High speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language). Index Terms: Multiplier and Accumulator, Most significant bits, Modified booth multiplier, error reduction circuit, fixed width multiplier
Recapitulating the development initiatives of a robust information security s...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Most current information security systems performance vary with the nature of the filed its being
operating. With an increased emphasizes on the adoption of security tools and technologies, the anomalies and
intrusion are mostly said defined to be detected on system's algorithm, when most systems have well defined
mechanism for rapid reaction and identification of intrusions. However, despite this support for anomaly
detection, this is usually limited and often require a full recompilation of the system to deploy a comprehensive
framework of security governance, strategies and practices employing the policies in implementation.
As a result, the absence of a robust security framework securing both the education and corporate
resources has heightened the tension for a strategic information security solutions which might ends with cost,
complexities and cumbersome to develop. This paper thereby presents an alternative comprehensive system
namely RITS-B which accommodates both the nature of education and organizations without a need to for a
further modification. Implication of the proposed approach at real time depicts its suitability in the arena of
concern.
Keywords: Information Security, Governance, Strategies, Practices, Regional Cultures and Believes.
Object Elimination and Reconstruction Using an Effective Inpainting MethodIOSR Journals
Abstract: Three major problems have been found in the existing algorithms of image inpainting:
Reconstruction of large regions, Preference of filling-in and Choice of best exemplars to synthesize the missing
region. The proposed algorithm introduces two ideas that deal with these problems preserving edge continuity
along with decrease in error propagation. The proposed algorithm introduces a modified priority computation
in order to generate better edges in the omitted region and to reduce the transmission of errors in the resultant
image a novel way to find optimal exemplar has been proposed. This proposal optimizes the reconstruction
process and increases the accuracy. The proposed algorithm removes blurness and builds edges efficiently
while reconstructing large target region.
Keywords: Image inpainting, texture synthesis, Image Completion, exemplar-based method
Role of Virtual Machine Live Migration in Cloud Load BalancingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cloud computing has touched almost every field of the life. Hence number of cloud application
consumers is increasing every day and so as the number of application request to the cloud provider. This leads
increment of workload in many of the cloud nodes. The motive to use load balancing concepts in cloud
environment is to efficiently utilize available resources keeping in mind that no any single system is heavily
loaded or not a single system is idle during the active phase of the request completion. Even though cloud
computing being a software facility most often, how does it actually performs well in heavily loaded
environment at processor level, is discussed in the paper. This paper aims to throw some light on what is cloud
load balancing and what is the role of Virtual machine migration in improving it.
Keywords: Cloud load balancing, Live Migration, Migration, Virtualization, Virtual machine.
Clustering Algorithm Based On Correlation Preserving IndexingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Fast retrieval of the relevant information from the databases has always been a significant issue.
Different techniques have been developed for this purpose; one of them is Data Clustering. In this paper Data
Clustering is discussed along with the applications of Data Clustering and Correlation Preserving Indexing. We
proposed a CPI (Correlation Preserving Indexing) algorithm and relate it to structural differences between the
data sets.
Keywords: Data Clustering, Data Mining, Clustering techniques, Correlation Preserving Indexing.
Automatic DNA Sequence Generation for Secured Effective Multi -Cloud StorageIOSR Journals
Abstract: The main target of this paper is to propose an algorithm to implement data hiding in DNA sequences
to increase the confidentiality and complexity by using software point of view in cloud computing environments.
By utilizing some interesting features of DNA sequences, the implementation of a data hiding is applied in
cloud. The algorithm which has been proposed here is based on binary coding and complementary pair rules.
Therefore, DNA reference sequence is chosen and a secret data M is hidden into it as well. As result of applying
some steps, M´´´ is come out to upload to cloud environments. The process of identifying and extracting the
original data M, hidden in DNA reference sequence begins once clients decide to use data. Furthermore,
security issues are demonstrated to inspect the complexity of the algorithm. In addition, providing better privacy
as well as ensure data availability, can be achieved by dividing the user’s data block into data pieces and
distributing them among the available SPs in such a way that no less than a threshold number of SPs can take
part in successful retrieval of the whole data block. In this paper, we propose a secured cost-effective multicloud
storage (SCMCS) model in cloud computing which holds an economical distribution of data among the
available SPs in the market, to provide customers with data availability as well as secure storage.
Keywords: DNA sequence; DNA base pairing rules; complementary rules; DNA binary coding; cloud service
provider.
Performance Analysis of Rake Receivers in IR–UWB System IOSR Journals
Suppression of interference in time domain equalizers is attempted for high data rate impulse
radio (IR) ultra wideband communication system. The narrow band systems may cause interference with UWB
devices as it is having very low transmission power and the large bandwidth. SRAKE receiver improves system
performance by equalizing signals from different paths. This enables the use of SRAKE receiver techniques in IR
UWB systems A semi analytical approach is used to investigate the BER performance of SRAKE receiver on
IEEE 802.15.3a UWB channel models. Study on non-line of sight indoor channel models (both CM3 and CM4)
illustrates that bit error rate performance of SRake receiver with NBI performs better than that of Rake receiver
without NBI
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
NOISE LEVEL STUDY BASED ON TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS, PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTA...IAEME Publication
This study aims to construct an interaction model among traffic characteristics, physics of road, and road environment, and the effect implications on noise level. The study was conducted on arterial and collector roads becoming the main line of traffic movement in Kendari city. Analytical approach used descriptive method and simultaneous equation system based on Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that the traffic noise level has exceeded the threshold in accordance with designation of settlement environment as well as trade and services, in which the average noise level at the side of arterial and collector roads is 75.5 dB and 73.4 dB. Simultaneously, traffic characteristics, physical and environmental aspects of road have effects on noise with the determination coefficient (R²) 0.628. Traffic and road environment factors are significant direct effect on noise level.
