International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
This document describes a study that developed statistical models to predict traffic accident rates on rural highways in Egypt. Accident data and road/traffic characteristics were collected from 5 agricultural highways. Simple and multiple regression analysis identified that pavement width and running speed had the highest effects on accident rates for roads with undivided sections. The study aims to help decision-makers improve road safety by minimizing predicted accident rates.
Identification of Blackspots and Accident Analysis using GISIRJET Journal
The document discusses using GIS to identify and analyze accident black spots in Kothamangalam, India. Secondary accident data from 2011-2016 was collected and the top 5 black spots were identified using a Weighted Severity Index method. Primary data on traffic volumes and road characteristics was then collected for the 5 spots. GIS analysis was conducted to map the spots and prioritize them based on assigned weights to various risk factors. The analysis identified Kuthukuzhi as the highest risk spot. Suggestions for improvements like adding medians and signage were provided.
The fatality of traffic accidents of the world population is approximately 1.2 million people every year. According to the World Health Organization(2004), related injuries from road incidents will rank 3rd for global burden of disease in 2030. In order to tackle traffic accidents effectively, one needs to analyse their traffic pattern. The traffic accident black spot programme is developed from analysis of traffic accidents (Chris’s Britain Road Directory, 2017). Black spot or black site refers to area with high traffic accident risk. In 1955, the UK first introduced an unprecedented type of traffic sign – Accident Black Spot Sign (The National Archives, 2017). Since then, more and more Commonwealth countries followed the UK to promote and develop their own black spot investigations. In this paper, I will first explain why traffic accidents occurs and common determination methods of black spots. After that, I will present the current situation of Hong Kong.
IRJET- Identification and Analysis of Accident Blackspots using GISIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS to identify and analyze accident blackspots along a 14 km stretch of road in Kerala, India. The researchers collected accident data from police stations over the past 5 years and used a weighted severity index method to identify the top 5 accident locations. They conducted road inventory and traffic surveys at these locations to measure road geometry, traffic volumes, and other factors. The data was analyzed in GIS to assign weightings to different risk factors. The GIS analysis prioritized the locations based on their total weightings, categorizing them as very low, low, medium, or high accident prone levels. This allowed the researchers to identify underlying causes of accidents and suggest improvements to enhance road safety.
Consequences of Road Traffic Accident in Nigeria: Time Series Approach Editor IJCATR
Road traffic accident in Nigeria is increasing at a worrying rate and has raised one of the country major concerns. We provided appropriate and suitable time series model for the consequences of road accident, the injured, killed and total casualty of the road accident in Nigeria. The most widely used conventional method, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model of time series, also known as Box-Jenkins method is applied to yearly data on the consequences of road accident data in Nigeria from 1960-2013 to determine patterns of road traffic accident consequences; injured, killed and total casualty of the road accident along the Nigeria motorway. Appropriate models are developed for the accident consequences; injured, killed and total casualty. ARIMA (0; 2; 1) model is obtained for the injury and total casualty consequences, whilst ARIMA(1,2,2) model is obtained for the killed consequences, using the data from 1960-2011. The adequacy and the performance of the model are tested on the remaining data from 2012 to 2013. Seven years forecast are provided using the developed models and showed that road traffic accident consequences examined; injured, killed and total casualty would continue to increase on average.
IRJET- Identification and Mapping of Accident Blackspots and Nearby Hospitals...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that aims to identify the most vulnerable accident black spots in Alappuzha district, India using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It also aims to identify and map the geographical distribution of hospitals and their proximity to accident-prone areas. The study involves collecting accident data, conducting a road inventory survey, traffic volume counts, and speed and delay studies at identified black spots. The black spots will then be analyzed and prioritized using GIS software. The results can help plan improvements and inform decision making to reduce accidents and improve emergency response times.
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
This document describes a study that developed statistical models to predict traffic accident rates on rural highways in Egypt. Accident data and road/traffic characteristics were collected from 5 agricultural highways. Simple and multiple regression analysis identified that pavement width and running speed had the highest effects on accident rates for roads with undivided sections. The study aims to help decision-makers improve road safety by minimizing predicted accident rates.
Identification of Blackspots and Accident Analysis using GISIRJET Journal
The document discusses using GIS to identify and analyze accident black spots in Kothamangalam, India. Secondary accident data from 2011-2016 was collected and the top 5 black spots were identified using a Weighted Severity Index method. Primary data on traffic volumes and road characteristics was then collected for the 5 spots. GIS analysis was conducted to map the spots and prioritize them based on assigned weights to various risk factors. The analysis identified Kuthukuzhi as the highest risk spot. Suggestions for improvements like adding medians and signage were provided.
The fatality of traffic accidents of the world population is approximately 1.2 million people every year. According to the World Health Organization(2004), related injuries from road incidents will rank 3rd for global burden of disease in 2030. In order to tackle traffic accidents effectively, one needs to analyse their traffic pattern. The traffic accident black spot programme is developed from analysis of traffic accidents (Chris’s Britain Road Directory, 2017). Black spot or black site refers to area with high traffic accident risk. In 1955, the UK first introduced an unprecedented type of traffic sign – Accident Black Spot Sign (The National Archives, 2017). Since then, more and more Commonwealth countries followed the UK to promote and develop their own black spot investigations. In this paper, I will first explain why traffic accidents occurs and common determination methods of black spots. After that, I will present the current situation of Hong Kong.
IRJET- Identification and Analysis of Accident Blackspots using GISIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS to identify and analyze accident blackspots along a 14 km stretch of road in Kerala, India. The researchers collected accident data from police stations over the past 5 years and used a weighted severity index method to identify the top 5 accident locations. They conducted road inventory and traffic surveys at these locations to measure road geometry, traffic volumes, and other factors. The data was analyzed in GIS to assign weightings to different risk factors. The GIS analysis prioritized the locations based on their total weightings, categorizing them as very low, low, medium, or high accident prone levels. This allowed the researchers to identify underlying causes of accidents and suggest improvements to enhance road safety.
Consequences of Road Traffic Accident in Nigeria: Time Series Approach Editor IJCATR
Road traffic accident in Nigeria is increasing at a worrying rate and has raised one of the country major concerns. We provided appropriate and suitable time series model for the consequences of road accident, the injured, killed and total casualty of the road accident in Nigeria. The most widely used conventional method, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model of time series, also known as Box-Jenkins method is applied to yearly data on the consequences of road accident data in Nigeria from 1960-2013 to determine patterns of road traffic accident consequences; injured, killed and total casualty of the road accident along the Nigeria motorway. Appropriate models are developed for the accident consequences; injured, killed and total casualty. ARIMA (0; 2; 1) model is obtained for the injury and total casualty consequences, whilst ARIMA(1,2,2) model is obtained for the killed consequences, using the data from 1960-2011. The adequacy and the performance of the model are tested on the remaining data from 2012 to 2013. Seven years forecast are provided using the developed models and showed that road traffic accident consequences examined; injured, killed and total casualty would continue to increase on average.
IRJET- Identification and Mapping of Accident Blackspots and Nearby Hospitals...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that aims to identify the most vulnerable accident black spots in Alappuzha district, India using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It also aims to identify and map the geographical distribution of hospitals and their proximity to accident-prone areas. The study involves collecting accident data, conducting a road inventory survey, traffic volume counts, and speed and delay studies at identified black spots. The black spots will then be analyzed and prioritized using GIS software. The results can help plan improvements and inform decision making to reduce accidents and improve emergency response times.
IRJET- Measuring The Driver's Perception Error in the Traffic Accident Risk E...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to measure drivers' perception errors in evaluating traffic accident risk. The study investigated how drivers subjectively evaluate their own risk levels compared to more objective risk evaluations based on recorded driving kinematics. A survey was conducted in India to assess drivers' risk awareness, which revealed three factors: risk attitude, risk perception, and risk behavior. Statistical analysis showed some drivers had high risk awareness. The study found that higher driver sensation-seeking was associated with lower risk awareness. The methodology allows comparing subjective and objective risk measures and could help increase driver awareness to promote safer driving.
The document discusses road accidents in Yangon, Myanmar. It analyzes accident data from Pyay Road in Yangon from 2017. The key findings are:
1) The majority (75%) of accidents occurred due to collisions between moving vehicles and pedestrians, indicating human error is a major factor.
2) The second most common accidents (8%) involved collisions between two vehicles.
3) Fatality rates were highest for collisions involving two vehicles or collisions with fixed objects.
4) Rear-end collisions were the most common type of collision between motor vehicles, followed by head-on collisions.
5) Drivers between 30-40 years old accounted for the highest number of accidents
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Accident Black Spot Identification | KJEI Campus to Chandni ChowkShadaab Sayyed
The seminar by Rutuja Gawade, Amol Pawar, Swapnil Borge, Nazim Ansari under the guidance of Prof. Jitesh Dhule about the accidents black spot identification along the route.
