Audio amplifier
•
3 likes•4,227 views
This document reports on the design and simulation of an audio amplifier circuit. Key specifications of the amplifier include a voltage gain of 76db, input impedance greater than 10k ohms, lower cutoff frequency of 2.572Hz, and upper cutoff frequency of 852.56kHz. The circuit uses BJT transistors in three gain stages and a complementary-symmetry Darlington pair power stage. Simulation results show the circuit meets specifications for gain, frequency response, input resistance, and voltage swing. Some challenges included achieving the needed 15V voltage swing but this was resolved using variable resistors.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Twin well process
The twin well process allows for separate optimization of n-type and p-type transistors. It involves depositing a lightly doped epitaxial layer on an n+ or p+ substrate, then forming n-wells and p-wells in this layer through independent doping steps. This allows the dopant concentrations to be carefully tuned to produce desired device characteristics for both transistor types. The key steps are tub formation through n-well and p-well implantation and diffusion, polysilicon gate formation, and contact definition and metallization to connect the transistors. The main advantage is obtaining balanced performance from n-type and p-type transistors through separate well optimization.
Audio Amplifier
This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
Pll ppt
A PLL or phase-locked loop is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal. It consists of three basic elements: a phase detector that compares the phase of two signals and generates an error signal, a loop filter that filters the error signal, and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency is controlled by the filtered error signal. PLLs are commonly used in applications such as frequency synthesis, signal demodulation, and motor speed control.
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier signal based on the message signal. There are two main types:
1. Narrowband FM varies the carrier frequency by a small amount (modulation index β ≤ 0.3), resulting in just the carrier and two significant sidebands.
2. Wideband FM uses a larger frequency deviation (β > 0.3), producing more than two sidebands.
The FM spectrum consists of the carrier frequency fc and an infinite number of sideband frequencies at fc ± nfm, where the amplitudes are determined by Bessel functions and the modulation index β.
Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of different Modulation Techniques...
A comparative study and performance analysis of different modulation
techniques which shows graphically and comparative results Channel Noise
with Bit Error Rate of ASK, FSK, PSK and QPSK.
Reshma
This document summarizes an audio amplifier, including its working principle, main stages, block diagram, parameters, and applications. An audio amplifier strengthens low-power audio signals to a level that can drive speakers or headphones. It works by converting DC power from a supply into an AC voltage signal for the load. The main stages are a voltage amplification stage, driver stage, and output stage. Key parameters include gain, noise, and distortion. Important applications include public address systems, home audio systems, and instrument amplifiers for guitars and keyboards.
Oscillatorsppt
This document discusses oscillators and their various types. It begins with an introduction to oscillators and their characteristics. It then describes different types of linear oscillators, including Wien bridge, RC phase-shift, and LC oscillators. It also discusses oscillator stability and applications such as generating signals for receivers, transmitters, and digital clocks. Specific oscillator circuits like Colpitts and Hartley are analyzed.
Bio-polar junction transistor (edc)
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) consists of two PN junctions formed by sandwiching either a p-type or n-type semiconductor between two opposite types. It has three sections - the emitter, base, and collector. Current flows due to both electrons and holes, making it a bipolar device. The base is lightly doped and very thin to allow charge carriers to easily move from the emitter to the collector. BJTs can be used as amplifiers because the collector current is controlled by the base current.
Recommended
Twin well process
The twin well process allows for separate optimization of n-type and p-type transistors. It involves depositing a lightly doped epitaxial layer on an n+ or p+ substrate, then forming n-wells and p-wells in this layer through independent doping steps. This allows the dopant concentrations to be carefully tuned to produce desired device characteristics for both transistor types. The key steps are tub formation through n-well and p-well implantation and diffusion, polysilicon gate formation, and contact definition and metallization to connect the transistors. The main advantage is obtaining balanced performance from n-type and p-type transistors through separate well optimization.
Audio Amplifier
This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
Pll ppt
A PLL or phase-locked loop is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal. It consists of three basic elements: a phase detector that compares the phase of two signals and generates an error signal, a loop filter that filters the error signal, and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency is controlled by the filtered error signal. PLLs are commonly used in applications such as frequency synthesis, signal demodulation, and motor speed control.
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier signal based on the message signal. There are two main types:
1. Narrowband FM varies the carrier frequency by a small amount (modulation index β ≤ 0.3), resulting in just the carrier and two significant sidebands.
2. Wideband FM uses a larger frequency deviation (β > 0.3), producing more than two sidebands.
The FM spectrum consists of the carrier frequency fc and an infinite number of sideband frequencies at fc ± nfm, where the amplitudes are determined by Bessel functions and the modulation index β.
Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of different Modulation Techniques...
A comparative study and performance analysis of different modulation
techniques which shows graphically and comparative results Channel Noise
with Bit Error Rate of ASK, FSK, PSK and QPSK.
Reshma
This document summarizes an audio amplifier, including its working principle, main stages, block diagram, parameters, and applications. An audio amplifier strengthens low-power audio signals to a level that can drive speakers or headphones. It works by converting DC power from a supply into an AC voltage signal for the load. The main stages are a voltage amplification stage, driver stage, and output stage. Key parameters include gain, noise, and distortion. Important applications include public address systems, home audio systems, and instrument amplifiers for guitars and keyboards.
Oscillatorsppt
This document discusses oscillators and their various types. It begins with an introduction to oscillators and their characteristics. It then describes different types of linear oscillators, including Wien bridge, RC phase-shift, and LC oscillators. It also discusses oscillator stability and applications such as generating signals for receivers, transmitters, and digital clocks. Specific oscillator circuits like Colpitts and Hartley are analyzed.
Bio-polar junction transistor (edc)
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) consists of two PN junctions formed by sandwiching either a p-type or n-type semiconductor between two opposite types. It has three sections - the emitter, base, and collector. Current flows due to both electrons and holes, making it a bipolar device. The base is lightly doped and very thin to allow charge carriers to easily move from the emitter to the collector. BJTs can be used as amplifiers because the collector current is controlled by the base current.