Large cities in developing countries are characterized by growth in automobile ownership, insufficient
transportation infrastructure and service development. These cities often suffer from congestion, poor mobility
and accessibility, significant economic waste, adverse environmental impact and safety problems. This paper
focuses on identification of travel time characteristics and other traffic parameters and to develop a predictive
model for travel time on Akure major roads. Data on travel time were collected for vehicles during the morning
and evening peak periods using floating car technique. The data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for
Social Sciences (SPSS) and fitted into Multiple Regression model to establish a relationship between the
Travel Time and other road traffic parameters. Travel time (Tt) was modeled as a function of section length
(X1), number of intersections (X2), pedestrian/ economic activities (X3), Traffic volume (X4), enforcement
agency (X5) and road width (X6). The Coefficient of multiple determination R2 was 0.702 which means that
there is 70.2% of the dependent variable (travel time) in the forward direction as explained (accounted) by the
independent variables and 72.2% in the opposite direction. The result revealed that section length, pedestrian
economic activity and traffic volume were all significant at 5% level and has a positive relationship with travel
time in both forward and reverse direction. The model identifies the impact of these traffic parameters on travel
time and recommend measures for improvement.
Exploring Queuing Theory to Minimize Traffic Congestion Problem in Calabar-Hi...Premier Publishers
Traffic congestion has been a serious problem that drivers are facing especially in Calabar – highway by IBB road intersection. In this paper, emphasis is placed on model formation and derivation of some parameters that will help to facilitate the flow of vehicles in this intersection to reduce traffic congestion. The channel considered in this research is multiple queue single servers. We derived variance waiting time of vehicles in the queue and in the system, expected number of vehicles in the queue and in the system waiting for service, expected waiting time of vehicles in the queue and in the system. We also determine the time each vehicle spends in the queue waiting for service and the mean queue length for all the channels in each section. The result shows fair traffic congestion in Calabar – highway by IBB road intersection especially in the morning and evening hours for all the locations.
A Framework for Traffic Planning and Forecasting using Micro-Simulation Calib...ITIIIndustries
This paper presents the application of microsimulation for traffic planning and forecasting, and proposes a new framework to model complex traffic conditions by calibrating and adjusting traffic parameters of a microsimulation model. By using an open source micro-simulator package, TRANSIMS, in this study, animated and numerical results were produced and analysed. The framework of traffic model calibration was evaluated for its usefulness and practicality. Finally, we discuss future applications such as providing end users with real time traffic information through Intelligent Transport System (ITS) integration.
Online Bus Arrival Time Prediction Using Hybrid Neural Network and Kalman fil...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Pedestrian Conflict Risk Model at Unsignalized Locations on a Community Streetcoreconferences
Crossing a street at unsignalized location can be dangerous to pedestrians, especially the elderly. This paper evaluate the pedestrianvehicle collision risk on specific roads to identify that the degree of Pedestrian safety requires pedestrian intervention such as road improvement. First, age was a significant variable in that older people tend to be at greater risk than the non-elder people. There was an insignificant difference between the PSM of approaching vehicles that were traveling at speeds less than 30 km/h and those traveling at speeds in the range of 30-50 km/h. Interestingly, conflicts when the speed of the vehicles exceeded 50 km/h, the risk of conflict risk was higher than it was for vehicles traveling at speeds below 30km/h. The ratio of conflict risk for crossing gradient topography road was about 21.7 times greater than that for the non-gradient topography area. Regarding safety facilities, the 30 km/h speed limit sign influenced the risk situation of conflict. The ratio of conflict risk for a road with the safety facility was about 0.395 times lower than that for an unmarked road.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
INFLUENCE OF ROAD GEOMETRY AND PERCENTAGE OF HEAVY VEHICLES ON CAPACITY AT MU...IAEME Publication
Multi-lane highways symbolize the plurality of the overall length of highway network in Egypt. The most serious factors affecting the capacity for any roadway are counted the road geometry and the percentage of heavy vehicles (HV). Subsequently, this research aims to discuss the relationship between the road geometric characteristics and HV, and capacity by statistical modeling. The modeling is divided into two models. First is the modeling for capacity on one direction of flow (COD) and second is the modeling for capacity on right lane (CRL). In this study, the road geometric and traffic data are collected from straight section at 28 various sites that are located in desert highways. These sites are separated into 14 sections in divided four-lane roads, 7 sections in divided six-lane roads, and 7 sections in divided eight-lane roads. The results showed that the statistical modeling gives models with high R 2 (coefficient of determination) and low ǁδǁ (percent error) values for estimating COD and CRL. In addition, the most influential variables on COD in all sites are lane number (NL), median width (MW), and HV respectively, while the most influential variables on CRL in all sites are MW and HV, respectively. These results are so important for road authorities in Egypt as they can determine capacity for different straight sections and improve the traffic performance of them in the future.