Utilizing GIS to Develop a Non-Signalized Intersection Data Inventory for Saf...IJERA Editor
Roadway data inventories are being used across the nation to aid state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in decision making. The high number of intersection and intersection related crashes suggest the need for intersection-specific data inventories that can be associated to crash occurrences to help make better safety decisions. Currently, limited time and resources are the biggest difficulties for execution of comprehensive intersection data inventories, but online resources exist that DOTs can leverage to capture desired data. Researchers from The University of Alabama developed an online method to collect intersection characteristics for non-signalized intersections along state routes using Google Maps and Google Street View, which was tied to an Alabama DOT maintained geographic information systems (GIS) node-link linear referencing method. A GIS-Based Intersection Data Inventory Web Portal was created to collect and record non-signalized intersection parameters. Thirty intersections of nine different intersection types were randomly selected from across the state, totaling 270 intersections. For each intersection, up to 78 parameters were collected, compliant with the Model Inventory of Roadway Elements (MIRE) schema. Using the web portal, the data parameters corresponding to an average intersection can be collected and catalogued into a database in approximately 10 minutes. The collection methodology and web portal function independently of the linear referencing method; therefore, the tool can be tailored and used by any state with spatial roadway data. Preliminary single variable analysis was performed, showing that there are relationships between individual intersection characteristics and crash frequency. Future work will investigate multivariate analysis and develop safety performance functions and crash modification factors.
Identification and Improvement of Accident Black Spots on N.H.86 District Sag...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study conducted to identify and improve accident black spots along a 76 km stretch of National Highway 86 from Sagar to Shahgarh in Madhya Pradesh, India. The researchers collected accident data from police reports over the past 5 years and analyzed the data using the Weighted Severity Index method to identify the top 5 most accident-prone locations or "black spots". They found the accidents were due to factors like improper road design, lack of signage and markings, and substandard road conditions. The researchers conducted site visits and proposed improvements like installing signs and markings, straightening curves, and improving shoulders and drainage to enhance safety at the identified black spots. The methodology was effective for identifying, evaluating and treating
This document presents models developed to predict rates of different types of accidents (total, fatal, injury, damage) on a rural road in Saudi Arabia based on geometric design elements and traffic volume. Statistical analyses were conducted using accident and road data over 5 years. Multiple linear regression models were developed relating accident rates to average curvature, average gradient, number of horizontal/vertical curves, and average annual daily traffic. The models showed acceptable correlation and were found to be statistically significant, indicating relationships between accident rates and road/traffic characteristics. The developed models can be used for short-term accident prediction and identification of safety-influencing factors.
Spatiotemporal analysis of fatal road accidents in greece during the 2011 201...Ilias Machairas
Machairas, I. (2018, April) Spatiotemporal analysis of fatal road accidents in Greece during the 2011-2015 period. Poster session presented at the 11th International Conference of the Hellenic Geographical Society, Lavrion, Greece
PREDICTING ROAD ACCIDENT RISK USING GOOGLE MAPS IMAGES AND ACONVOLUTIONAL NEU...ijaia
Location specific characteristics of a road segment such as road geometry as well as surrounding road features can contribute significantly to road accident risk. A Google Maps image of a road segment provides a comprehensive visual of its complex geometry and the surrounding features. This paper proposes a novel machine learning approach using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to accident risk prediction by unlocking the precise interaction of these many small road features that work in combination to contribute to a greater accident risk. The model has worldwide applicability and a very low cost/time effort to implement for a new city since Google Maps are available in most places across the globe. It also significantly contributes to existing research on accident prevention by allowing for the inclusion of highly detailed road geometry to weigh in on the prediction as well as the new locationbased attributes like proximity to schools and businesses.
ANALYSIS OF ROADWAY FATAL ACCIDENTS USING ENSEMBLE-BASED META-CLASSIFIERSijaia
In the past decades, a lot of effort has been put into roadway traffic safety. With the help of data mining, the analysis of roadway traffic data is much needed to understand the factors related to fatal accidents. This paper analyses Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) dataset using several data mining
algorithms. Here, we compare the performance of four meta-classifiers and four data-oriented techniques known for their ability to handle imbalanced datasets, entirely based on Random Forest classifier. Also, we study the effect of applying several feature selection algorithms including PSO, Cuckoo, Bat and Tabu on improving the accuracy and efficiency of classification. The empirical results show that the Threshold
selector meta-classifier combined with over-sampling techniques results were very satisfactory. In this regard, the proposed technique has gained a mean overall Accuracy of 91% and a Balanced Accuracy that varies between 96% to 99% using 7-15 features instead of 50 original features.
PREDICTION OF ROAD ACCIDENT MODELLING FOR INDIAN NATIONAL HIGHWAYSIAEME Publication
The objective of this research article is to identify the most critical safety influencing variables of a section of four-lane National Highway-18(old)/40(New) through statistical models that explains the relationship between frequency of accident count and highway safety variables. The Highway traverses mainly through a plain terrain of mostly agricultural areas. The study is for newly constructing Four-Lane road between chainage 224.000 (Chagalamarri) to 359.9(Kurnool) to identify all safety deficiencies responsible for road accidents. The predictive ability using Multiple linear regression model is under two categories: First for the 2 lane sections and second for 4 lane sections separately. The validation tools were applied to examine the ability of models to predict accidents.
Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithm with Road Accidents Data SetsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Beginning at now, street transport framework neglect to alter up to the exponential expansion in vehicular masses and to ascertaining the quickest driving courses and catastrophes inside observing differing traffic conditions is a critical issue right presently structures. To upset this issue is to explore the vehicle division dataset with bundle learning technique for finding the best street choice without calamity gauging by want aftereffects of best accuracy count by looking at oversaw AI figuring. In bits of information and AI, bundle strategies utilize diverse learning calculations to give indications of progress prudent execution. The assessment of dataset by facilitated AI technique (SMLT) to get two or three data takes after, factor perceiving proof, univariate evaluation, bivariate and multi-variate appraisal, missing worth medications and separate the information support, information cleaning/organizing and information perception will be done with everything taken into account given dataset. In addition, to look at and talk about the presentation of different AI figuring estimations from the given vehicle division dataset with assessment of GUI based street fiasco want by given attributes.
This document discusses a study to identify accident black spots along a 14.5 km stretch of National Highway 4 between New Katraj Tunnel and Chandani Chowk in Pune, India. The methodology involved collecting accident data from authorities and conducting a field survey to analyze parameters like road geometry, junctions and amenities. Locations were identified as black spots using three methods - ranking parameters by accident frequency and calculating severity indices; determining accident density per 500m section; and calculating weighted severity indices based on accident severity. The study found several locations exceeding the thresholds for identification as black spots. Remedial measures like installing speed limit signs, road reflectors and improvements to sight lines were recommended.
Eurosain is devoted to saving lives through pertitent application of hazard control/elimination and risk management of existing or projects of roads/highways.The approach is compliant with the latest standards and codes, and applies to developed countries as well as underdeveloped or in development countries.
This document outlines a framework to identify factors associated with high pedestrian and bicycle crash locations in Tennessee using geographic information systems and statistical analysis. The methodology involves collecting crash, roadway, demographic, and socioeconomic data; geocoding the crash data in GIS; performing cluster and hot spot analysis to identify crash clusters; and developing statistical models. Specific high crash zones are identified in Davidson County for further analysis. The goal is to prioritize funding to reduce severe crashes.
Analysis and Prediction of Crash Fatalities in AustraliaFady M. A Hassouna
The document analyzes and predicts crash fatalities in Australia by examining data from 1965 to 2018. It finds that male fatality rates were significantly higher than females, and that speeding was the leading cause of death. Drivers and passengers of 4-wheel vehicles experienced the highest fatality rates. An ARIMA model was developed to forecast annual fatalities from 2019 to 2023 based on past data. The model can help plan road safety strategies by predicting future fatality trends in Australia.
This document discusses advance methodologies to ensure road safety. It presents a GIS-based accident analysis system developed for Chennai, India. Accident data from 2010-2012 was collected and analyzed using GIS software. This identified accident prone zones and black spots. Photogrammetry techniques were also used to map accident scenes and measure vehicle crush depth to determine accident causes and vehicle speeds. The analysis found that careless driving and overspeeding were primary causes. It concludes that GIS and photogrammetry can help accurately analyze accidents to improve road safety.