Mosfet
This document provides an introduction to transistors and MOSFETs. It begins by describing the invention of the transistor in 1947 and defining what a transistor is. It then discusses the main types of transistors - BJT and FET, including MOSFET and JFET. The rest of the document focuses on MOSFETs, explaining what they are, their terminals and symbols, types of MOSFETs like n-MOSFET and p-MOSFET, and how MOSFETs work and are fabricated through processes like photolithography, etching, diffusion, and oxidation. It includes diagrams of MOSFET structure and operation. In the end it briefly discusses CMOS fabrication process flow.
Class AB amplifiers
Class AB amplifiers combine aspects of Class A and Class B amplifiers. They are biased so both transistors conduct for small signals like Class A for lower distortion, and for large signals only one transistor conducts at a time like Class B for higher efficiency. The circuit uses a voltage divider and diodes to bias the transistors into slight conduction even without an input signal. This overcomes crossover distortion. The output operates with the Q-point slightly above cutoff and ac cutoff at the supply voltage for Class AB operation between Class A and Class B.
Fpga architectures and applications
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
Feedback amplifier
This document provides an overview of feedback amplifiers, including positive and negative feedback, advantages of negative feedback, basic feedback concepts, and classifications of amplifiers based on input and output parameters. It discusses four main feedback configurations - series-shunt, shunt-series, series-series, and shunt-shunt. For each configuration, it describes the basic circuit, transfer functions, and examples such as op-amps and common emitter/base circuits.
15 mosfet threshold voltage
1. The document describes the structure and operation of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
2. It explains how applying a voltage to the gate can induce an electric field that forms a channel for current to flow between the source and drain.
3. The threshold voltage is the minimum gate voltage needed to form an inversion layer and turn the MOSFET on.
Impatt diode
1) IMPATT (impact ionization avalanche transit time) diodes rely on carrier impact ionization and drift in the high electric field region of a semiconductor junction to produce negative resistance at microwave frequencies.
2) An IMPATT diode consists of an avalanche region where impact ionization occurs, generating electron-hole pairs, and a drift region where holes drift toward the contact, introducing a transit time delay.
3) When reverse biased above the breakdown voltage, the electric field causes impact ionization, producing a pulsed carrier current that lags the external current by 90 degrees, resulting in negative conductance that allows the diode to oscillate at microwave frequencies.
Amplitude Modulation ppt
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) as a type of modulation used to transmit information signals. Modulation involves varying a high frequency carrier signal by an information signal in order to transmit the information signal over long distances. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or information signal. This creates two new sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency equal to the modulation frequency. The carrier and sidebands together make up the modulated signal. Only a portion of the transmitted power is present in the sidebands containing the information, while the rest is wasted in the carrier.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Phase locked loop
This document provides an overview of phase locked loops (PLL) including:
1. The basic components of a PLL including a phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator that work together in a closed loop to lock the output frequency and phase to the input signal.
2. Examples of PLL applications such as frequency multiplication, FM demodulation, and motor speed control.
3. A more detailed description of the 565 PLL IC including its pin configuration and characteristics such as operating frequency range and drift with temperature/voltage.
Audio Amplifier Presentation
This document describes an audio amplifier circuit design project. It includes a schematic, description of using differential Darlington pairs and a current source, specifications measured from Multisim, a Bode plot, oscilloscope images, and conclusions. The conclusions note that careful design is needed for circuits of this magnitude, the signal generator impedance affects distortion, and element ratios strongly influence the circuit function.
EC8353 ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS Unit 2
BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics.
Mosfet
The document discusses the I-V characteristics of MOSFETs, which occur in three regions: cutoff, linear, and saturation. In cutoff region (VGS < VT), no channel is formed and IDS = 0. In linear region (VGS > VT, VDS < VGS - VT), IDS varies linearly with VDS. In saturation region (VGS > VT, VDS > VGS - VT), further increases in VDS do not increase IDS due to channel pinch-off. Equations are provided to describe IDS in each region.
Feedback amplifier
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and their classifications. It describes four types of amplifiers: voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, and transresistance amplifiers. It explains their characteristics and how they are defined based on input and output resistances. The document also introduces the concept of feedback, describing the basic components of a feedback loop including the signal source, feedback network, and sampling network. Feedback modifies the characteristics of an amplifier by combining a portion of the output signal with the external input signal.
Regions of operation of bjt and mosfet
This document discusses the regions of operation for bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It defines the three main regions for both device types as cutoff, active/triode, and saturation. The characteristics and criteria for each region are described. Examples of biasing circuits are provided to illustrate how BJTs and MOSFETs can be biased into the different regions of operation. Transistor symbols and the relationships between terminal voltages and currents are also reviewed.
Lab 3: Amplificadores de pequeña señal
Diseñar un amplificador de pequeña señal de tres etapas.
Construir un amplificador de pequeña señal de tres etapas.
Analizar y evaluar el funcionamiento de un amplificador de pequeña señal de
tres etapas.
power amplifiers
The document discusses different types of feedback amplifiers. It defines feedback as a process where a fraction of the output energy is injected back to the input. Negative feedback decreases the gain and improves stability, while positive feedback increases gain but is less stable. The types of feedback amplifiers are classified based on the signals used in the feedback path and include voltage series, current series, current shunt and voltage shunt configurations. Key characteristics of each type are described along with advantages of negative feedback.
Fourier Series for Continuous Time & Discrete Time Signals
- Fourier introduced Fourier series in 1807 to solve the heat equation in a metal plate. The heat equation is a partial differential equation describing the distribution of heat in a body over time.
- Prior to Fourier's work, there was no known solution to the heat equation in the general case. Fourier's idea was to model a complicated heat source as a superposition of simple sine and cosine waves.
- This superposition or linear combination of sine and cosine waves is called the Fourier series. It allows any periodic function to be decomposed into the sum of simple oscillating functions. Although originally introduced for heat problems, Fourier series have wide applications in mathematics and physics.