Application of a Markov chain traffic model to the Greater Philadelphia RegionJoseph Reiter
A macroscopic traffic model based on the Markov chain process is developed for urban traffic networks. The method utilizes existing census data rather than measurements of traffic to create parameters for the model. Four versions of the model are applied to the Philadelphia regional highway network and evaluated based on their ability to predict segments of highway that possess heavy traffic.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR 2024.pptxnikitacareer3
Looking for the best engineering colleges in Jaipur for 2024?
Check out our list of the top 10 B.Tech colleges to help you make the right choice for your future career!
1) MNIT
2) MANIPAL UNIV
3) LNMIIT
4) NIMS UNIV
5) JECRC
6) VIVEKANANDA GLOBAL UNIV
7) BIT JAIPUR
8) APEX UNIV
9) AMITY UNIV.
10) JNU
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT COLLEGES, FEES AND PLACEMENT, WATCH THE FULL VIDEO GIVEN BELOW ON "TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSNje0MBh7g
VISIT CAREER MANTRA PORTAL TO KNOW MORE ABOUT COLLEGES/UNIVERSITITES in Jaipur:
https://careermantra.net/colleges/3378/Jaipur/b-tech
Get all the information you need to plan your next steps in your medical career with Career Mantra!
https://careermantra.net/
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdf
Modelling The Train Accidents At Railroad Crossings In East Java
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 2 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 07-16
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Modelling The Train Accidents At Railroad Crossings
In East Java
Nyono1
, Harnen Sulistio2
, Achmad Wicaksono3
, Ludfi Djakfar3
1
Student at Doctoral Program, Departement of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Brawijaya,
2
Professor at Doctoral Program, Departement of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Brawijaya,3
Lecture at Doctoral Program, Departement of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Brawijaya (Indonesia)
Abstract: The growing train movement and people activities around the railroad will increase the frequency of
traffic in railroad crossing. This potentially results in the increase in traffic accidents. The prediction of the
number of such accidents is influenced by some factors dealing with variables on sensory psychological
behaviors and the perception of the drivers passing the crossings. Observations were made at 33 points railroad
crossing with not guardrail in East Surabaya DAOP VIII. The responsive variables are determined by the
explaining variables namely the number of train accidents in railroad crossing. The explaining variables are
those determining the value of responsive variables, consisting of three factors namely train engineering
features, road engineering features and environment. The last Poisson regression model possesses four
determining variables significant with the number of accidents, that is the train speed, the distance of signs and
the railroad crossing, flashing lamps and the average daily traffic. The train speed seems to be a primary factor
contributing to the high level of accidents. The results of sensivity analysis show that if the train speed
increases of 50%, the number of accidents will increase 40%. Facilities that should be quickly provided are
among others: provision and installation of flashing lamps and EarlyWarning System (EWS).
Key word: railroad crossing, train engineering features, road engineering features, environment factor,
Poisson regression
I. Introduction
The System of railway affairs in East Java has been established since the Dutch collonialism era. The
lines of train in East Java consist of North Line (Surabaya Pasar Turi – Semarang – Jakarta), Central Line
(Surabaya Gubeng – Yogyakarta – Jakarta), South Ring Line (Surabaya Gubeng - Malang – Blitar – Kertosono
– Surabaya) and East Line (Surabaya Gubeng – Jember – Banyuwangi). This province also possesses a
transportation system of commuter trains with a route of Surabaya – Sidoarjo – Porong, Surabaya – Lamongan
– Babat, Surabaya – Mojokerto, and Malang – Kepanjen. The train movement in each operation area (herein
called DAOP), each DAOP VII Madiun, Daop VIII Surabaya and DAOP IX Jember is high enough, which
result in a complicated problem and one of its negative effects in the increasing number of train movement in
east Java is accidents. In East Java, there are 1441 railroad crossings consisting of 1103 crossings without
guards, 338 with guards and also gate and 96 illegal crossings (PT.Kereta Api Indonesia, 2010), and the
potency to open or to add new railroad crossings is very great, especially the opening of illegal crossings due to
the growth of hinterland in either the right or left side railroad because of the growing land use in each railroad
areas. The growing train movement and people activities around the railroad will increase the frequency of
traffic in railroad crossing. This potentially results in the increase in traffic accidents.