IRJET- Identification and Analysis of Black Spots along the Selected Road...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify black spots (accident-prone locations) along selected road stretches in Belagavi City, India. The researchers collected accident data from 2015-2017 and conducted road inventory surveys, traffic volume counts, and spot speed studies on the 11km study area along Congress Road and Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Marg. They used the Accident Severity Index method and GIS software to analyze the data and identify black spots. Five locations were identified as black spots: College Road, Gogate Circle, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Marg, Bemco Cross, and Khadarawadi Cross. Remedial measures
EMBARQ Türkiye, iki yıldır devam eden, Türkiye'nin seçilen beş şehrinde yol güvenliği durum analizleri yapan ve ulaşım planlama çözümleri sunan RSLab Projesi'nin ilk kısmının sonuna geldi. RSLab Proje Koordinatörü Kiarash Ghasemlou, kaza kara noktaların doğru tespitinin yapılması için iyi yönetilen, anlaşılabilir ve erişilebilir veri toplama sisteminin kesinlikle gerekli olduğunu belirtti.
Transist 2014 Uluslararası Ulaşım Teknolojileri Sempozyum ve Fuarı, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi ve İETT işbirliği ile 19 –20 Aralık 2014 tarihlerinde İstanbul Kongre Merkezi’nde gerçekleştirildi.
EMBARQ Turkey's two year-long project that aims to assess the state of road safety in Turkey's select cities and offer transport planning solutions, completed its first phase with the Closure Meeting. RSLab Project Analyst Kiarash Ghasemlou emphasized that a well-organized, comprehensive, and accessible data collection system is crucial to correctly identifying blackspots.
Transist 2014 7. International Symposium and Exhibition on Transportation Technologies took place by the cooperation of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and IETT on 19 - 20 December 2014 at Istanbul Congress Center.
This document discusses using magnetic methods to map iron bodies and anomalies in Aceh Jaya Province, Indonesia. It provides background on manganese mineralogy, the magnetic properties of rocks and minerals, and the earth's magnetic field. The study area is in Babahlo Region, Aceh Jaya Province. Geomagnetic data was collected over several days in July 2011 to measure the total magnetic field and identify anomalies, which could indicate locations of iron deposits for potential exploitation.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
This document summarizes a project that aims to develop a device allowing file transfers between two USB flash drives without needing a computer. It uses a VDIP2 module with a VNC1L chip that acts as a USB host controller. The VNC1L chip runs different firmware and is controlled via UART communication from a microcontroller. The schematic and software used are described. Applications mentioned include transferring files between flash drives without a computer by connecting the drives to the module's two USB ports.
IRJET- Measuring The Driver's Perception Error in the Traffic Accident Risk E...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to measure drivers' perception errors in evaluating traffic accident risk. The study investigated how drivers subjectively evaluate their own risk levels compared to more objective risk evaluations based on recorded driving kinematics. A survey was conducted in India to assess drivers' risk awareness, which revealed three factors: risk attitude, risk perception, and risk behavior. Statistical analysis showed some drivers had high risk awareness. The study found that higher driver sensation-seeking was associated with lower risk awareness. The methodology allows comparing subjective and objective risk measures and could help increase driver awareness to promote safer driving.
The document discusses road accidents in Yangon, Myanmar. It analyzes accident data from Pyay Road in Yangon from 2017. The key findings are:
1) The majority (75%) of accidents occurred due to collisions between moving vehicles and pedestrians, indicating human error is a major factor.
2) The second most common accidents (8%) involved collisions between two vehicles.
3) Fatality rates were highest for collisions involving two vehicles or collisions with fixed objects.
4) Rear-end collisions were the most common type of collision between motor vehicles, followed by head-on collisions.
5) Drivers between 30-40 years old accounted for the highest number of accidents
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Accident Black Spot Identification | KJEI Campus to Chandni ChowkShadaab Sayyed
The seminar by Rutuja Gawade, Amol Pawar, Swapnil Borge, Nazim Ansari under the guidance of Prof. Jitesh Dhule about the accidents black spot identification along the route.
Utilizing GIS to Develop a Non-Signalized Intersection Data Inventory for Saf...IJERA Editor
Roadway data inventories are being used across the nation to aid state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in decision making. The high number of intersection and intersection related crashes suggest the need for intersection-specific data inventories that can be associated to crash occurrences to help make better safety decisions. Currently, limited time and resources are the biggest difficulties for execution of comprehensive intersection data inventories, but online resources exist that DOTs can leverage to capture desired data. Researchers from The University of Alabama developed an online method to collect intersection characteristics for non-signalized intersections along state routes using Google Maps and Google Street View, which was tied to an Alabama DOT maintained geographic information systems (GIS) node-link linear referencing method. A GIS-Based Intersection Data Inventory Web Portal was created to collect and record non-signalized intersection parameters. Thirty intersections of nine different intersection types were randomly selected from across the state, totaling 270 intersections. For each intersection, up to 78 parameters were collected, compliant with the Model Inventory of Roadway Elements (MIRE) schema. Using the web portal, the data parameters corresponding to an average intersection can be collected and catalogued into a database in approximately 10 minutes. The collection methodology and web portal function independently of the linear referencing method; therefore, the tool can be tailored and used by any state with spatial roadway data. Preliminary single variable analysis was performed, showing that there are relationships between individual intersection characteristics and crash frequency. Future work will investigate multivariate analysis and develop safety performance functions and crash modification factors.
Identification and Improvement of Accident Black Spots on N.H.86 District Sag...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study conducted to identify and improve accident black spots along a 76 km stretch of National Highway 86 from Sagar to Shahgarh in Madhya Pradesh, India. The researchers collected accident data from police reports over the past 5 years and analyzed the data using the Weighted Severity Index method to identify the top 5 most accident-prone locations or "black spots". They found the accidents were due to factors like improper road design, lack of signage and markings, and substandard road conditions. The researchers conducted site visits and proposed improvements like installing signs and markings, straightening curves, and improving shoulders and drainage to enhance safety at the identified black spots. The methodology was effective for identifying, evaluating and treating
This document presents models developed to predict rates of different types of accidents (total, fatal, injury, damage) on a rural road in Saudi Arabia based on geometric design elements and traffic volume. Statistical analyses were conducted using accident and road data over 5 years. Multiple linear regression models were developed relating accident rates to average curvature, average gradient, number of horizontal/vertical curves, and average annual daily traffic. The models showed acceptable correlation and were found to be statistically significant, indicating relationships between accident rates and road/traffic characteristics. The developed models can be used for short-term accident prediction and identification of safety-influencing factors.
Spatiotemporal analysis of fatal road accidents in greece during the 2011 201...Ilias Machairas
Machairas, I. (2018, April) Spatiotemporal analysis of fatal road accidents in Greece during the 2011-2015 period. Poster session presented at the 11th International Conference of the Hellenic Geographical Society, Lavrion, Greece
PREDICTING ROAD ACCIDENT RISK USING GOOGLE MAPS IMAGES AND ACONVOLUTIONAL NEU...ijaia
Location specific characteristics of a road segment such as road geometry as well as surrounding road features can contribute significantly to road accident risk. A Google Maps image of a road segment provides a comprehensive visual of its complex geometry and the surrounding features. This paper proposes a novel machine learning approach using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to accident risk prediction by unlocking the precise interaction of these many small road features that work in combination to contribute to a greater accident risk. The model has worldwide applicability and a very low cost/time effort to implement for a new city since Google Maps are available in most places across the globe. It also significantly contributes to existing research on accident prevention by allowing for the inclusion of highly detailed road geometry to weigh in on the prediction as well as the new locationbased attributes like proximity to schools and businesses.
ANALYSIS OF ROADWAY FATAL ACCIDENTS USING ENSEMBLE-BASED META-CLASSIFIERSijaia
In the past decades, a lot of effort has been put into roadway traffic safety. With the help of data mining, the analysis of roadway traffic data is much needed to understand the factors related to fatal accidents. This paper analyses Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) dataset using several data mining
algorithms. Here, we compare the performance of four meta-classifiers and four data-oriented techniques known for their ability to handle imbalanced datasets, entirely based on Random Forest classifier. Also, we study the effect of applying several feature selection algorithms including PSO, Cuckoo, Bat and Tabu on improving the accuracy and efficiency of classification. The empirical results show that the Threshold
selector meta-classifier combined with over-sampling techniques results were very satisfactory. In this regard, the proposed technique has gained a mean overall Accuracy of 91% and a Balanced Accuracy that varies between 96% to 99% using 7-15 features instead of 50 original features.
PREDICTION OF ROAD ACCIDENT MODELLING FOR INDIAN NATIONAL HIGHWAYSIAEME Publication
The objective of this research article is to identify the most critical safety influencing variables of a section of four-lane National Highway-18(old)/40(New) through statistical models that explains the relationship between frequency of accident count and highway safety variables. The Highway traverses mainly through a plain terrain of mostly agricultural areas. The study is for newly constructing Four-Lane road between chainage 224.000 (Chagalamarri) to 359.9(Kurnool) to identify all safety deficiencies responsible for road accidents. The predictive ability using Multiple linear regression model is under two categories: First for the 2 lane sections and second for 4 lane sections separately. The validation tools were applied to examine the ability of models to predict accidents.
Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithm with Road Accidents Data SetsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Beginning at now, street transport framework neglect to alter up to the exponential expansion in vehicular masses and to ascertaining the quickest driving courses and catastrophes inside observing differing traffic conditions is a critical issue right presently structures. To upset this issue is to explore the vehicle division dataset with bundle learning technique for finding the best street choice without calamity gauging by want aftereffects of best accuracy count by looking at oversaw AI figuring. In bits of information and AI, bundle strategies utilize diverse learning calculations to give indications of progress prudent execution. The assessment of dataset by facilitated AI technique (SMLT) to get two or three data takes after, factor perceiving proof, univariate evaluation, bivariate and multi-variate appraisal, missing worth medications and separate the information support, information cleaning/organizing and information perception will be done with everything taken into account given dataset. In addition, to look at and talk about the presentation of different AI figuring estimations from the given vehicle division dataset with assessment of GUI based street fiasco want by given attributes.
This document discusses a study to identify accident black spots along a 14.5 km stretch of National Highway 4 between New Katraj Tunnel and Chandani Chowk in Pune, India. The methodology involved collecting accident data from authorities and conducting a field survey to analyze parameters like road geometry, junctions and amenities. Locations were identified as black spots using three methods - ranking parameters by accident frequency and calculating severity indices; determining accident density per 500m section; and calculating weighted severity indices based on accident severity. The study found several locations exceeding the thresholds for identification as black spots. Remedial measures like installing speed limit signs, road reflectors and improvements to sight lines were recommended.
Eurosain is devoted to saving lives through pertitent application of hazard control/elimination and risk management of existing or projects of roads/highways.The approach is compliant with the latest standards and codes, and applies to developed countries as well as underdeveloped or in development countries.
This document outlines a framework to identify factors associated with high pedestrian and bicycle crash locations in Tennessee using geographic information systems and statistical analysis. The methodology involves collecting crash, roadway, demographic, and socioeconomic data; geocoding the crash data in GIS; performing cluster and hot spot analysis to identify crash clusters; and developing statistical models. Specific high crash zones are identified in Davidson County for further analysis. The goal is to prioritize funding to reduce severe crashes.
Analysis and Prediction of Crash Fatalities in AustraliaFady M. A Hassouna
The document analyzes and predicts crash fatalities in Australia by examining data from 1965 to 2018. It finds that male fatality rates were significantly higher than females, and that speeding was the leading cause of death. Drivers and passengers of 4-wheel vehicles experienced the highest fatality rates. An ARIMA model was developed to forecast annual fatalities from 2019 to 2023 based on past data. The model can help plan road safety strategies by predicting future fatality trends in Australia.
This document discusses advance methodologies to ensure road safety. It presents a GIS-based accident analysis system developed for Chennai, India. Accident data from 2010-2012 was collected and analyzed using GIS software. This identified accident prone zones and black spots. Photogrammetry techniques were also used to map accident scenes and measure vehicle crush depth to determine accident causes and vehicle speeds. The analysis found that careless driving and overspeeding were primary causes. It concludes that GIS and photogrammetry can help accurately analyze accidents to improve road safety.
IRJET- Identification and Analysis of Black Spots along the Selected Road...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify black spots (accident-prone locations) along selected road stretches in Belagavi City, India. The researchers collected accident data from 2015-2017 and conducted road inventory surveys, traffic volume counts, and spot speed studies on the 11km study area along Congress Road and Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Marg. They used the Accident Severity Index method and GIS software to analyze the data and identify black spots. Five locations were identified as black spots: College Road, Gogate Circle, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Marg, Bemco Cross, and Khadarawadi Cross. Remedial measures
EMBARQ Türkiye, iki yıldır devam eden, Türkiye'nin seçilen beş şehrinde yol güvenliği durum analizleri yapan ve ulaşım planlama çözümleri sunan RSLab Projesi'nin ilk kısmının sonuna geldi. RSLab Proje Koordinatörü Kiarash Ghasemlou, kaza kara noktaların doğru tespitinin yapılması için iyi yönetilen, anlaşılabilir ve erişilebilir veri toplama sisteminin kesinlikle gerekli olduğunu belirtti.
Transist 2014 Uluslararası Ulaşım Teknolojileri Sempozyum ve Fuarı, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi ve İETT işbirliği ile 19 –20 Aralık 2014 tarihlerinde İstanbul Kongre Merkezi’nde gerçekleştirildi.
EMBARQ Turkey's two year-long project that aims to assess the state of road safety in Turkey's select cities and offer transport planning solutions, completed its first phase with the Closure Meeting. RSLab Project Analyst Kiarash Ghasemlou emphasized that a well-organized, comprehensive, and accessible data collection system is crucial to correctly identifying blackspots.
Transist 2014 7. International Symposium and Exhibition on Transportation Technologies took place by the cooperation of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and IETT on 19 - 20 December 2014 at Istanbul Congress Center.
This document discusses using magnetic methods to map iron bodies and anomalies in Aceh Jaya Province, Indonesia. It provides background on manganese mineralogy, the magnetic properties of rocks and minerals, and the earth's magnetic field. The study area is in Babahlo Region, Aceh Jaya Province. Geomagnetic data was collected over several days in July 2011 to measure the total magnetic field and identify anomalies, which could indicate locations of iron deposits for potential exploitation.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
This document summarizes a project that aims to develop a device allowing file transfers between two USB flash drives without needing a computer. It uses a VDIP2 module with a VNC1L chip that acts as a USB host controller. The VNC1L chip runs different firmware and is controlled via UART communication from a microcontroller. The schematic and software used are described. Applications mentioned include transferring files between flash drives without a computer by connecting the drives to the module's two USB ports.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents a unique common fixed point theorem for three pairs of weakly compatible mappings satisfying an integral type contractive condition in a complete G-metric space. It extends previous results by proving that if mappings P, Q, R, N, L, and M satisfy certain conditions, including a generalized contractive integral inequality, then they have a unique common fixed point. The proof involves showing that a sequence constructed from the mappings is G-Cauchy and converges, which implies the existence of a unique common fixed point.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study on using the bacteria Lactobacillus delbruckii to remove synthetic dyes from wastewater. The study explored how effectively the bacteria could decolorize two common reactive dyes, Reactive Orange 16 and Reactive Black 5, under different pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration conditions. The results showed that L. delbruckii was able to decolorize both dyes, with optimum decolorization occurring at a pH of 10, temperature of 37°C, and initial dye concentration of 10 ppm. Therefore, this bacteria shows potential for use in treating textile wastewater and meeting Malaysian wastewater standards in an environmentally friendly and low-cost
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
1) The document analyzes linear morphometric parameters of the Jia Bhareli river basin in northeast India to understand drainage development and landform evolution.
2) It finds that drainage patterns (dendritic, trellis, rectangular) reflect underlying lithology and tectonic structures like faults. Number of stream segments and their order decreases with increasing stream order, following the law of stream numbers.
3) Total stream length and number are generally higher in the mountainous areas compared to the alluvial plains, and increase from south to north reflecting more dissected terrain. Drainage development in the basin is controlled by both geological factors and climate.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
This document summarizes a research paper on applying a Service-Oriented Enterprise Architecture (SOEA) framework to align business and IT strategies. The SOEA framework aims to seamlessly align business needs with IT capabilities. It consists of four layers: 1) Enterprise Strategic Architecture layer defines the vision, strategy and context; 2) Domain Architecture addresses business capabilities; 3) Solution Architecture identifies services and ensures SOA compliance; 4) Solution Implementation realizes the architectures through service design, deployment and management. The framework provides an integrated, holistic approach to architectural alignment that avoids complexity and adds new technologies incrementally.
This document summarizes research on generalized β-closure spaces and β-connectedness. It defines key concepts such as β-closure functions, β-separated sets, and β-connectedness. Several important results are proven, including: (1) A set is β-connected if its subsets satisfy the Hausdorff-Lennes condition; (2) If a function between neighborhood spaces is β-continuous, the preimage of a β-connected set is β-connected; (3) The β-closure of a β-connected set is β-connected. The document establishes relationships between β-closure, β-separation, and β-connectedness in generalized closure spaces.
The document summarizes a study on the corrosion resistance of ZrN coated Ti6Al4V alloy in normal saline solution. Key findings:
1) Uncoated Ti6Al4V alloy showed higher corrosion and elemental leaching than coated samples or 316L stainless steel.
2) ZrN coating via cathodic arc deposition improved corrosion resistance by increasing corrosion potential, decreasing corrosion current density, and reducing elemental leaching of Al.
3) A substrate bias voltage of -200V during deposition resulted in the best coating quality and lowest corrosion rate, out-diffusion of Al, and defect density compared to other bias voltages.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Traffic Accident Data Profiling and Clusteringwith Data Mining ProcessIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes traffic accident data from Nigeria to profile clusters of high-risk and low-risk traffic roads and understand characteristics connected to injury severity and death.
