The document summarizes research on the effect of ZnO treatment on the cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3.0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 for lithium-ion batteries. Key findings include:
1) ZnO treatment led to faster activation of the material, higher charge/discharge capacity, improved columbic efficiency, and better rate performance compared to the untreated material.
2) Characterization showed the ZnO treated material had lower charge transfer resistance, enhancing electrochemical performance.
3) Further optimization of ZnO content and understanding reaction mechanisms could improve stability and performance.
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium BatteriesMarine Cuisinier
Compilation of studies conducted at the Institut des Matériaux de Nantes under the supervision of Dr. Dominique Guyomard between 2008 and 2012.
Focused on solid-state NMR to characterize interphases between positive electrode and electrolyte.
ALD for energy application - Lithium ion battery and fuel cellsLaurent Lecordier
This presentation offers a review of latest works done on Ultratech Cambridge Nanotech ALD tools related to atomic layer deposition of Li2O and other lithium-based thin films for lithium-ion battery applications. It illustrates the benefits of ALD for deposition in 3D nanostructure.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium BatteriesMarine Cuisinier
Compilation of studies conducted at the Institut des Matériaux de Nantes under the supervision of Dr. Dominique Guyomard between 2008 and 2012.
Focused on solid-state NMR to characterize interphases between positive electrode and electrolyte.
ALD for energy application - Lithium ion battery and fuel cellsLaurent Lecordier
This presentation offers a review of latest works done on Ultratech Cambridge Nanotech ALD tools related to atomic layer deposition of Li2O and other lithium-based thin films for lithium-ion battery applications. It illustrates the benefits of ALD for deposition in 3D nanostructure.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
Batteries are going to be the building block of the smart future currently being envisaged. From a strategic market perspective, a compilation of current and future Li-ion technologies. It is important to understand who are current market leaders in each crucial components of the Li-ion technology and how disruptive technologies will shift the power balance.
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium BatteriesFuentek, LLC
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium Batteries presented by Allyson Palker and Dean Tigelaar of NASA's Glenn Research Center at an energy workshop on 7/20/2010.
Lithium Iron Phosphate: Olivine Material for High Power Li-Ion Batteries - Cr...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Lithium Iron Phosphate: Olivine Material for High Power Li-Ion Batteries by Christian M Julien* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Batteries are going to be the building block of the smart future currently being envisaged. From a strategic market perspective, a compilation of current and future Li-ion technologies. It is important to understand who are current market leaders in each crucial components of the Li-ion technology and how disruptive technologies will shift the power balance.
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium BatteriesFuentek, LLC
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium Batteries presented by Allyson Palker and Dean Tigelaar of NASA's Glenn Research Center at an energy workshop on 7/20/2010.
Lithium Iron Phosphate: Olivine Material for High Power Li-Ion Batteries - Cr...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Lithium Iron Phosphate: Olivine Material for High Power Li-Ion Batteries by Christian M Julien* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
cEvo Technology as an Artificial General IntelligenceSoheil Engineer
cEvo is a proprietary engine and research project of DreamCraft Private Limited. The goal is to achieve true AGI behaviour with our breakthrough research.
Steve Sloop - OnTo Technologies (Drive Oregon EV Battery Recycling and Reuse ...Forth
From Drive Oregon's February 2015 Event "Creative Approaches to Recycling and Reusing EV Batteries."
Presented by Steve Sloop, Presides of OnTo Technologies
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Effect of ZnO Treatment on
0.5Li2MnO3.0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
Monday, May 5, 2012 , Seattle
WashingtonECS Seattle
Department of Physics and Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of
Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931-3343, USA.
Gurpreet Singh ,Arun Kumar, R. Thomas and R.S. Katiyar ,A.Manivannam
2. Outline
Introduction & Motivation
Rechargeable battery and applications
Cathode material selection
Experimental details
Powder synthesis, coin cell construction.
Structural and electrochemical
characterization
Results & Discussion
XRD, SEM, Raman spec. for process
optimization.
CV and cycleability
Rate capability
Summary and conclusion
Outlook
Outline
3. Li-ion batteries are among the best battery systems in terms of energy
density (W-h/kg & W-h/L). This makes them very attractive for hybrid
automobiles & portable electronics.
Before coming to working principle of rechargeable battery, let’s see
why Li is so important
Why Li(ion) batteries?