Train accidents in railroad crossing often happen in line with the time development. The prediction of
the number of such accidents is influenced by some factors dealing with variables on sensory psychological
behaviors and the perception of the drivers passing the crossings (Raslear, 1996); categories of warning
equiptments, volume of road traffics, volume of train traffic, visibility of the condition in the crossings
(Gitelman and Hakkert 1996); types of warning equiptments, crossing geometric, railroad geometric, volume
of rtaffic (Saccomanno, Liping Fu and Moreno 2001); the number of the passing train, active equiptment, road
safety, rescuing operation, warning sign of flickering lamps, (Mok and Savage 2003); width of crossing
geometric, traffic control equipment, flickering lamp time, speed in heaping land, size of crossing, warning
signs, stop sign, number of railroad, number of tract, diameter of road separator, audit of safety, AADT,
warnign equiptment, control management, barrier control, status of class of road, types of area aroung the
crossing (business, residence, agriculture, etc)(Kang Lee and Ren Hu 2007); number of train identification,
levels of service, types of vehicles involved, number of damage of vehicles, number of the people injure or die
(Collister and Flaum 2007); factors of engineering in the crossings, of human beings, of environment (Zaharah
Ishak 2007); traffic separator, behavior or drivers’ responses factors to the equipments in railroad crossings
2. Modelling The Train Accidents At Railroad Crossings In East Java
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
(Ko, Washbum, Courage dan Dowell 2007); volume of traffic and trains per hour, speed of vehicles
approaching the crossings, percentage of heavy vehicles, levels of service (LOS), speed of the train approacing
the crossings (Zaharah Ishak,Yue and Somenahalli 2010); features of trains, roads, railroad crossings and of
traffic (RenHu,ShangLi and KangLee 2011). The above variables really influence the prediction of accidents
in railroad crossings, therefore some of the variables that influence one another may be simulated intro a model
of prediction of accidents in railroad crossings.
Various models of prediction of train accidents in railroad crossing have been developed. Federal
Railroad Adminstration (FRA) of America has studied accidents in railroad crossings by accomodating variables
among others multiplication of the average daily traffic factor in roads and traffic of the trains that passed, the
number of the passing trains per day, the speed of the trains, the number of tracts, the number of lanes in roads
and types of road hardening prove to influence the number of accidents in railroad crossings. Empirical results
show that the Poisson regresion is appropriate for estimaing the possibility of accidents; and the negative
binominal regression is good for predicting accident risks and effects (Kang Lee dan Ren Hu 2007). The model
was developed using a Petri Nets approach by taking into account components of basic concepts of safety,
infrastructure engineering techniques, levels of surrounding enviroment and all factors in human beings
(Zaharah Ishak,Yue dan Somenahalli 2010). The zero Possion regression model has also been developed to
delienate the relationship between the number of zero death or injury, and additional data and explaining
variables were collected in 592 locations of Railroad Grade Crossing (RGC) in Taiwan (RenHu,ShangLi dan
KangLee 2011).
Up to now, no research has been made to make a model of prediction of train accidents in railroad
crossing with no gate by accomodating and combining and developing all explaining variables that have once
been studied by previous researchers with different analyses. The resulted model would be built to predict train
accidents in legal railroad crossings without gate when a train is moving in a single track which generally
happens in developing countries with the minimal level of the society on the safety of trains – this makes them
easy to open ilegal railroad crossings. The results of this present study was expected to be useful for making any
action programs to reduce the number of train accidents.
II. Theories And Method
The variables of this present research consist of explaining and responsive variables. The responsive
variables are determined by the explaining variables namely the number of train accidents in railroad crossing.
The explaining variables are those determining the value of responsive variables, consisting of three factors
namely train engineering features, road engineering features and environment. The train engineering features
factor contains variables of the width of crosing, number of tract, speed of train, volume of passing train, free
vision of the engineer of locomotive, guardril in the crossing , the existence of flashing lamp and siren. The
road engineering features factors consist of agricultural areas, business, residence, industrial and road lights. In
the modelling of the number of accidents, a Poisson regresion analysis calculated using a statistical software
GenStat Discovery Edition 3 is employed. The stages of the data analyses are as follows:
1. Testing the distribution in the response variable (Y) using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of the data on the
number of accidents. In this test, the data of the number of accidents are expected to follow the that of
Poisson.
2. Establishing the model of the Poisson regression with a general model of 𝜇 = exp(𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑋1 + … + 𝛽𝑘 𝑋𝑘 ),
making the following steps:
a. Modelling the Poisson regression analysis in each explaining variables (independent variables).
Estimating parameters for each combination of the Poisson regession model, with a general model
𝜇 𝑥𝑖, 𝛽 = exp(𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑋1𝑖 + ⋯+ 𝛽𝑘 𝑋𝑘𝑖 ), dengan i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
b. Testing the parameters in each combination using Chi-Square, in GenStat Software this value are
transformed to F dan t statistics.
c. Testing the model for each combinations simultanesously with deviance criteria.
d. Determining the best model with the smalles deviance from each combination of variables.
e. Making an interpretation of the best model.
III. Research Results
The data distribution following the Poisson distribuition shows specific characteristics among others it
is discrite and limited in time or certain areas. The accident posisbility is very small, meaning the any vehicles
passing railroad crossings have a very small possibility to get accidents. The average number of accidents is 1,
45, meaning that in the last three years the number of accidents is about 1 -2 times in one point. From the
results of the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, the obtained value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z is 1.341 with
asymp.Sig. (2-tailed) or p-value of 0,055. It may be concluded that the data on the number of train accidents
followed the Poisson distribution. The modelling showing the relationship among the numbers of train
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accidents in railroad crossings would be made by using the Poisson regression analysis. The analysis consists of
three stages, first making a model for each explaining variables, second, modelling a combination of variables
that prove to have a significant influence from the results in the first stage, and three, selecting the determining
variables in the second stage which are really significant as a whole.