2) It applies data mining techniques to model accident records and extract patterns relating driver behavior, road conditions, and weather to accident risks.
3) Key findings include differentiating accident risks by age group, period, and road type. High-risk roads were identified for targeted safety policies.
CHARACTERIZING HAZARDOUS ROAD LOCATIONS AND BLACK SPOTS ON ROUTE N8 (DHAKA-BA...Fayaz Uddin
Road traffic accidents and corresponding causality are the most concerning issues in the transportation sector of a developing
country like Bangladesh where road crashes are remarkably high. According to police reported road traffic accident database,
every year about 2800 or more accidents occur in Bangladesh. This research analyzes the various accident data from year 2007
to 2012 using Microcomputer Accident Analysis Package (MAAP5) software in route N8 (Dhaka – Mawa – Barisal – Patuakhali
National Highway) in Bangladesh. This research reveals accident prone locations which are commonly termed as black spot and
Hazardous Road location (HRL) on the route N8 followed by establishing maps by Geographic Information System (GIS). Headon,
rear-end, overturning, side-swipe and hit-pedestrian are the most dominant types of accidents. Analysis shows that maximum
number of accidents occurred in fair weather in route N8. The result clearly indicates that buses contribute mostly in the
accidents.
The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS uses technologies like sensors, microchips and wireless communication to make transportation systems more efficient and safe. It allows different elements of transportation infrastructure like vehicles, traffic lights and message signs to communicate with each other. ITS aims to reduce traffic, environmental impact and accidents through real-time traffic information and communication between vehicles and infrastructure. ITS has become necessary due to high road accident deaths worldwide. Traditional safety improvements are not enough to address this problem so ITS provides a better solution through improved safety, mobility and connectivity. The document outlines some ITS applications for traffic management, commuters and emergency response.
Analysis of Accident Data and Identification of Blackspots on National Highwa...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes road accident data from National Highway 44 between Kundli and Panipat in Haryana, India from 2019-2021 to identify accident blackspots. The top 10 blackspot locations were further investigated to identify causes of accidents and suggest countermeasures. Roads carry most passenger and freight traffic in India but are also highly vulnerable to accidents. The analysis identified several blackspots which were then ranked using different criteria to prioritize locations for safety improvements. Identifying and addressing blackspots can help minimize road accidents and improve safety.
Traffic accident analysis is mainly intended to investigate the causes of accidents by identifying hazardous locations and Accident Prone Locations of accident occurrences and to
analyze critically reasons attributing for the same so as to ensure road safety. Geographical Information System (GIS) technology has been a popular tool for visualization of accident data and analysis of hot spots in city as well as in highways. Accident analysis studies aims at the identification of high rate accident locations and safety deficient areas on the roads or streets. This paper presents a GIS based – Accident Analysis System developed for the Chennai city road network.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Study On Traffic Conlict At Unsignalized Intersection In Malaysia IOSR Journals
The research conducted is traffic conflict at unsignalized intersections . The purpose of this research
is to study accident data used as an identification of hazardous location leads to less accurate countermeasures.
It is because accidents are not always reported especially accident involving damage only and this situation can
reduce good comparative analysis. To overcome these lacks of accident data, many ways of employing nonaccident
data have been suggested. One of the ways using non-accident data is traffic conflicts, which is defined
as critical incidents not necessarily involving collisions. The traffic conflict technique was originally set up to
provide more reliable data and information of traffic problems at intersections which actually would replace the
unclear and incomplete recorded data accident. The conflict study was done at the selected unsignalized
intersection where types of traffic conflict can be identified and classified. Various road users involved in the
conflict at the unsignalized intersection were also observed. Then conflicts data captured were analyzed using
the computer program to observe for any conflicts at the intersections. The linear regression graph was used to
show the relationship between conflict and accident data where two different equations were derived from the
graph. This equation may be used to make a prediction for the relationship that might exist between those two
variables at another location.
EVALUATION OF PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM IN PREDICTION OF THE CAR ...ijcsa
Road traffic accidents are the most common accidents that annually Endangers lives of many people in the world. Our country Iran is one of the countries with highest incidence and mortality due to accidents that has been introduced. So it’s requires identification of underlay in dimensions in this field. Due to the increasing amount of car accidents in order to increase volume of information related to car accidents and needs to explore and reveal hidden dependencies and very long time among this information. So using traditional methods to discover these complex relations don't response between involved factors and we need to use new techniques. Considering that main aim of this paper is to find best relationship between volumes of information in shortest time. So, in this paper, we classify accidents in West Azerbaijan province in Iran by accident type (damage, injury, death) and we describe it by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm
This document summarizes a study that developed pedestrian conflict models at 65 four-arm road junctions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Pedestrian-vehicle conflicts were observed and models were developed using Poisson or negative binomial regression. The models found that junctions in central business districts had higher conflict rates, while factory and office land uses had lower rates. Pedestrian risk decreased with increasing pedestrian flow. Higher vehicle speeds at junction centers were associated with lower total conflicts. The study aims to help identify countermeasures by understanding factors that influence pedestrian safety.
This document summarizes a research paper that models the risk exposure of pedestrians crossing roads using virtual pedestrian simulations. It presents a fuzzy ant model to simulate pedestrian behavior based on artificial potential fields. The model represents pedestrians as particles navigating towards goals while being repelled by obstacles. The document also defines pedestrian exposure as the product of traffic flow and crossing time. It then presents an equation to calculate a pedestrian accident risk indicator based on vehicle density and speed, which follows a parabolic curve with the highest risk at intermediate vehicle densities. In conclusion, the model and risk indicator could help analyze pedestrian accidents at road intersections.
Towards Reducing the Number of Traffic Accidents in Khartoum State (Republic of Sudan)
The study identifies the causes of traffic accidents in Khartoum state and ways to minimize them. A questionnaire was distributed to collect feedback from the public on the causes of accidents and most effective reduction methods. The top causes identified were reckless driving, driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs, and lack of respect for traffic rules. Application of vehicle and road safety standards was found to be lacking. Suggestions to improve safety included increasing enforcement of traffic laws and infrastructure improvements like adding lanes, traffic lights, and pedestrian crossings.
Study of causal factors of road accidents on panipat samalkha section of nh-1eSAT Journals
now a day. Road accidents stop social and economic development of
the society. Accidents trends are on the rise and issues should be addresse
factors resulting in road accidents on Panipat
1(Toll-Tax-Sanjaychowk), Stretch -2 (Gohanamor
involves the collection of F.I.R data (2011-2013) from various Police Stations i.ePanipat City (Stretch
2), Samalkha (Stretch-3) Police Station &to identify, survey and analysis the bla
out the type of injuries the road users had gone through from 2011
accidents and then, to suggest preventive measures to reduce number of road acc
traffic crash numbers are on the rise. Major Black spot identified during analysis are NangalKheri, Siwah, Police line, Chokk
Petrol Pump, Manana Mor, Bus Stand (Panipat) & Toll Plaza. The fatality rate
37% respectively .Rear end collision & collision during crossing are the main causes of accident & the percentage of crashes
Stretch-1 & Stretch-2 is 52% & 59% resp. The percentage of crashes in Stretch
Cars, jeeps category is now the most involved in crashes; they constitute 26% of total crashes in Panipat city,42% of all cra
in Chandnibagh section and 41% crashes in Samalkha section. A truck constitutes 2
crashes in Chandnibagh& 35% of crashes in Samalkha section.The main victims of road crashes are
(34.1%), bikers etc. The spot speeds observed towards higher side of posted
Prediction of the Occurrence of Crashes along the Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Tra...IRJET Journal
This document discusses predicting the occurrence of crashes along the Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridor in Tanzania. It begins with an abstract that outlines the challenges of public transportation in developing countries like Tanzania and the goal of predicting crash occurrences using significant factors within the BRT Phase 1 corridor. The introduction provides background on previous research using statistical models to establish relationships between crashes and traffic/infrastructure characteristics. The literature review then examines previous studies on commuter bus crashes in Dar es Salaam before and after the construction of the BRT system, finding crashes were reduced by 39.5-93% with dedicated bus lanes. The methodology section describes using negative binomial regression as a predictive model to analyze crash data
Survey on Enhancing Accident Safety: Technological SolutionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using IoT and deep learning technologies to enhance accident safety. It discusses how IoT sensors can detect factors like alcohol consumption and drowsiness in real-time and how deep learning algorithms can analyze data to predict accidents. The document reviews literature on different technological solutions for accident prevention, including alcohol detection systems that use sensors to monitor drivers and prevent intoxicated driving. It highlights the potential of integrating IoT and deep learning to develop comprehensive accident prevention and detection systems.