FM demodulation using PLL
The document discusses FM demodulation using a phase-locked loop (PLL). A PLL consists of a phase detector, loop filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) connected in a feedback loop. It works by using the phase detector to compare the input signal frequency to the VCO output frequency. Any difference or error signal is fed through the loop filter to control the VCO frequency, adjusting it until the two frequencies are synchronized and phase-locked. In this way, a PLL can track the frequency and phase of an incoming FM signal to demodulate it.
mos transistor
The document discusses MOS transistors and their operation. It introduces MOS structure, showing the metal-oxide-semiconductor makeup. It describes how applying a positive voltage to the gate can create an inversion layer channel between the source and drain, allowing current to flow. The threshold voltage is defined as the minimum gate voltage needed to form an conducting channel. The document covers MOS transistor regions of operation like accumulation, depletion and inversion modes in detail. It also discusses key characteristics like current-voltage relationships.
Mosfet’s
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET). It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although FET is sometimes used when referring to MOSFET devices, other types of field-effect transistors also exist.
Group 1 Audio Amplifier Final Presentation
The document summarizes an amplifier project involving building and testing a pre-amp and power amp circuit. A team of 5 students were assigned roles of building or testing different parts of the circuits. The procedures involved building the circuits from parts kits, testing each unit, and final assembly. Details are provided on building and testing the pre-amp circuit, including adding capacitors, unit testing with a function generator and oscilloscope, and test results showing adjusted output signals.
Audio amplifier
This is project report of audio amplifier .audio amplifier is 3 stage amplifier contains common emitter configuration.
More Related Content
What's hot
Mosfet
This document provides an introduction to transistors and MOSFETs. It begins by describing the invention of the transistor in 1947 and defining what a transistor is. It then discusses the main types of transistors - BJT and FET, including MOSFET and JFET. The rest of the document focuses on MOSFETs, explaining what they are, their terminals and symbols, types of MOSFETs like n-MOSFET and p-MOSFET, and how MOSFETs work and are fabricated through processes like photolithography, etching, diffusion, and oxidation. It includes diagrams of MOSFET structure and operation. In the end it briefly discusses CMOS fabrication process flow.
Class AB amplifiers
Class AB amplifiers combine aspects of Class A and Class B amplifiers. They are biased so both transistors conduct for small signals like Class A for lower distortion, and for large signals only one transistor conducts at a time like Class B for higher efficiency. The circuit uses a voltage divider and diodes to bias the transistors into slight conduction even without an input signal. This overcomes crossover distortion. The output operates with the Q-point slightly above cutoff and ac cutoff at the supply voltage for Class AB operation between Class A and Class B.
Fpga architectures and applications
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
Feedback amplifier
This document provides an overview of feedback amplifiers, including positive and negative feedback, advantages of negative feedback, basic feedback concepts, and classifications of amplifiers based on input and output parameters. It discusses four main feedback configurations - series-shunt, shunt-series, series-series, and shunt-shunt. For each configuration, it describes the basic circuit, transfer functions, and examples such as op-amps and common emitter/base circuits.
15 mosfet threshold voltage
1. The document describes the structure and operation of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
2. It explains how applying a voltage to the gate can induce an electric field that forms a channel for current to flow between the source and drain.
3. The threshold voltage is the minimum gate voltage needed to form an inversion layer and turn the MOSFET on.
Impatt diode
1) IMPATT (impact ionization avalanche transit time) diodes rely on carrier impact ionization and drift in the high electric field region of a semiconductor junction to produce negative resistance at microwave frequencies.
2) An IMPATT diode consists of an avalanche region where impact ionization occurs, generating electron-hole pairs, and a drift region where holes drift toward the contact, introducing a transit time delay.
3) When reverse biased above the breakdown voltage, the electric field causes impact ionization, producing a pulsed carrier current that lags the external current by 90 degrees, resulting in negative conductance that allows the diode to oscillate at microwave frequencies.
Amplitude Modulation ppt
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) as a type of modulation used to transmit information signals. Modulation involves varying a high frequency carrier signal by an information signal in order to transmit the information signal over long distances. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or information signal. This creates two new sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency equal to the modulation frequency. The carrier and sidebands together make up the modulated signal. Only a portion of the transmitted power is present in the sidebands containing the information, while the rest is wasted in the carrier.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Phase locked loop
This document provides an overview of phase locked loops (PLL) including:
1. The basic components of a PLL including a phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator that work together in a closed loop to lock the output frequency and phase to the input signal.
2. Examples of PLL applications such as frequency multiplication, FM demodulation, and motor speed control.
3. A more detailed description of the 565 PLL IC including its pin configuration and characteristics such as operating frequency range and drift with temperature/voltage.
Audio Amplifier Presentation
This document describes an audio amplifier circuit design project. It includes a schematic, description of using differential Darlington pairs and a current source, specifications measured from Multisim, a Bode plot, oscilloscope images, and conclusions. The conclusions note that careful design is needed for circuits of this magnitude, the signal generator impedance affects distortion, and element ratios strongly influence the circuit function.
EC8353 ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS Unit 2
BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics.
Mosfet
The document discusses the I-V characteristics of MOSFETs, which occur in three regions: cutoff, linear, and saturation. In cutoff region (VGS < VT), no channel is formed and IDS = 0. In linear region (VGS > VT, VDS < VGS - VT), IDS varies linearly with VDS. In saturation region (VGS > VT, VDS > VGS - VT), further increases in VDS do not increase IDS due to channel pinch-off. Equations are provided to describe IDS in each region.
Feedback amplifier
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and their classifications. It describes four types of amplifiers: voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, and transresistance amplifiers. It explains their characteristics and how they are defined based on input and output resistances. The document also introduces the concept of feedback, describing the basic components of a feedback loop including the signal source, feedback network, and sampling network. Feedback modifies the characteristics of an amplifier by combining a portion of the output signal with the external input signal.
Regions of operation of bjt and mosfet
This document discusses the regions of operation for bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It defines the three main regions for both device types as cutoff, active/triode, and saturation. The characteristics and criteria for each region are described. Examples of biasing circuits are provided to illustrate how BJTs and MOSFETs can be biased into the different regions of operation. Transistor symbols and the relationships between terminal voltages and currents are also reviewed.
Lab 3: Amplificadores de pequeña señal
Diseñar un amplificador de pequeña señal de tres etapas.
Construir un amplificador de pequeña señal de tres etapas.