In a model with single determining factor, an analysis for significant 15 explaining variables from the
results of a descriptive analysis on the number of accidents is made. In the analysis, an emphasis is given on the
results of the regression coefficient test. If the result is significant (probability value < 0,05), this variable will
be included in the establishment of the simultaneous model. The analysis of each variable is presented in Table
1 :
Tabel 1. A Poisson Regression Analysis of the Influence of the Train Speed
Variable estimate s.e. t(*) p-value. Test results
Train speed 0.0311 0.0115 2.69 0.007 Significant
Train Volume 0.0558 0.0255 2.19 0.029 Significant
Signs 0.223 0.436 0.51 0.609 Not Significant
Distance of signs -0.0248 0.0126 -1.96 0.049 Significant
Free view -0.00118 0.000592 -2.00 0.046 Significant
Guardrail 0.182 0.298 0.61 0.541 Not Significant
Flashing Lamp -0.598 0.29 -2.06 0.039 Significant
Road width 0.362 0.182 2.00 0.046 Significant
Number of lane 0.171 0.472 0.36 0.718 Not Significant
the average daily
traffic 0.001436 0.000577 2.49 0.013 Significant
Road flatness 0.223 0.436 0.51 0.609 Not Significant
Types of construction 0.633 0.306 2.07 0.039 Significant
Road marks 0.27 0.295 0.92 0.360 Not Significant
Environment 0.598 0.29 2.06 0.039 Significant
Lighting 0.266 0.333 0.80 0.425 Not Significant
From the result of modelling with a single determining factors of 15 explaining variables, there are 9 (nine)
variables with significant influence, mean while the rest (6 variables) do not give any significant influence. Then
a simultaneous model involving 9 the (nine) significant variables are analysed. The results of the Poisson
regression analysis enclosing the 9 determining factors filtered in the first phase are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. An Analysis of the Poisson Regression of the 9 Chosen Variables
Variable estimate s.e. t(*) p-value Test results
Constant -0.79200 0.52400 -1.510 0.145 -
Train speed 0.01117 0.00647 1.730 0.098 Not Significant
Train Volume 0.00969 0.00882 1.100 0.283 Not Significant
Distance of signs -0.01170 0.00532 -2.200 0.038 Significant
Free view -0.00042 0.00023 -1.850 0.078 Not Significant
Flashing lamps -0.14700 0.13300 -1.110 0.280 Not Significant
Width of road 0.11570 0.08140 1.420 0.168 Not Significant
the average daily traffic 0.00065 0.00037 1.760 0.092 Not Significant
Types of construction 0.04500 0.14300 0.310 0.757 Not Significant
Environment 0.03600 0.13900 0.260 0.800 Not Significant
The last stage is intended to establish a regression model significant to the level of accidents simultaneously or
partially. The selection of such a model is made by excluding variables one by one that partially does not
influence the level of the accidents. From the results of the selection, there are four variables with significance
of 0.05 namely: the train speed (X3), the distance of signs and the railroad crossing (X7), flashing lamps (X10)
and the average daily traffic (X14), that significantly influence the level of accidents.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
AmountOfAccident
Location
Actual Prediction
Table 3. A Final Model of the Results of the Poisson Regression Analysis
Variable estimate s.e. t(*) t pr. Test results
Constant -0.5910 0.3670 -1.610 0.118 -
Train speed 0.0130 0.0044 2.960 0.006 Significant
Distance of signs -0.0125 0.0047 -2.640 0.013 Significant
Flashing lamp -0.2575 0.0953 -2.700 0.012 Significant
the average daily
traffic 0.0011 0.0002 5.680 0.001 Significant
The results of the analysis of the four chosen variables show the p-values of less than 0.005. therefore, the best
model has been obtained. The following is the results of the analysis using the Poisson regression equation:
Y = exp(-0,591 +0,01302 Train speed – 0,01253 Distance Of Signs – 0,2575 Flashing lamp +0,001122 Average
daily traffic))
The validation of the model will measure the level of appropriatennes of the model with the results of real
observation. The results of such validation may be considered through the results of analysis of deviation
between the estimated value and the real value, the correlation value and the deviation test between the results of
prediction and real values. From the results of validation and the prediction value and the number of real
accidents, it seems that they seem not too different. The following is presented the results of the deviation
analysis from the last model and the picture of accidents prediction and the number of real accidents in each
point.
Picture 1. Values of Prediction of the Number of Accidents Based on the Poisson Regression Model
Picture 1 shows that the results of the prediction of the number of accidents reach the actual value. If the
prediction value of the number of accident is rounded, there are 27 points (81.8%) posessing the same value
between the prediction and the actual ones and 6 other points show differences. The different points are among
others the sample points no. 11, 18, 20, 22, 23 and 29. The validation of other models was made by calculating
the results of the deviation test of the number of accidents between the prediction and actual values. The test
was made using the paired- t-test. As in the Table 5.34, the average difference between the prediction and
actual values are -0.0303 with the p-value of 0.662 (higher than 0.05). It can be concluded that there is no
significant difference between the prediction value (from the Poisson regression model) and the actual value..