It is lighter (3rd
in periodic table)
Most electropositive
Contributes positively towards
higher energy density
4. Li-ion Battery & Cathode Materials Considerations
Schematic of Rechargeable Li Battery
Li ion shuttles between anode and
cathode
During charge Li ion move from
cathode to anode
During discharge Li gets intercalated
into cathode
X Li + + x e - + Li yM X Liy+x MX
Charge
Discharge
X Li + + x e - + Li yM X Liy+x MX
Charge
Discharge
∆G= -nFE
For maximum (+ve) E, cathode has to be highly oxidizing and anode has to be highly reducing
Cathode –Intercalation compound
Anode - Li metal (Li battery) not
safe
or another intercalation compound (Li
ion battery)
5. Energy density (Wh) = Capacity (Ah) × Voltage (V)
Large work function (highly oxidizing)
+ maximize cell voltage.
Insertion/extraction of a large amount of lithium
+ maximize the capacity.
High cell capacity + high cell voltage = high energy density
Reversible lithium insertion/extraction process.
+ make it rechargeable
No structural changes
+This prolongs the lifetime of the electrode.
Good electronic and Li+
ionic conductivities.
+ improves the rate capability
Chemically stable over the entire voltage range
+ No reaction with the electrolyte.
Inexpensive, environmentally benign and lightweight.
+safe, friendly, portability
Cathode: Material requirements
6. LiCoO2
is still the only commercialized cathode material
+ Excellent electrochemical properties.
-relatively expensive and toxic
-only 50% of the theoretical capacity practically utilized.
- exhibit three phase transitions during the Li
extraction and insertion ( from the CV )
- The cation disorder of Ni ions
- Layered rhombohedral structure to pristine LiNiO2
Current status of cathode material
Pros and cons with LiMnO2
Higher discharge capacity (~200 mAh/g), LiNiO2
considered for replacing LiCoO2.
layers of Mn-O edge-sharing octahedra
Li+
Partial substitution of nickel with other elements that leads to a
reduction in the amount of Ni in the Li-type sites can be expected to
improve the structural and electrochemical properties of lithium nickelate
form the basis of the present work
Substitution of Ni ion with trivalent M cation (M= Mn & Co)
7. Stirring @5 0°C
PH of solution adjusted 8 by NH40H
Light green color precipitatesLight green color precipitates
Dried over night , Li2CO3 mixed thoroughly in agate mortar pestleDried over night , Li2CO3 mixed thoroughly in agate mortar pestle
Synthesis of 0.5Li2MnO3.0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
raw materials (MnSO4.H2O,NiSO4.H2OCO3O4, Li2CO3 1 M aqueous solution of
NaHCO3 in a 500 ml flask
Pellets were claimed at 950 C for 12 h and quenched in liquid
nitrogen .
The resulting 0.5Li2MnO3.0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 powered was
gray
8. J.R. Dahn, et al., electrochem. Act.,38 (1993) 1179
Schematic of CR2032 coin cell
Working electrode (cathode)
Active powder – 80 wt%
Carbon black – 10 wt%
PVDF binder – 10 wt%
Current collector- Al
Electrolyte
LiPF6 – 1M
EC : DMC- 1:1
Anode
Li foil
Powder Preparation:
Structural Characterization:
X-ray diffraction,
Raman spectroscopy
Electrochemical Characterization:
Cyclic voltammetry, Charge discharge and rate -
capability
Coin cell assembled in our group
Experiment: coin cell fabrication
9. Phase Check : X-ray Diffraction
20 40 60 80
Intensity(a.u)
2θ (Degrees)
(a) Pristine LLNMO
(b) ZnO Treated LLNMO
- Al
(003)
(101)
(006)
(012)
(104)
(015)
(107)
(018)
(110)
(113)
(a)
(b)
(020)C2/m
(110)C2/m
(021)C2/m
(-111)C2/m
(116)
(021)
(0012)
(024)
(0111)(205)
• Major peaks are indexed to R-3m
• Peaks Between 20 – 30 are presence
of monoclinic LiMnO3 phase with
space group of C2/m.
• Clear splitting of (006) and (012)
along with (018) and (110) is
observed, showing formation of well
crystalline layered structure
• No change in XRD pattern before and
after ZnO treatment shows no major
effect of ZnO on the crystal structure
10. Phase Check: Raman Spectroscopy
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Intensity(A.U)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
(a) Pristine LLNMO
(b) ZnO Treated LLNMO
(b)
(a)
• Three major Raman active modes have
been observed at 420,467 and 590 cm-1
for both pristine LLNMO and ZnO
treated LLNMO
• Literature shows that 424 cm-1
corresponds to the presence of
Li2MnO3 in composite structure .