Analizar y evaluar el funcionamiento de un amplificador de pequeña señal de
tres etapas.
power amplifiers
The document discusses different types of feedback amplifiers. It defines feedback as a process where a fraction of the output energy is injected back to the input. Negative feedback decreases the gain and improves stability, while positive feedback increases gain but is less stable. The types of feedback amplifiers are classified based on the signals used in the feedback path and include voltage series, current series, current shunt and voltage shunt configurations. Key characteristics of each type are described along with advantages of negative feedback.
Fourier Series for Continuous Time & Discrete Time Signals
- Fourier introduced Fourier series in 1807 to solve the heat equation in a metal plate. The heat equation is a partial differential equation describing the distribution of heat in a body over time.
- Prior to Fourier's work, there was no known solution to the heat equation in the general case. Fourier's idea was to model a complicated heat source as a superposition of simple sine and cosine waves.
- This superposition or linear combination of sine and cosine waves is called the Fourier series. It allows any periodic function to be decomposed into the sum of simple oscillating functions. Although originally introduced for heat problems, Fourier series have wide applications in mathematics and physics.
FM demodulation using PLL
The document discusses FM demodulation using a phase-locked loop (PLL). A PLL consists of a phase detector, loop filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) connected in a feedback loop. It works by using the phase detector to compare the input signal frequency to the VCO output frequency. Any difference or error signal is fed through the loop filter to control the VCO frequency, adjusting it until the two frequencies are synchronized and phase-locked. In this way, a PLL can track the frequency and phase of an incoming FM signal to demodulate it.
mos transistor
The document discusses MOS transistors and their operation. It introduces MOS structure, showing the metal-oxide-semiconductor makeup. It describes how applying a positive voltage to the gate can create an inversion layer channel between the source and drain, allowing current to flow. The threshold voltage is defined as the minimum gate voltage needed to form an conducting channel. The document covers MOS transistor regions of operation like accumulation, depletion and inversion modes in detail. It also discusses key characteristics like current-voltage relationships.
Mosfet’s
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET). It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although FET is sometimes used when referring to MOSFET devices, other types of field-effect transistors also exist.
What's hot (20)
Fourier Series for Continuous Time & Discrete Time Signals
Fourier Series for Continuous Time & Discrete Time Signals
Viewers also liked
Group 1 Audio Amplifier Final Presentation
The document summarizes an amplifier project involving building and testing a pre-amp and power amp circuit. A team of 5 students were assigned roles of building or testing different parts of the circuits. The procedures involved building the circuits from parts kits, testing each unit, and final assembly. Details are provided on building and testing the pre-amp circuit, including adding capacitors, unit testing with a function generator and oscilloscope, and test results showing adjusted output signals.
Audio amplifier
This is project report of audio amplifier .audio amplifier is 3 stage amplifier contains common emitter configuration.
Simple Amp
This document provides instructions for building a simple audio amplifier circuit using only a few basic components. The circuit uses two LM386 integrated circuits to provide amplification with a gain of 200. It can be built and tested on a breadboard before permanently assembling the circuit on a small printed circuit board. The assembled amplifier requires only a 9V battery, audio input, and speaker to operate and provides excellent sound quality with a minimal component design.
Tv transmitters & receiver
The document describes the key components of television cameras and how they work. It discusses different types of camera pickup tubes including vidicons and plumbicons. Vidicons use a photoconductive target while plumbicons have faster response times and can produce high quality pictures at low light levels. Later, charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras replaced tubes and allowed for miniaturization. Color cameras use three separate electron guns and a shadow mask or aperture grille to separate the red, green, and blue phosphor dots on the screen. Picture tubes use an electron beam and deflection yoke to display the image on phosphors on the inside of the screen.
Television Receiver
Explanation of video signal processing at television receiver is discussed briefly. PAL receiver is studied.
Fm
FM broadcasting provides high-fidelity sound over radio using frequency modulation. It transmits two audio channels for stereo sound. FM has better noise control and signal quality than AM as environmental factors only affect amplitude, not frequency. However, AM has a greater transmission range. Key advantages of FM include high-fidelity sound, noise reduction, and ability to transmit stereo audio. Its uses include radio broadcasting, magnetic tape storage, and sound synthesis.
Amplifier report
1. The document describes the design and implementation of an audio amplifier circuit using the LM386 integrated circuit. It provides a block diagram, schematic, layout of the printed circuit board, list of components, and descriptions of how each component works and its role in the circuit.
2. The objective is to introduce audio amplifiers using the popular LM386 audio amplifier IC and to measure the amplifier's performance and gain. Gain is controlled using external resistors connected to pins 1 and 8 of the LM386 IC.
3. Applications of the audio amplifier circuit include use as computer speakers, mobile speakers, radios, toys, portable consumer products, and AM/FM amplifiers. The circuit can also be used as a
Bluetooth Controlled High Power Audio Amplifier- Final Presentaion
This document describes a Bluetooth controlled high power audio amplifier project. The project uses an 8051 microcontroller to control tone, effects, and volume digitally over Bluetooth. The amplifier circuit includes a power supply, preamplifier, digital volume and tone control, power amplifier, Bluetooth module, and microcontroller board. The microcontroller code controls the system and allows interfacing via a computer or Android application over Bluetooth. The project aims to build a cost-effective high power amplifier while gaining experience with microcontrollers and circuit design.
Audio amplifier prj
This document provides an overview of an audio amplifier project. It is dedicated to the authors' parents, teachers, and friends for their support. It thanks the project advisor and other teachers for their assistance. The main objective is to understand how amplifiers work. The purpose is to gain knowledge of amplifiers and their need. It then describes what an amplifier is and some key specifications to characterize amplifiers, including gain, bandwidth, efficiency, linearity, noise, slew rate, and stability. It also provides a brief definition of an audio amplifier.
Audio Amplifier
Audio amplifier atau penguat audio digunakan untuk menguatkan sinyal suara secara elektronik dengan mengubah suara menjadi getaran listrik, memperkuatkannya, dan mengubahnya kembali menjadi suara yang lebih keras. Penguat audio terdiri dari pre-amplifier, penguat tegangan, dan penguat daya yang bekerja bersama untuk meningkatkan kekuatan sinyal suara.