The last Poisson regression model possesses four determining variables significant with the number of
accidents. On the basis of the obtained model, decreasing the number of accidents can be reached with the
following ways:
Reducing the train speed when passing railroad crossings.
Putting in signs in a greater distance before the point of crossing
Maintaining and keeping flashsing lamps to make them function well
Giving special attention at morning and afternoon peak hour daily traffic with guard in the railroad crossing
with not guardrail.
In this part, an analysis of the level of sensitivity of a determining variable is made with the assumption that the
condition of other variables are unchanged. The analysis of sensitivity will be graphically shown by splitting the
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 200 400 600 800
AmountOfAccident
Average Daily Traffic (pcu)
No Flashing Lamp Flashing Lamp
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
40 60 80 100 120 140
AmountOfAccident
Train Speed (km/hour)
No Flashing Lamp Flashing Lamp
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
AmountOfAccident
DistanceOf Signs (m)
No Flashing Lamp Flashing Lamp
data into two conditions: availability and unavailability of flashing lamps. The trains speed is around 65 – 90
kms/h, the distance between the sign and the crossing is about 3 – 40 meters, meanwhile the value of the
average daily traffic is from 33.8 – 919.6 smp. The level of accidents is too low if in the crossing flashing lamp
is available, the train moves in low speed, yje distance between the sign and the crossing is far enough from
the crossing point and the daily traffic is not intense.
Picture 2. Amount Accident Prediction at few of
Velocity
Picture 3. Amount Accident Prediction at few
distance of Sign.
Picture 4. Amount Accident Prediction at few of the
average daily traffic
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From the results of the sensitivity analysis on the basis of the changes in the train speed and in the number of
accidents, it is known that if the increase in the train speed reaches 50%, the number of accidents is predicted to
increase around 40%. If the increase is 100%, the number of accidents is predicted to be about 90%. And in the
results of the analysis of sensivity of the changes in the distance of the signs and the crossing and in the
number of accidents, it is shown that the decrease in the distance of the sign and the crossing point to 50% is
predicted to be able to increase the number of accidents up to 20%. If the distance is reduced up to 75%, the
number of accidents is predicted to increase about 35%. From the results of the analysis of sensitivity to the
changes of the average daily traffic up to 100%, it is predicted to increase the number of accidents of about 8%.
If the value of the average daily traffic increases up to 200%, the number of accidents is predicted to increase of
17%.
IV. Discussion
From the results of modelling with the Poisson regression analysis, there are four independent
variables found to be significant in the model. The variables are the train speed, flashing lamps, the distance
between the signs and the crossing, and the average number of daily traffic. The application of the model of the
Poisson regression has a high validation, which is in line with a research Chi-Lee and Ren-Hu (2007) made that
the Poisson regression is good for predicting the possibility of accidents; and the negative binomial regression
is good for predicting the risks and effects of accidents.
Average daily vehicles passing railroad crossing has a correlation with the number of traffic accidents.
The higher the average vehicle crossing the railroad in a year, the higher the number of accidents in raildroad
crossings. This also applies to the train speed and the possibility of accidents. Although human factors play a
big role in accidents, but this shows that the train, roads and environment features give a big contribution to
accidents in railroad crossings.
In the last model, it can be explained that the train features factor is important since from the four determining
variables in the number of accidents, three of which are train features such as train speed, flashing lamps, and
the distance between the signs and the railroad crossings. Road feature factors are representend by the average
daily number of traffics. While the environment factors condsisting of crossing areas (agriculture, housing and
industry) are included into the last model. In the process of modelling, from the results of analysis in the first
pat, it is evaluated that in the single determining model, the following variables give significant influence on the
number of accidents in railroad crossing, namely:
Train speed
Train Volume
The distance between the signs and the railroad crossings
Free view
flashing Lamp
Width of road
the average daily traffic
Types of construction
Environment
But in the advanced model combining all single determining variables, there are merely four variables that prove
to have significant influence on the number of accidents. There are five variables considered as variables with
strong potentials as the causes of accidents namely:
Train volume
Free view
Width of road
The average daily traffic
Types of construction
Environment
A train feature important to hamper accidents is flashing lamp. This tool contained in the siren, both of which
function together. In the whole data, the number of railroad crossings with flashing lamps is 14 points (42,4%)
while the rest, 19 points (57.6%) without flashing lamps. The importance of the control equiptment is in line
with a research Coleman (1997) made. The control equipment of trafic provides passive-static warning,
guidance and in some cases, obligatory action for drivers. Trafic control equipments are assets that give warning
that the train is approaching. They are activated by a train in the circuit of tract/rail detection. This active control
equiptments are prodived with the same signs of crossings to give a passive control.