Towards Improving Crash Data Management System in Gulf CountriesIJERA Editor
Scientific and analytical approaches to accident data collection, storage and analysis are essential in dealing with road safety problems. Police accident records in the majority of countries form the main (and sometimes the only) source of accident data. Access to the accident database is also important to identifying specific safety problems and evaluating the effectiveness of the countermeasure introduced. Accident data collection and analysis offered by technological innovation such as Electronic Data Entry (EDE), Electronic Data transfer (EDT), and Geographic Information system (GIS) are implemented in developed countries. Developing countries, including the Gulf countries, should take advantage of the experience of developed countries on how the advance accident data management system works to identifying, more accurately, the main factors contributing to traffic accident. The main purpose of this research is to provide information on accident statistics process in Virginia state, starting from the time of accident occurring until it is stored in the database, with the aim of using it towards improving the process of collecting and maintaining accident data system in Gulf countries. The task is performed by reviewing the relevant international literature and interviewing police officers in charge and academic researchers in order to compare the accident data management system and also the quality of the data. Recommendations towards developing the crash data management system will be obtained based on the research results and international experience.
IRJET - Road Accident and Emergency Management: A Data Analytics ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses using data analytics to analyze road accident data and provide recommendations for emergency management. Descriptive analytics identified key factors related to accidents, such as time to clear accidents, accidents by time zone and state, proximity to traffic objects, and days of the week with most accidents. A predictive model using random forest classification predicted accident severity with 94% accuracy. The study aims to help emergency services by identifying preventable causes of accidents and factors affecting severity.
Analysis of Roadway Fatal Accidents using Ensemble-based Meta-Classifiersgerogepatton
In the past decades, a lot of effort has been put into roadway traffic safety. With the help of data mining,
the analysis of roadway traffic data is much needed to understand the factors related to fatal accidents.
This paper analyses Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) dataset using several data mining
algorithms. Here, we compare the performance of four meta-classifiers and four data-oriented techniques
known for their ability to handle imbalanced datasets, entirely based on Random Forest classifier. Also,
we study the effect of applying several feature selection algorithms including PSO, Cuckoo, Bat and Tabu
on improving the accuracy and efficiency of classification. The empirical results show that the Threshold
selector meta-classifier combined with over-sampling techniques results were very satisfactory. In this
regard, the proposed technique has gained a mean overall Accuracy of 91% and a Balanced Accuracy that
varies between 96% to 99% using 7-15 features instead of 50 original features.
Similar to International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) (20)
This document describes an automatic safety door lock system for cars that uses infrared sensors and a hydraulic piston to prevent injuries caused by closing car doors. The system uses IR sensors placed along the door and outer panel connected to a microcontroller. When an object is detected between the closing door and outer panel, the sensors transmit a signal to the microcontroller which activates a relay driver to extend the hydraulic piston to stop the door from closing. The system aims to prevent the over 120,000 injuries that occur annually from unexpected car door closings.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
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International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 5 (May 2013), PP.46-54
www.irjes.com
www.irjes.com 46 | Page
Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents on Trunk Roads in
Ghana
Daniel Atuah Obeng
Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
ABSTRACT: Annually, pedestrian accidents account for over forty percent (40%) of all road traffic accidents
whilst trunk roads record two-thirds of all road traffic fatalities. Whilst the unpredictability nature of accidents
is well documented, diagnostic tools require to establish causality and to inform intervention strategies have
been many but with varied successes. Over the years, accident statistics have shown no discernible pattern in
improvement levels even with so much efforts and pedestrians continue to bear the brunt of the inefficiencies on
the trunk road environment. This study employed descriptive analysis to identify potential pedestrian accident
causal factors from key attributes of the road transport system. A 5-year accident data, i.e. from 2006 to 2010,
on a trunk road length totalling 13,263km, was processed using the Microcomputer Accident Analysis Package
(MAAP) 5 software. The analysis of the national and regional data sets resulted in a variety of distinct risk
factors obtained for different regions in the study area. This rudimentary method of accident investigation
identified the unique characteristics of potential and possible risk factors of pedestrian accidents in different
socio-economic environments. It has also reinforced the need for proper accident problem contextualization and
data representation using more sophisticated methods for accident investigation.
Keywords – Characteristics, Descriptive Analysis, Ghana, Pedestrian Accident, Trunk Road.
I. INTRODUCTION AND APPROACH TO THE STUDY
In developing countries, pedestrians represent the most dominant users of road space but there is a huge
deficit in the provision of pedestrian infrastructure. This often results in pedestrian accidents as it is established
that annually pedestrian accidents accounted for over forty percent (40%) of the distribution of road traffic
accidents by road user type (Afukaar, 2001 [1]). Trunk roads (highways) account for two-thirds of all road
traffic fatalities with pedestrians representing about forty percent (40%) of the accident victims (BRRI, 2010
[2]).
Over the years, several approaches and methods have been used to assess road traffic safety; from
single accident rate to accident prediction models that relate the expected accident frequency at a road location
to its traffic and geometric characteristics, users of the road as well as its operating system (G-Basyonny and
Sayed, 2006 [3]). The unpredictability nature of pedestrian accidents however requires a more thorough and
systematic diagnosis of the accident problem in order to inform appropriate intervention strategies. Using
rudimentary analytical tools, key attributes of the road transport system are assessed and their relationships with
pedestrian accident incidence established. This preliminary investigation therefore offered the opportunity to
identify potential and possible causal factors from the attributes of the „pedestrian‟ accident victim, the vehicle,
road alignment elements and type of land use within the accident‟s environment.
In Ghana, the Transport and Research Laboratory (TRL) Microcomputer Accident Analysis Package
(MAAP) 5 software has been the main tool for accident analysis and reporting. Though quite elementary, it
presents accident and casualty data including details of the vehicle involved, climatic conditions and the road
environment. A 5-year pedestrian accident data, i.e. from 2006 to 2010, on the trunk roads were processed
employing the MAAP 5 software.
From the synthesized data, descriptive analysis techniques were used to identify potential pedestrian
accident causal factors (Analysis, Ch. 3 [4]). A general description of pedestrian accidents was presented at the
national and regional levels to show the distinct differences in risk factors. From these perspectives, safety
practitioners are well informed on the uniqueness of the problem and the appropriateness of methods employed
in accident investigation.
II. SCOPE OF STUDY
Since 2001, the Ghana Highway Authority (GHA) has been improving and maintaining a total trunk
road network of 13,263 km. In terms of function, the network has been categorized into three groupings,
namely: national (roads linking regional capitals to national capital), inter-regional (roads linking regional
capitals) and regional (roads linking district capitals to regional capitals) roads (MRH, 2005 [5]).
2. Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents on Trunk Roads in Ghana
www.irjes.com 47 | Page
The Ghana Highway Authority uses a Pavement Management and Maintenance Programme (PMMP)
as its Pavement Management System (PMS) tool to effectively allocate resources to address the management
and maintenance requirements of the trunk road network (GHA, 2010 [6]). From its portfolio of paved and
gravel roads, condition scores computed for homogeneous sections are reported. It was indicated that the overall
condition mix of the trunk road network had dropped substantially compared to trends in recent past. The
reasons assigned to the drop were attributed to very little or no routine maintenance interventions in the previous
year, among others. Table 1.1 presents the overall condition mix of the trunk road network as at the end of 2010.
Table 1.1 – Road surface condition mix
Condition Description Length (km) Percentage (%)
Good 3,865 29
Fair 5,841 44
Poor 3,56 27
Total 13,263 100
Source: Road Condition Report, 2010, GHA, MRH
Geographically, the study domain covered pedestrian accident data recorded on all trunk roads in the
ten (10) regions of Ghana. Fig. 1.1 shows the map of the trunk road network and the different trunk road types.
Fig. 1.1 – Trunk road network
III. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
Information on road traffic accidents is available at the National Road Traffic Accident database at the
Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI) in Kumasi, Ghana. The database is compiled from police files
using a standard accident report form. This form includes information about the accident location, the vehicle(s)
involved and casualty details. In general, a police report contains additional information from casualties,
witnesses, and report by a vehicle examiner from the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA), a plan of
the accident indicating the location and a general report by the investigator summarizing the facts surrounding
the accident. The accident information is then coded and stored in computers at the BRRI and analyzed with the
help of the MAAP software. The software has capacity to analyze accidents at specific locations, using stick
diagrams to display key accident features in the form of a column (or stick) of data. The investigator then
chooses from a number of different sticks and can sort the variables into any specified order. It also provides a
priority listing of the worst accident sites in a city or area. Accident reference numbers can be quickly obtained
and individual records displayed or printed.
3. Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents on Trunk Roads in Ghana
www.irjes.com 48 | Page
For this study, relevant information for each accident was retrieved and analyzed using the kilometer
analysis facility and cross-tabulations available in the MAAP software. Accident and casualty data obtained
included characteristics of victim (age and sex), type of vehicle involved and its movement, month, day and
hour of accident, accident and casualty severity, visibility, direction and accident location type.