Sound Amplifier
An amplifier is an electronic component that boosts an electric current by turning a small current into a larger one using an external power supply. It does not create energy on its own due to the law of conservation of energy, but rather uses an external power source to increase the strength of an existing electric signal.
Product Introduction of the Trinnov ST2-HiFi loudspeaker/room optimizer at th...
Product Introduction of the Trinnov ST2-HiFi loudspeaker/room optimizer at the High End Show 2010 in Munich.
AQA GCSE Media Studies Revision - Section A (Television)
Revision PowerPoint into everything you need to know for the AQA Media Studies examination on Television
audio amplifier - Hamdard University
This document is a project report on designing an audio amplifier. It discusses the objective of understanding how amplifiers work and their purpose of increasing low power audio signals to suitable levels for speakers. It describes what an amplifier is and why they are needed to boost signal power using an external energy source. It also outlines best practices for laying out amplifier circuits, including using a ground plane, proper decoupling and EMC component placement to minimize interference and optimize performance.
Prac3 LOUDSPEAKER
The standard dynamic loudspeaker was developed in the 1920s and uses a magnetic field to move a coil connected to a diaphragm. There are several types of speakers that work differently, such as horns, electrodynamic, flat panel, plasma arc, and piezoelectric speakers. Electrodynamic speakers are the most common today and work by using a magnet to move a copper coil attached to a diaphragm, which vibrates the air to produce sound. Engineers have developed different types of drivers like tweeters, mid-ranges, and woofers to effectively reproduce specific frequency ranges.
Loudspeaker
The document discusses how loudspeakers work by using magnetic fields created by electric currents. It explains that electric currents produce magnetic fields and that loudspeakers contain a coil of wire that acts as an electromagnet when current passes through. The magnetic field from the electromagnet vibrates a cone to produce sound waves that are amplified and played through the loudspeaker. However, details of how exactly the loudspeaker converts electrical signals to sound waves are not provided.
BLUETOOTH CONTROLLED HIGH POWER AUDIO AMPLIFIER (III-II minor project proposa...
This document presents a Bluetooth controlled high power audio amplifier project. The project aims to build a cost effective audio amplifier with 80-100 watts of power that can be controlled digitally and wirelessly via Bluetooth. It will use an 8051 microcontroller to control tone, effects and volume digitally. A remote interface and PC application will allow wireless Bluetooth control of the amplifier. The document outlines the objectives, components, methodology, applications, cost estimation and time schedule of the project.
Loudspeaker
Este documento discute los desafíos que enfrentan los músicos en Pasto, Colombia. A pesar de su gran cantidad de músicos y calidad musical, a menudo carecen de recursos para grabar y difundir su música, así como de contactos que puedan ayudarlos a expandirse a otras ciudades. Esto limita sus oportunidades de dar a conocer su trabajo más allá de Pasto.
The loudspeaker study final
This document summarizes acoustic testing of an Event TR8XL loudspeaker conducted in Columbia College Chicago's anechoic chamber. Frequency response was analyzed both inside and outside the chamber, showing irregularities throughout. The crossover point was found to be 1898 Hz, lower than the 2059 Hz where the driver magnitudes crossed. Polar directivity varied with frequency, from omnidirectional at lower frequencies to more directional at higher frequencies. Additional tests examined damping effects and compared results to a Shure microphone.
Audio power amplifier
This document provides information about class-D audio power amplifiers, including:
1. Class-D amplifiers are switching amplifiers that use pulse-width modulation to drive output devices. This significantly reduces power losses and allows efficiencies as high as 90-95%.
2. Advantages of class-D amplifiers include reduced heatsink size, low voltage requirements, and high theoretical efficiency. Disadvantages include higher cost and greater EMC challenges due to the need for multiple inductors.
3. Proper PCB layout is important for audio quality and EMC performance. This includes using a ground plane, placing decoupling caps close to the IC, and properly locating EMC filters and inputs
Viewers also liked (20)
Bluetooth Controlled High Power Audio Amplifier- Final Presentaion
Bluetooth Controlled High Power Audio Amplifier- Final Presentaion
Product Introduction of the Trinnov ST2-HiFi loudspeaker/room optimizer at th...
Product Introduction of the Trinnov ST2-HiFi loudspeaker/room optimizer at th...
AQA GCSE Media Studies Revision - Section A (Television)
AQA GCSE Media Studies Revision - Section A (Television)
BLUETOOTH CONTROLLED HIGH POWER AUDIO AMPLIFIER (III-II minor project proposa...
BLUETOOTH CONTROLLED HIGH POWER AUDIO AMPLIFIER (III-II minor project proposa...
Similar to Audio amplifier
Experiment no 2 setb118
This document describes an experiment conducted on a small signal amplifier for a public address system. The objectives are to identify the role of an amplifier circuit in a PA system and to design, test, and analyze an amplifier circuit. The experiment involves designing a voltage divider biasing circuit, simulating the circuit in Multisim, and building the circuit on a breadboard. Key measurements taken include the quiescent current, voltage, and gain with and without a bypass capacitor. The results show that adding a bypass capacitor increases the gain while removing it reduces the gain due to increased degeneration.
Project public address system
This document describes the components and circuitry for building a public address system amplifier. It discusses using multiple transistor stages in a cascaded configuration to increase overall gain. A two-stage pre-amplifier circuit is presented that uses a voltage divider with BJT transistors. The document also covers using a Darlington pair to boost input resistance and achieve beta multiplication. Finally, it provides details on combining the pre-amplifier with a push-pull class AB power amplifier to drive an 8 ohm speaker.
Multistage amplifier
The document describes a multistage transistor amplifier. It defines a multistage amplifier as having multiple amplifier stages connected in series using coupling devices. It discusses different types of coupling devices like RC, RL, LC and transformer coupling. It explains the working of a typical multistage amplifier including how the gain is calculated as the product of individual stage gains. It describes how the frequency response varies with lower gains at very low and very high frequencies. Advantages include low cost and good frequency response. Disadvantages include increased noise over time and poor impedance matching. Multistage amplifiers are widely used as voltage amplifiers in audio applications.