The railroad crossings provided with flashing lamps are 14 points, 13 of which (92.9%) became places
for accidents once in three years, meanwhile in one other point, 3 times accidents happened. Different from
points of observation without flashing lamps amounting 19 points, there are 2 points (10.5%) with a high level
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of accidents namely 4 incidents during 3 years. This automatic instalation will help reduce the number of
accidents. The research results support the research made by Mok and Savage (2003). From the analysis, it can
be concluded that the instalation in the Guardrail or flashing lamps contributed about the fifth of reducing the
number of accidents. The development from a campaign ―safey operation‖ intended to inform the public about
proper attitudes in railroad crossings has long been made. In the 1970s and early 1980s, an instalation of ―ditch
lamp‖ in the locomotive has been known.
At present there is a wireless technology of early warning tool in railroad crossings. Due to the development of
transportation technology and provision of supporting facilities and infrastructures, a system of transportation
arrangement will be needed to improve pleasure and safety of the users of transportation facilities, especially in
railroad crossings which are not provided with guardrails. The tool of early warning in railroad crossings has
made use of a wireless system, so no cable is needed. This tool may turn on after the sensor works when the
traiin will pass the point in one km before it and it will transmit a sign to the warning tool to turn on. This
system also uses electric power from solar cells so that it will not depend on the electric supply from the state
electricity enterprise. Therefore it may be used in most railroad crossings located in a tract with no electric
network.
The train speed seems to be a primary factor contributing to the high level of accidents. The results of
sensivity analysis show that if the train speed increases of 50%, the number of accidents will increase 40%. The
level of sensitivity of this train speed is far superior than the distance between the signs and the crossings
namely 20% and the average daily traffic which is merely of 6%. This result is in line with that of Coofster and
Pflaum (2007) stating that the explaining variables significantly influencing the possibility of accidents are the
train speed, the number of trains passing the crossings each day, the percentage of heavy vehicles (trucks), the
number of vehicle traffic (number of lanes), signs on the roads, flashing lamps, railcrossing angle, the surface
of road and railroad crossings, trade, housing and industrial areas. The problem of train speed in Indonesia is
dilemmatic. Reducing the train speed will result in the addition of movement time, whereas without reducing
the speed, the train often comes late in its destination. It seems in contradiction with the development of railway
affairs in other countries, where the train speed has always been added. In Indonesia, it it PT KAI that operates
the trains. While the facilities and infrastructure are handled by the government.. Reducing train speed should be
made due to bad condition of the track, and this condition happens because fund allocation from the
government to maintain the track is very small compared with what actually needs. As a result, from year to
year, the condition of the track will be worse. As an operator, reducing the speed is an appropriate choice since
if an accident happens, it is the operator (PT KAI) that will be responsible for it. Up to now, the maintenance of
the tracks are still held by PT KAI as an operator.
The results of modelling using the Poisson regression will be used to predict the point at which a
railroad crossing should be paid attention. A ―blackspot‖ status for a railroad crossing with high level of
accidents will be able to help reduce accidents. A blackspot is a crossing with high risk of collision. It is
suggested that one of the way is to allocate fund for all fields of problems. A random incident of collision is
very various in space and time. A high risk in a certain crossing in a year does not always show high risk in the
next year. A risk of collision needed to express any risk may be anticipated in a certain period. This estimation
may be obtained using a model to rpedict a frequency of collission and therefore it is accurate and reliable. The
identification of a blackspot merely based on the number of collission will not give any complete picture of the
risk in each crossing. The risk of collission consists of two components: frequency and consequence (level o
severity). Ignoring such a consequency may result in less intervention in any railroad crossing with the severe
level of collission and riska -based model is needed to identify any spots where collissions often happen.
The results of prediction of the number of accidents in each spot may be used to attribute certain characteristics
ot the spot. Another indicator to choose the best criteria is comparing the number of expected accidents and that
of observed accodents (Rakhmat et al., 2012). The results of the comparison may be in the form of
a. Location which is predictied to be dangerous is actually harmful (correct positive)
b. Location which is predictied not to be dangerous is actually not harmful (correct negative)
c. Location which is predictied to be dangerous is actually not harmful (false positive)
d. Location which is predicted not to be dangerous is actually harmful (false negative)
In this case, if the observed number of accidents is higher than the expected one, it can be categorised into
correct positive (CP). If the observed number of accidents is lower than the expected one, it is categorized as
false positive (FP). In Table 5.40, it is shown that the criteria excessive number of accidents using the
prediction model resilts a number of segment classified as the biggest correct positive (CP) as compared with
the other three criteria, namely 7 segments (from 10 mist dangerous segments) and 14 segments (from twenty
most dangerous segments).