IV. DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
The processed pedestrian accident data and the results of the synthesized data were presented as
accident severity by location type, casualty severity by age group, casualty by gender, accident by vehicle type,
and accident by time of day. The distributions and summaries provided a general description at the national
level (Wikipedia [7]). In providing additional perspective to the character of pedestrian accidents on trunk roads,
regional differences were discussed based on the extent of dispersion of computed regional values from the
national average for different established pedestrian accident attributes.
4.1 General Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents
4.1.1 Accident Severity by Location Type
Table 4.1 illustrates the national distribution of accident severity and also presents accident severity as
recorded in the non-urban environment. In all, a total of 15,710 pedestrian accidents were recorded, out of
which, 10,626 represented fatal and serious injury accidents (67.6%) and 5,084 accounted for minor accidents
(32.4%) (National Road Safety Commission, 2011 [8]). From the statistics on road deaths and serious injuries, it
is evident that the outcome of a pedestrian accident is most usually very severe.
Table 4.1 – Distribution of Accident Severity by Location
Accident Severity
National Non-Urban Environment
Number Percentage (%) Number Percentage (%)
Accidents
Fatal 4,088 26.0 2,233 39.8
Hospitalized 6,538 41.6 2,361 42.1
Injured Not-Hospitalized 5,084 32.4 1,014 18.1
Total 15,710 100.0 5,608 100.0
Source: National Pedestrian Accident Data, 2006 – 2010, BRRI
In the non-urban environment, out of a total of 5,608 accidents, 4,594 were fatal and injury accidents
representing 82% of the total pedestrian accidents recorded in that setting. The proportion of deaths and serious
injuries in rural settlements along trunk roads was substantial as four out of every five persons involved in
pedestrian accidents was either killed or had some form of serious disability.
4.1.2 Casualty Severity by Age Group
The distribution of casualties by the different age groups is illustrated in Fig. 4.1. It indicates the
number of persons killed or seriously injured as against minor injuries for the various age groups. From Fig. 1.1,
persons aged between 14 and 45 years were most at risk as the group alone accounted for 48% of pedestrian
deaths and persons with serious disability. Children below the age of 15 years represented the next sizeable
number of persons at risk representing 32% of persons with serious injuries. Those above 65 years were the least
vulnerable in terms of age grouping but one in two persons of that age group risk dying when involved in an
accident. It was also quite revealing that persons between the ages of 44 and 65, supposed to be actively
working, only accounted for 13% of the total casualties recorded. This economically active age group is
presumed to represent a sizeable proportion of the pedestrian volume that uses the road space and will therefore
be susceptible to road traffic accidents.
4. Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents on Trunk Roads in Ghana
www.irjes.com 49 | Page
A Traffic Safety Fact Sheet publication from the US Department of Transportation showed that persons
between the ages of 15 and 45 years were most at risk of death (41%) followed by persons between the ages of
45 and 65 years (34%). Persons above 65 years accounted for 19% of pedestrian deaths and children below the
age of 15 years represented only 7% of pedestrians killed (Traffic Safety Facts 2009 [9]).
It is instructive to note that while persons between the ages of 15 and 45 years share commonality
either in Ghana or in the United States of America (USA) regarding the proportion of pedestrians most at risk,
the other age groups show reasonable degree of variance in the distribution of pedestrians most at risk. For
instance, children below 15 years in Ghana represented a sizeable proportion of persons with serious disability
as a result of pedestrian accidents (32%) but the same age group in the USA recorded only 7% of pedestrian
deaths. This development suggests a serious defect with our traffic safety education programme (Downing, C.
S., 1987 [10]). There is the need to review our strategies by targeting children in the schools and outside the
school system to inculcate in them safe road use habits and to encourage them to teach other children on road
safety issues (Jacobs and Aeron-Thomas, 2000 [11]).
4.1.3 Casualty by Gender
According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, males constitute 48.8% of the national
population. However, the casualty distribution by gender as illustrated in Table 4.2 shows high percentages for
male fatalities and total casualties as 64.4% and 60.2% respectively. This implies that high numbers of the male
population are either being killed or maimed as a result of pedestrian accidents. The reason may perhaps be
attributed to the leadership roles they play as heads of households and the attendant responsibilities which
require them to make more trips.
Table 4.2 – Distribution of Casualties by Gender
Gender
Fatalities Total Casualties
Number Percentage (%) Number Percentage (%)
Male 3,107 64.4 10,742 60.2
Female 1,714 35.6 7,111 39.8
Total 4,821 100.0 17,853 100.0
Source: National Pedestrian Accident Data, 2006 – 2010, BRRI
4.1.4 Accident by Vehicle Type
The proportion of vehicle types involved in pedestrian accidents is presented in Fig 4.2. From the
distribution, it is clear that light vehicles (cars, pick-ups and minibuses) were over-represented and accounted
for 76% of the total vehicles involved in pedestrian accidents. This is foreseen, especially, as light vehicles
constitutes about 70% of the total number of registered vehicles in the main traffic stream (DVLA, 2010 [12]).
Heavy goods vehicles and cycles were also observed to be involved in pedestrian accidents as they represented
8% and 7% of the total vehicles involvement respectively. Buses and minibuses together constituted 29% of the
total vehicles involved in pedestrian accidents. Thus, drivers of vehicles mostly involved in pedestrian accidents
should feature prominently in road safety education and enforcement programmes.
5. Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents on Trunk Roads in Ghana
www.irjes.com 50 | Page
4.1.5 Accident by Time of Day
Table 4.3 shows the distribution of pedestrian accident severity by time of day. The time of day that
pedestrian accidents occur was then defined from 6am to 6pm to represent times of some appreciable visibility
(day) and from 6pm to 6am to represent night time. From the Table, day time accidents represented 64%, while
night time accidents recorded 36%. Generally, pedestrian activities at night are less pronounced than during the
day. However, in terms of fatality, the rates are about the same for both day time and night time accidents; an
implication that a pedestrian risk of death when knocked down by a vehicle is the same at night and during the
day. The situation is quite worrisome as activities and interactions on the road environment at night are less
intense and thus poor visibility may have been responsible for this phenomenon. This finding situates well with
the outcome of a study on the characteristics of pedestrian accidents in eight (8) countries by Downing
(Downing, 1991 [13]), it was revealed that the proportion of pedestrians killed on unlit roads was 2 or 3 times
higher in developing countries than in developed countries; assigning problems of inadequate street lighting and
poor pedestrian conspicuity as the reasons.
Table 4.3 – Distribution of Accident Severity by Time of Day
Accident Severity
Time of Day
Total
06:00 – 18:00 18:00 – 06:00
Fatality 2,199 1,890 4,089
Hospitalized 4,228 2,315 6,543
Not Hospitalized 3,590 1,496 5,086
Total 10,017 5,701 15,718
Source: National Accident Data, 2006 – 2010, BRRI
4.1.6 Summary of Risk Indicators
The data described the character of the national pedestrian accident situation and established the extent
of risk in a rural setting along a trunk road. Pedestrians of 15 - 45 years in the traffic stream were found to be the
most vulnerable and every three out of five male pedestrian risked serious injury when crossing a road in a rural
settlement. Light vehicles (cars, pick-ups and minibuses) accounted for 76% of vehicles that were involved in
pedestrian accidents. Considering the fact that pedestrian activity at night is less pronounced, it was not
surprising that substantial numbers of pedestrian accidents were recorded during the day than at night. In terms
of fatality, the risk of a pedestrian dying when hit by a vehicle at night was higher than during the day.
In order to provide a regional perspective to the pedestrian accident situation, the extent of deviations
of regional values from the “national” average were estimated. The key accident risk factors used in the
assessment were the most vulnerable age group, male pedestrian at risk, vehicles involved in accidents, day time
accidents and accident distribution in rural settlements. These factors were considered key elements in the traffic
system whose interactions were responsible for pedestrian accident causation.
4.2 Regional Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents
4.2.1 Most Vulnerable Age Group
The distribution of serious injury accidents of pedestrians in the 15 – 45 year group is presented in Fig.
4.3. From the chart, it is clear pedestrians in this age group who lived in the three (3) northern regions of Ghana,
namely; Northern, Upper West and Upper East are reasonably safe. The Volta, Western and Brong Ahafo
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regions provided the next group of pedestrians who showed some relative safety as their average index (0.34)
was below the national index of 0.50. Pedestrians in the Ashanti, Eastern and Central regions were found to be
most at risk as they recorded an average index of 0.56. In Greater Accra region, the situation was alarming as it
recorded an index of almost unity (0.99). The implication is that a pedestrian belonging to the most vulnerable
age group in the Greater Accra region stands 100% risk of death or serious disability when hit by a vehicle than
a pedestrian in the Upper West region.