Comparative Study of Audio Amplifiers
The Audio power amplifier design needs knowledge of both art and electronics. It is an electronic device which is used to increase the Amplitude of the signa1 i.e.: To increase the loudness of the signal, which is measured in decibels (dB).In Audio amplifier power of the signal is increased, so its energy in the Audio signal from the output of the amplifier can be converted into sound using speakers. This research focuses the analysis of different Audio amplifiers, In this paper circuits with LM386,LM358N, LM3886, TIP series Amplifier and TIP series cascaded with LM358N amplifier circuits are used, These IC’s were selected in accordance with their power gain factor. This analysis figure out the efficiency of each circuits in terms of Power supplies, and also the size of the circuit, which will help to choose the best available audio amplifiers as per the requirements.
Types of Multistage Transistor Amplifiers
A multistage transistor amplifier uses multiple single amplifier stages connected in cascade through a coupling device. The coupling device transfers the AC output of one stage to the input of the next while isolating the DC. Common coupling methods include RC coupling using a capacitor, transformer coupling, and direct coupling without isolation. Transformer coupling provides impedance matching between stages for increased voltage and power gain compared to RC coupling, making it suitable for power amplification applications.
Q-watt.pdf
This document provides details on the design and specifications of the Q-Watt audio power amplifier developed by Elektor Labs. The amplifier uses a single pair of complementary output transistors and the LME49811 audio power amplifier IC to deliver over 200 watts of power into 4 ohms with low distortion. Key features include an input sensitivity of 0.88V, a frequency response of 2.1Hz to 125kHz at 50W/8ohms, total harmonic distortion below 0.1% at 1kHz and 50W/8ohms, and an efficiency of over 70%. The circuit and performance measurements are described in detail.
Ee321 lab expt 7_negative_feedback_in_ amplifiers
This document describes an experiment on negative feedback amplifiers using BJT transistors. The objectives are to study the influence of negative feedback, examine feedback amplifier properties experimentally, and determine input/output impedance, gain, and bandwidth with and without feedback. The procedures measure these characteristics for common feedback configurations - voltage series, current series, current shunt, and voltage shunt. Input/output impedance is measured by varying a test resistance until output amplitude is halved. Gain is calculated from input and output voltages. Bandwidth is found by varying frequency until output amplitude is 0.707 times maximum. The gain-bandwidth product is also calculated.
ECE_468_Report_Sid_AB
The document describes the design of a two-channel audio amplifier with the following key modules: 1) A dual power supply generating +12V and -12V; 2) A volume control stage using an op-amp as a summing amplifier to provide gains from 1 to 10; 3) A common emitter amplifier providing a gain of 10; 4) A push-pull power amplifier with a gain of 1; and 5) A 4-LED volume indicator driven by the power amplifier output. Simulation results are provided to validate the design and performance of each module.
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
1. An integrated circuit is a circuit constructed on a single semiconductor wafer or chip that contains transistors, resistors, and capacitors interconnected to perform a given function.
2. Integrated circuits are classified as either digital or linear. Digital ICs operate using discrete voltage levels while linear ICs have a continuously variable output.
3. Some key characteristics of operational amplifiers include very high open loop gain, very high input impedance, very low output impedance, and the ability to invert or non-invert the input signal depending on the feedback configuration. Operational amplifiers are examples of linear integrated circuits.
591321fghfryugfggffgghgghjhfgggggggggggggggg
This chapter discusses power amplifiers. It defines power amplifiers as amplifiers used to deliver relatively high power, usually to low resistance loads. Power amplifiers are classified based on the conduction angle of the transistors, with Class A amplifying over the entire cycle but being inefficient, and Class B being more efficient but amplifying over only half the cycle. The chapter covers BJT and MOSFET power amplifiers, describing their characteristics and ratings. It also discusses concepts such as power dissipation, efficiency, load lines, and distortion in power amplifiers. An example calculation of efficiency for a Class A amplifier is provided.
Project_Kaveh & Mohammad
This document presents the design of a high performance folded cascade OTA and sample and hold circuit. The OTA is designed to achieve 10-bit resolution while operating at a 28 MHz sampling frequency. Simulation results show the OTA achieves a high open loop gain of 72 dB and bandwidth of 112 MHz, with a phase margin of 73 degrees. A low resistance transmission gate switch is designed to reduce charge injection and clock feedthrough effects during sampling. The circuit is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology.
Opertional amplifier khiri elrmali libya
1) The document discusses operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), including their history, characteristics, and various configurations.
2) Op-Amps have very high gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance. They are often used in amplifier, filter, and instrumentation circuits.
3) There are two main Op-Amp configurations - open loop and closed loop. Open loop has stability issues while closed loop with negative feedback is more commonly used and has advantages like stabilized gain and reduced distortion.
4) Common closed loop Op-Amp circuits include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, voltage follower, integrator, and differential amplifier. These are built using negative feedback techniques.
ECE 17 Final Presentation Portable Ultrasound Driver
Senior Design Project at Drexel University Presentation of Miniaturized, Portable Ultrasound Driver for Clinically Relevant Applications
5988 5846 en+an-1285+24aug10%2c0
This document describes the design and performance of two low noise amplifiers using the ATF-55143 PHEMT for 5GHz wireless standards. Both amplifiers provide over 10dB of gain and a noise figure below 1.5dB across their bandwidth. The first operates from 5.125-5.325GHz with an output IP3 of 26.5dBm and the second from 5.725-5.825GHz with an output IP3 of 26dBm. Circuit simulations and measurements of prototypes verified the designs meet specifications.
As15 f
The EC5575 is a 14+1 channel voltage buffer IC for use in TFT-LCD displays. It has wide input/output voltage ranges, high slew rate, and can source/sink large currents. The IC incorporates rail-to-rail op-amps and a Vcom amplifier in a 48-pin TQFP package. It is used to buffer grayscale reference voltages for LCD gamma correction.
Instrumentation amplifier in ECG
An instrumentation amplifier is used in heart monitoring devices to amplify small biomedical signals from electrodes on the skin. It provides very low noise and high common mode rejection. The amplified signal is processed by a microcontroller which calculates heart rate in beats per minute and displays it on an LCD screen. Power is supplied from batteries to allow for portability.