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Table 4. A Comparison of Actual and Predicted Values from the Poisson Model
Spot Actual Predicted Information Spot Actual Predicted Information
1 1 1.45 False Positive 18 4 3.13 Correct Positive
2 2 2.31 False Positive 19 1 1.04 False Positive
3 2 1.51 Correct Positive 20 1 1.92 False Positive
4 1 1.39 False Positive 21 2 2.08 False Positive
5 1 1.14 False Positive 22 2 2.77 False Positive
6 1 0.86 Correct Positive 23 3 2.45 Correct Positive
7 1 1.41 False Positive 24 1 1.25 False Positive
8 1 1.30 False Positive 25 1 1.16 False Positive
9 1 1.27 False Positive 26 1 1.44 False Positive
10 1 1.06 False Positive 27 2 2.03 False Positive
11 1 1.53 False Positive 28 3 2.96 Correct Positive
12 1 0.94 Correct Positive 29 4 3.29 Correct Positive
13 1 1.12 False Positive 30 1 0.78 Correct Positive
14 1 1.10 False Positive 31 1 1.11 False Positive
15 1 1.03 False Positive 32 1 0.99 Correct Positive
16 1 1.02 False Positive 33 1 1.15 False Positive
17 1 0.90 Correct Positive
In Table 5.40, it is shown that there are 10 spots which are really dangerous namely spot 3 (Bojonegoro regency
; 140+135, SRJ-BWO), spot 6 (Lamongan regency; 162+681, BBT-GEB), spot 12 ( Lamongan regency;
179+735, SLR-LMG), spot 17 ( Gresik regency; 199+790, LMG-DD), spot 18 (Surabaya city; 222+603, KDA-
TES), spot 23 (Sidoarjo regency; 26+121, SPJ-BH), spot 28 ( Pasuruan regency; 43+629,, PR-BG), spot 29 (
Pasuruan regency, 44+610, PR-BG), spot 30 ( Malang regency; 29+128, SN-LW) and spot 32 ( Blitar
regency; 76+158, NB-SBP).
In this research fangerous segments are determined by comparing three criterias with the data of train accidents
from 2010-2012 and applying the resulted model to get the expectation of average number of accidents on the
referred population. The criteria to determine the dangerous segments that will be used are among others:
a. The excess of the number of accidents using the model of traffic prediction is made by determining the
difference of number of accidents from the prediction model and the results of the observation.
b. The level of accident is mad by comparing the real number of accidents and the daily crossing of a
segment,
c. The frequency of accidents is made by ordering the data on traffic accidents from the highes to the lowest.
d. The results of identification of all examined spots using the criteria of the excess number of accidents create
a rating of dangerous segments based on the difference between the observede number of accidents and the
expexted results of the prediction model. The result of discussion on the basis of the final model of the
Poisson regression analysis will results in some implications intended to reduce the level of accdients.
To avoid any collision between the train and general transportation in railroad crossings is made by applying a
technology to improve the reliability of the signals, either those in any crossing with/without guard. The
available and proper technology for the purpose is installing the AWS (Automatics early Warning System).
Since there are thousands of railroad crossings with no automatic gate, it is proper to apply the AOCL
(Automatic Open Crossing, Locally monitored) since it is cost effective. Besides the application of the
technologies, other efforts which should be simultaneously applied are as follows:
a. Completing traffic signs on the roads that will cross the railroad crossings.
b. Controlling any railroad crossing by closing or combining two or more crossing into one.
c. Reducing railroad crossing using flyover or underpass
An alarm system in railroad crossing is used by providing flashing lamps and sirens. In each railroad crossing
with or without gate, signs and alam/sirens should be provided, since the most effective sense is ears (earing),
and ears can respond information without being able to be caught by sense of sight, especially in any crossing
surrounded by high buildings. Psychologically, if alarm (siren) is heard, there is tendency for one sense to be
more alert than others. For example, for the sense of sight (eyes) although they have seen any written warning,
but there is a tendency that the influence of impatience is still higher. Alarm or siren should be placed in each
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crossing especially those with no gate. It is better any censor or switch alarm/indicator lamp are put 500 mt
from the crossing, so that drivers may quickly know the position of the train to take any step to avoid accidents.
V. Conclusion
From the discussion above, some conclusions can be made. The train accidents happening in railroad
crossings without guardrails in the operational area of DAOP VIII Surabaya for the last 3 (three) years, from
2010 to 2012, are 149 incidents with the following characteristics: hit by persons, by motor cycle (R2) and by
personal vehicles or truck (R4) with the death of 30 persons, injuries, 107 persons and no victims of 12 persons.
From the results of modelling the Poisson regresion, there are four determining factors of accidents namely
train speed, the distance of the signs and the railroad crossing, flashing lamps and the average daily traffic. The
train speed possesses the highest sensitivity to the number of accidents.
From the results of modelling to the number of accidents, some reccomendations are offered. Installing
flashing lamps in each railroad crossing with not guardrail proves to contribute to the decrease in the number of
accidents. So it is recommended that in each railroad crossing without guardrail be put in flashing lamps. It
should optimize the participation of the people living around railroad crossings to maintain the warning signs or
other safety facilities in railroad crossing with no gate. Any activity of socialization to people living around
the crossings should be made in roder to improve their participation in keeping the security and safety in the
crossings.
Technical guidance to the people should also be given to improve the participation of the people living
around railroad crossings with not guardrail. The operator should make a stronger coordinating with the
concerned institutions to improve safety and security in the railroad crossing with no guardrails because of
limited budget from the operator to providing the safety facilities. Facilities that should be quickly provided are
among others: provision and installation of flashing lamps and Early Warning System (EWS), signs in certain
distances (not too near or too far), signs of speed limit and of signal 35 for each railroad crossing with no gate
and inspection and control are made in cooperation with concerned institutions to close any illegal railroad with
no gate.
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