This outcome is not surprising as the most economically active persons are accident prone, especially,
those in the Greater Accra region because the region experienced the highest population growth rate (3.1%)
between 2000 and 2010, and from the distribution of vehicles registration, recorded the highest growth rate of
44% (Ghana Statistical Services, 2012 [14]). It is evident that the intensity of socio-economic activity, human
and vehicular traffic interactions have significant impact on the incidence of pedestrian accidents.
4.2.2 Male Pedestrian at Risk
Fig. 4.4 illustrates the regional profile of the male pedestrian casualty. From the index computation, it
is clear that the male pedestrian in the Ashanti, Central, Eastern and Greater Accra regions are at risk but the
male pedestrian in the Greater Accra region is most at risk. An index of 1.25 shows the gravity of the
vulnerability and the need to appraise the situation in order to find the right interventions. The reason though
may not be far-fetched as enormous social and economic challenges pose to the male pedestrian required him to
make trips more frequently and therefore exposed to the risks of road traffic accidents.
4.2.3 Vehicle Involvement
The distribution of pedestrian accidents by the most involved vehicle types in the regions is presented
in Table 4.4. Generally, it was found that the types of vehicles mostly involved in pedestrian accidents are light
vehicles (cars, pick-ups and minibuses). In terms of ranking, however, almost all the vehicle types were
represented in one region or the other. The Ashanti, Central and Greater Accra regions were represented by cars,
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minibuses and buses, while, the Brong Ahafo, Eastern and Western regions showed similar ranking in cars,
minibuses and heavy goods vehicles. The trend however changed in the remaining regions and was irregular.
For instance, in the Upper East and West regions, motorcycles ranked first, while it ranked second in the
Northern region and third in the Volta region. It is not surprising that motorcycles featured as one of the most
vehicle involved in pedestrian accidents due to the high patronage of motorcycles in these regions. Therefore
strategies to address safety concerns should be different in the regions and for different targets of the most
involved vehicles causing pedestrian accidents.
Table 4.4 – Distribution of vehicles most involved in accidents across the regions
Region
Vehicle Involvement
Rank 1 % Rank 2 % Rank 3 %
Ashanti Car 44 Minibus 20 Bus 14
Brong Ahafo Car 49 Minibus 11 HGV 11
Central Car 49 Minibus 18 Bus 11
Eastern Car 47 Minibus 23 HGV 10
Greater Accra Car 50 Minibus 16 Bus 12
Northern Car 31 Motor Cycle 17 HGV 17
Upper East Motor Cycle 36 Car 27 HGV 12
Upper West Motor Cycle 48 Pickup 15 Minibus 13
Volta Car 39 Minibus 26 Motor Cycle 11
Western Car 50 Minibus 14 HGV 11
National Car 49 Minibus 18 Bus 11
Source: National Pedestrian Accident Data, 2006 – 2010, BRRI
4.2.4 Day Time Accidents
Table 4.5 shows pedestrian accident distribution by day in the regions. Day time accidents were not
serious issues in the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. In the Brong Ahafo, Western and Volta
regions, pedestrians showed some measure of risk to accidents. The situation is however different in the
Ashanti, Central, Eastern and Greater Accra regions, where the indices computed are above the national average
of 0.26.
It is important to note that traffic flow and human activities during the day are more pronounced than at
night. Moreover, the size of the working population and the intensity of social and economic activities in the
Ashanti, Central, Eastern and Greater Accra regions are reasonably high and may have accounted for the degree
of pedestrian vulnerability. It is important to note the regional differences in pedestrian risks and to identify the
effective safety appurtenances that will impact day time accidents. The exception to this situation however is in
the Upper West region where the number of pedestrian accidents recorded in the day and night was the same. A
different diagnosis and strategy will be required to address this peculiar phenomenon.
Table 4.5 – Distribution of Serious Pedestrian Injury Accidents by Day Time in the Regions
Region
Day Time
Index
Serious Injury Accidents Population
Ashanti 1,465 4,780,380 0.306
Brong Ahafo 387 2,310,983 0.167
Central 647 2,201,863 0.294
Eastern 915 2,633,154 0.347
Greater Accra 1,904 4,010,054 0.475
Northern 101 2,479,461 0.041
Upper East 77 1,046,545 0.074
Upper West 34 702,110 0.048
Volta 397 2,118,252 0.187
Western 500 2,376,021 0.210
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National 6,427 24,658,823 0.261
Source: National Pedestrian Accident Data, 2006 – 2010, BRRI
4.2.5 Accidents in Rural Settlements
The distribution of pedestrian accidents in rural settlements across the regions is presented in Fig. 4.5.
Pedestrian accidents were over-represented in urban road corridors but in terms of casualties rural settlements
recorded considerable numbers of road deaths and serious disabilities. Fig. 4.5 illustrates the scale of the
problem in the regions. It is clear that the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions do not have the
problem of high incidence of pedestrian accidents in rural settlements. This may perhaps be due to the
settlement pattern of rural communities in the three (3) northern regions. They are generally far from the road
environment and roadside activities are not as intense as in the other regions. The Greater Accra regional index
of 0.13 is below the national average of 0.19, suggesting that serious injury accidents may not necessarily be a
problem in rural communities within the region.
It is not surprising the consequence of rural pedestrian accidents is severe in the Eastern, Central and
Ashanti regions. This is due to the fact that most rural settlements along trunk roads in these regions are quite
close to the roads. A situation which encourages roadside activity, thus, pedestrians in rural settlements are
exposed to accident risk because of the proximity and interactions within the road environment. The high
incidence of pedestrian accidents is attributed to inadequate provisions of pedestrian facilities and indiscriminate
use of land within the road environment without due consideration to development controls.
4.2.6 Summary of Risk Indicators
An assessment of the regional pedestrian accident data provided another dimension to the study by
revealing specific details to the general description of pedestrian accidents. The highlights of key findings have
been presented.
A pedestrian within the 15 – 45 age category in the Greater Accra region stands 100% risk of death or
serious disability when hit by a vehicle than a pedestrian in the same age group in the Upper West region;
The male pedestrian in the Ashanti, Central, Eastern and Greater Accra regions are more at risk but the
male pedestrian in the Greater Accra region is most at risk;
The dominant vehicle type in a region contributed significantly to the number of pedestrian accidents
recorded as in four (4) regions motorcycles featured as one of the vehicle mostly involved in pedestrian
accidents due to their high patronage;
The size of the working population and the intensity of social and economic activities in the Ashanti,
Central, Eastern and Greater Accra regions had some bearing on the degree of pedestrian vulnerability
during the day; and
The high numbers of rural pedestrian accidents in the Eastern, Central and Ashanti regions is due to the fact
that most rural settlements are in close proximity with the trunk roads encouraging roadside social and
economic activities.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of pedestrian accidents and to determine
potential causal factors that pose risk to pedestrians on trunk roads. Apart from providing a general description,
the regional perspectives of the pedestrian accident situation also revealed the complexity of the problem.
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The extent of pedestrian risk on trunk roads was highlighted by the fact that three out of five male
pedestrians risked dying when crossing a road in a rural settlement. Pedestrians between the ages of 14 and 46
were found as the most vulnerable and light vehicles (cars, pick-ups and minibuses) accounted for 76% of
vehicles involved in pedestrian accidents. Considering the fact that pedestrian activity at night is less
pronounced, it was not surprising that day time accidents dominated but in terms of fatality the risk of a
pedestrian death when hit by a vehicle at night was higher than that of the day.
Another dimension to this study was an assessment of the regional differences in the pedestrian
accident data. Findings from the investigation were quite revealing as pedestrians within the 15 – 45 age
category in the Greater Accra region risk dying or having serious disability when hit by a vehicle than a
pedestrian in the same age group in the Upper West region. Motorcycles featured as one of the vehicles mostly
involved in pedestrian accidents in the Volta, Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. This is to be
expected because of the high patronage of motorcycles in these regions. The size of the working population and
the intensity of social and economic activities had a bearing on degree of pedestrian vulnerability in the Ashanti,
Central, Eastern and Greater Accra regions. Again, the increasing risk of pedestrians in rural communities on
trunk roads in the Eastern, Central and Ashanti regions was due to the fact that most rural settlements feature
roads with intense roadside social and economic activities.
The diversity of risk factors realized in the analysis of the regional accident data set gives an indication
of the need to properly contextualize the accident problem for effective diagnosis. Therefore, data collected for
the study variables, should be all inclusive and representative of the peculiarities of all segments of the study
area. This study used rudimentary techniques to characterize pedestrian accidents. It has also shown the
importance of situating the accident investigation to cover all relevant elements of the study domain for
meaningful and effective diagnosis of the problem. The method of accident characterization should therefore
precede any sophisticated accident investigation method in order to provide insight into the issues for analysis
and make informed decisions on intervention strategies.
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