Design of CMOS operational Amplifiers using CADENCE
We have designed and analysed CMOS single stage and two stage operational amplifiers using CADENCE tools in 180nm Technology
Instrumentational Amplifier
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
Noiseken ins220 Impulse Noise Simulator denkei
A simulator to reproduce fast rise-up noises which are generated when switching ON / OFF electric current on the inductive load.
It can be used for performance evaluation of electronic equipment upon reproduction of line noises which are intruded to the power supply lines or induced noises onto the telecommunication lines.
Noiseken ins220 Impulse Noise Simulator denkei
The document describes the Impulse Noise Simulator INS-S220. Key points:
- It can simulate high frequency noise such as that generated by switches or electric motors. This allows evaluation of electronic devices' noise resistance.
- The pulse width and repetition cycle can be adjusted, allowing tests with different pulse characteristics. Narrow pulses contain less energy but their fast transients still impact circuits.
- Using semiconductor relays instead of mercury improves pulse stability and allows more quantitative testing compared to older models.
- Settings are simplified through button operation rather than complex cable connections. This reduces setup time and errors.
- Various optional accessories allow different types of noise injection tests on electronic equipment under test.
Similar to Audio amplifier (20)
ECE 17 Final Presentation Portable Ultrasound Driver
ECE 17 Final Presentation Portable Ultrasound Driver
Design of CMOS operational Amplifiers using CADENCE
Design of CMOS operational Amplifiers using CADENCE
More from Malik Zaid
Design of Power Plant for House
This document summarizes the design of a solar power system for a house in Pakistan. It begins with an acknowledgement and provides background on the house and an initial calculation of its total electrical load of 18.62 kW. It then covers factors involved in the heating and cooling design for the building like average outdoor temperatures, humidity levels, and solar radiation patterns. Subsequent sections analyze heat gains and losses from appliances, people and lights. The document also discusses options for generating power through solar technologies like photovoltaics and thermal, as well as using solar energy for heating and cooling. It concludes with presenting the overall design diagram for the solar power system to convert the house's load to solar energy.
Load Monitoring and Design of Power Plant with its specifications
This document analyzes the electrical, thermal, and cooling loads of a house and proposes designs for a solar power plant to meet these loads independently of the grid. It assesses the house's current electrical and cooling appliance usage to determine total load. It also calculates the thermal load from appliance heat loss. Next, it describes techniques for capturing solar energy using collectors and concentrators and converting it to electricity, heating, or cooling. Finally, it specifies parameters for photovoltaic panels, solar insolation levels, and energy generation at different panel orientations to design a system that can power the house's electrical, thermal and cooling needs using solar power.
single-phase-lab-report
This document discusses single phase inverters. It describes:
1. Single pulse width modulation, which controls output voltage by varying the width of pulses in each half cycle compared to a triangular carrier signal.
2. A single phase half bridge inverter, which uses two switches and capacitors to divide the DC source voltage. Feedback diodes provide current continuity for inductive loads.
3. A full bridge single phase inverter, which uses four thyristors controlled such that only one pair conducts at a time to produce an AC output voltage from the DC source. Feedback diodes allow current to flow when thyristors turn off.
buck_report
The document summarizes the design of a buck converter circuit using an LM2596 IC. It includes the circuit diagram and descriptions of the key components: a variable resistor for adjustable output voltage, a high frequency diode for the switch return path, input and output capacitors to smooth the voltage, and an inductor to filter the output. It also explains the IC's two operation modes - continuous mode for large loads and discontinuous mode for smaller loads/inductors. Finally, it outlines the under voltage lockout feature to keep the IC off until the input voltage reaches 1.6V.
three phase inverter
This document describes a three phase inverter that converts DC voltage to AC voltage. There are two main modes of conduction for a three phase inverter - 180 degree conduction and 120 degree conduction. 180 degree conduction involves three switches being on at a time, while 120 degree conduction only has two switches on at a time. The document provides circuit diagrams and equations to calculate the output voltages under each conduction mode. Waveforms are also shown to illustrate the phase and line voltages.
report
Pakistan faces chronic power shortages that hamper its economic growth. It relies heavily on expensive imported furnace oil for power generation, adding to consumer costs and debt. Investment in power generation is constrained by limited resources, leading to widespread load shedding. The country urgently needs to generate affordable base load power. The current supply-demand gap requires immediate addition of base load, shoulder, and peak load generation. A proposed project would establish two 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power units in Jamshoro, Sindh, providing over 20% of current shortfall at fuel costs 20-30% lower than furnace oil or diesel. The project aims to meet domestic, industrial, and agricultural electricity needs to support
Jamshoro power plant New
The Jamshoro Thermal Power Plant in Sindh, Pakistan currently produces 850MW but is working to increase capacity to 2170MW with the addition of two new 660MW supercritical coal-fired units funded by loans from the Asian Development Bank and Islamic Development Bank. However, construction of the new units has been delayed and the government risks missing the 2018 completion deadline due to slow disbursement of funds and construction progress.
report
This document describes a voltage controlled digital AC dimmer project created by four students. The circuit uses a bridge rectifier, 4N25 optocoupler, microcontroller, MOC3021 TRIAC driver, and BT136 TRIAC to control the brightness of an LED by digitally controlling the firing angle of the TRIAC. Waveforms are shown for three different firing angle readings, and efforts taken to build the circuit as well as expenses are documented.
Business Idea and its Working Plan
The document provides a business plan for establishing a Biryani House restaurant in Johar Town, Lahore. It summarizes that six partners will equally invest to open the restaurant, which will be located near competitors and target upper-middle and middle-middle class customers. Projections show that over three years, sales are expected to grow 20% annually while costs grow at the inflation rate, and the business will become profitable after fixed costs are recovered in the first two years.
synopsis
This document provides a synopsis of a final year project that monitors energy consumption in university hostels. The project uses an Android application and Raspberry Pi to measure energy parameters like voltage and current. This allows users to view consumption data and remotely trip the hostel's energy if irregularities are detected. It aims to efficiently manage energy usage in the hostels through automated monitoring and control of appliances.
report_5_forces
- Porter's Five Forces model analyzes five forces that determine the competitiveness of an industry: the threat of new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, the threat of substitutes, and the rivalry among existing competitors.