• Raman spectroscopy results are in
accordance with X-ray diffraction,
showing the presence of Li2MnO3
short range ordering in the crystal
structure
• ZnO treatment does not lead to any
change in the local structure
11. Morphology Check
(a)
(b)
(c)
• Before the synthesis of the material, target was to
make highly dense spherical agglomerates of the
primary particles.
• More precise control over the precipitate
formation conditions might lead to even better
spherical morphology
• Primary particle size : 0.5 – 1 µm
• Spherical agglomerates : 5 - 10 µm
(a) Dried metal carbonates obtained after precipitation
(b) Pristine LLNMO
(c) ZnO treated LLNMO showing the agglomerates of
primary particles
12. Presence of Zinc : EDS
(a)
(b)
Presence of Zn has been confirmed by EDS
Pristine LLNMO
ZnO Treated LLNMO
13. Presence of Zn and Oxidation states
check : XPS
630 640 650 660 670
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
(ii)
(i)
Counts/s
Binding Energy (eV)
Prisitne LNMO
ZnO Treated LNMO
642.5 eV (Mn+4)(a)
840 850 860 870 880 890
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
(ii)
(i)
Counts/s
Binding Energy (eV)
Pristine LNMO
ZnO Treated LNMO
855.0 eV (Ni+2)(b)
1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
(ii)
Binding Energy (eV)
Counts/s
Pristine LNMO
ZnO Treated LNMO
1021.5 eV (Zn2+)(C)
(i)
Mn is observed to be present +4 oxidation state
Ni is observed to be present +2 oxidation state
Zn is observed to be present +2 oxidation state
in sample treated with ZnO
14. Differential Capacity vs Voltage
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
dQ/dV
Voltage (V)
1st
1st
20th
20th
(a)
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
(b) 1st
1st
20th
20th
dQ/dV
Voltage (V)
• From the differential capacity plots it has
been observed that there is no
distinguishable peak below 3.5 V in the
first cycle discharge curve.
• Major peak has been observed between
4.25 and 3.5 V in the first cycle
differential discharge curve.
• Continuous cycling shows very
pronounced peak appearing in between 3.5
– 3.0 V in both charging as well as
discharging cycle, which interns show the
effective reversible intercalation of the
lithium ions in the host MnO2 structure and
activation of the inactive component.
(a) Pristine LLNMO
(b) ZnO treated LLNMO
16. Rate Performance
0 5 10 15 20
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
DischargeCapacity(mAh/g)
Cycle Index (N)
LLNMO
ZnO Treated LLNMO
C/20
C/10
C/5
1C
C/20
• Materials were fully activated
before rate performance
check
• Charging rate was fixed at
C/20
• Discharging rate is given in
Figure
• Discharging rate was reverted
back to C/20 after net 40
cycles and it has been
observed that discharge
capacity also reverts back to
initial value
Net 40 cycle data : 20 Cycles were used to
fully activate the samples at C/20
17. Electrochemical Impedance Study
Zw
RctRsl
CPE CPE
Csl Cct
Cint
Re
Nyquest plots were fitted using above
shown model
Refined parameters
Pristine LLNMO ZnO Treated LLNMO
Before
Charge
Full
Charge
Full
Dischar
ge
Before
Charge
Full
Charge
Full
Dischar
ge
Re (ohm) 5.388 5.532 5.091 7.8 5.99 3.77
Rct (ohm) 379.1 85.97 254.8 309.9 166.1 213
Rsl (ohm) 31.53 210.8 299.8 28.1 3250.1 186.3
18. Conclusions
• Better electrochemical performance of the ZnO treated composite layered-layered
0.5Li2MnO3-0.5LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 cathode material synthesised by carbonate based co-
precipiation method.
• Coagulation of the primary particles resulted in spherical agglomerates.
• ZnO treated LLNMO had the following benefits compared to pristine LLMNO: (i) faster
activation, (ii) high charge/discharge capacity, (iii) high columbic efficiency and (iv)
improved rate performance.
• Lower charge transfer resistance value in case of the ZnO treated sample enhances the
electrochemical performance of ZnO treated LLMNO compared to pristine sample.
• We have not examined the possible ZnF2 formation in our current system, but such
a study may be of interest to test the battery life. Further work on optimization of
the ZnO content for achieving the best electrochemical property, understanding of
possible formation of ZnF2 and the underlying reaction mechanisms in achieving the
improved electrochemical performance towards stability are underway.
Editor's Notes
Faster activation in case of ZnO treated samples has been observed because
1. Effective removal of lithium and oxygen from the structure in case of ZnO treated samples compared to pristine.
2. Due to the difference in the charge transfer resistance values as explained later, which is lower in case of ZnO treated samples compared to pristine LLNMO