- For the IT industry, the bargaining power of customers is high as there are many choices for buyers and minimal switching costs. However, the threat of new entrants is also high due to the industry's rapid growth, though large incumbents have cost advantages. The threat of substitutes is relatively low as there are no true substitutes for IT products and services.
print
This document analyzes the performance of short, medium, and long transmission lines. It discusses how different loads affect the efficiency, voltage regulation, and power factor of short and medium lines. It also examines how connecting transmission lines in series or parallel impacts performance. The document explores how shunt and series compensation can be used to improve transmission line characteristics. Finally, it discusses methods for improving power factor, such as using static capacitors, and how circuit parameters are determined for different transmission line types.
Mobile Controlled Car
This document describes a project to control a toy car remotely using voice calls from a mobile phone. It uses dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology to send control signals from the caller's phone to a DTMF decoder circuit in the car. The decoder converts the DTMF tones into a binary code that is sent to a microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls a motor driver circuit to move the car forwards, backwards, or turn in response to the buttons pressed on the caller's phone.
Document on Different Power Plants In Pakistan
This document contains the table of contents for a book on electrical power systems. It outlines 19 chapters that cover topics like the history of electric power, power generation, transmission, distribution, three-phase systems, transformers, switchyards, earthing, protection systems, and auxiliary supply systems. The table of contents provides high-level descriptions of the content that will be discussed in each chapter.
Document on Deisel And Gas Engine
This document provides information on gas engine generators, including safety guidelines, general repair instructions, and details on the QSK45G and QSK60G engine models. It describes the main components and working principles. Safety precautions are outlined, such as allowing the engine to fully cool before maintenance. Views and parts of each engine are labeled, including the cooling system, lubrication system, air-fuel mixture process, and exhaust system. Operating instructions are provided for engine shutdown and cold weather operation.
Document on Speed Control Of D.C Motors
This document discusses different types of DC motors and their speed control methods. It describes shunt, series, separately excited, and compounded DC motors. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled by changing the field resistance, armature voltage, or inserting a resistance in the armature circuit. Series motor speed is controlled by changing the terminal voltage or adding armature resistance. Separately excited and compounded motors also utilize field resistance, armature voltage, and armature resistance adjustments to vary speed. Diagrams of motor circuits and graphs illustrating speed-torque characteristics are provided.
More from Malik Zaid (16)
Load Monitoring and Design of Power Plant with its specifications
Load Monitoring and Design of Power Plant with its specifications
Recently uploaded
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
AI for Legal Research with applications, tools
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...Paris Salesforce Developer Group
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recently uploaded (20)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Audio amplifier
- 1. REPORT AUDIO AMPLIFIER Project Report Fri Jan 16, 2015 Mudasser Raheem 2013-EE-36 SECTION “A” Electrical Engineering Department University of Engineering & Technology Lahore-Pakistan
- 2. Description SPECIFICATIONS: Voltage gain / mid band gain (76db) Input from USB player Input impedance greater than 10k ohm Lower cut off (2.572Hz) Upper cut off(852.56kHz) Volume control Nice loud output from speaker Circuit excited using our own dual-power supply An audio power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals(signals composed primarily of frequencies between 20 - 20 000 Hz, the human range of hearing) to a level suitable for driving loudspeakers. Our audio amplifier is capable of taking input from USB player as well as from aux wire this increases its importance from other amplifiers. But amplifier needs DC +15V and -15 V to power up circuit. The sole amplifying device used in this circuit is BJT. The circuit comprises of three gain stages made using BJT’s 2N3904 , (they are designed such that gives maximum output swing), and one power stage Complementary-symmetry push–pull circuit using Darlington transistors (class B), whose cross over distortion is removed by technique of changing resistors presents above and below 4 diodes connected in series. Diodes helps in maintaining the Vbe voltage of Darlington pair in the amplifier. Power transistors TIP122 (NPN) and TIP127 (PNP) were used in power stage. This part of circuit provides maximum power to drive the speaker. For the protection of these transistors, good quality heat sinks were used to avoid excessive heating. 1ohm 5 watt resistor was connected between power transistors to limit the current flowing through it. The output volume (gain control of an amplifier) is varied by means of a variable resistor. The PCB circuit is based on following layouts. It holds the main circuit and incorporating the circuit for constant +5 Volts needed to excite USB player. PROBLEMS: A few problems while designing were faced. It was difficult to achieve 15V between collector and emitter of transistors, which was necessary for max swing. To avoid crossover distortion was one of the major problem solved using variable resistors and after achieving no distortion variable resistors were replaced by fixed value resistors. Otherwise everything was all right.
- 4. PCB-LAYOUT PCB LAYOUT was designed on PROTEUS software. Tracks thickness was set to 70TH to get good bold impression on PCB.
- 5. BOTTOM COPPER + TOP SILK SCHEMATIC OF AUDIO AMPLIFIER PCB:
- 6. SIMULATION results To achieve good and satisfactory results we simulated our circuit on PROTEUS as well as on MULTISIM. DC_Q-POINTS: DC_Q-points (Vce) were set in such manners that they give maximum output swing. Vce was probably set very close to 15V. As our simulation results satisfied the desired voltage. Output DC_voltage is also less than 50mV with respect to ground as shown in the figure below. GAIN: Three gain stages along with power amplifier stage was designed as per required condition that is more than 1000. Simulated results also satisfied our gain as shown in the figure below.
- 7. When input signal with amplitude 1mV was set it gives gain more than 1000 most probably near (6500). FREQUENCY RESPONSE: Multisim was used to draw BODE_PLOT which shows midband gain in db. Which is 76db.
- 8. Lower cut-off frequency at -3db also satisfied the results i.e. Lower cutoff frequency ≤ 10 Hz with RL = 100 ohms. Upper cut-off frequency at -3db also satisfied the results i.e. upper cutoff frequency ≥ 50 KHz with RL = 100 ohms.
- 9. INPUT RESISTANCE: But in simulations beta value calculated was very close to 190. Which also satisfies resistance greater than 10k ohm.