Group 1 Audio Amplifier Final Presentation
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The document summarizes an amplifier project involving building and testing a pre-amp and power amp circuit. A team of 5 students were assigned roles of building or testing different parts of the circuits. The procedures involved building the circuits from parts kits, testing each unit, and final assembly. Details are provided on building and testing the pre-amp circuit, including adding capacitors, unit testing with a function generator and oscilloscope, and test results showing adjusted output signals.
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Group 3 - Audio Amp Final Presentation
Team #3 presented their pre-amp and power amp project. The team encountered issues with bad connections that were resolved. Oscillation was observed and resolved by adding capacitors. Current draw was out of phase and resolved by adjusting a potentiometer. Testing of the power amp showed a gain of approximately 23 with a maximum undistorted voltage of 22.5 volts and loaded power of 5.5 watts. Meetings were held throughout the process and the power amp was built and tested as a group effort.
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This document summarizes an audio amplifier, including its working principle, main stages, block diagram, parameters, and applications. An audio amplifier strengthens low-power audio signals to a level that can drive speakers or headphones. It works by converting DC power from a supply into an AC voltage signal for the load. The main stages are a voltage amplification stage, driver stage, and output stage. Key parameters include gain, noise, and distortion. Important applications include public address systems, home audio systems, and instrument amplifiers for guitars and keyboards.
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1. The document describes the design and implementation of an audio amplifier circuit using the LM386 integrated circuit. It provides a block diagram, schematic, layout of the printed circuit board, list of components, and descriptions of how each component works and its role in the circuit.
2. The objective is to introduce audio amplifiers using the popular LM386 audio amplifier IC and to measure the amplifier's performance and gain. Gain is controlled using external resistors connected to pins 1 and 8 of the LM386 IC.
3. Applications of the audio amplifier circuit include use as computer speakers, mobile speakers, radios, toys, portable consumer products, and AM/FM amplifiers. The circuit can also be used as a
Amplifiers Pesentation
An amplifier takes a weak audio signal and boosts it to a stronger signal that can drive a speaker. It does this through a process of multiple boosting stages within the amplifier. At the heart of most amplifiers is a transistor, which uses variations in its electrical resistance controlled by a small input signal to modify a larger output current supplied by the amplifier's power source. This allows it to accurately reproduce the original audio signal but at a higher volume level suitable for the speaker.
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This document provides instructions for building a simple audio amplifier circuit using only a few basic components. The circuit uses two LM386 integrated circuits to provide amplification with a gain of 200. It can be built and tested on a breadboard before permanently assembling the circuit on a small printed circuit board. The assembled amplifier requires only a 9V battery, audio input, and speaker to operate and provides excellent sound quality with a minimal component design.
Audio Amplifier
This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
Audio Amplifier with circuit diagram
The term amplifier refers to any device that increases the amplitude of a signal, usually measured in voltage or current. This versatile device is used in a variety of different electronic applications. Especially in audio technology, a wide range of amplifiers can be produced based on product specifications (i.e. power, voltage, current). Currently, there are many types of audio amplifiers available for consumers. Sound signal amplification is used for instruments, such as the guitar or the bass. They are also used commonly in home theater systems and with stereo speakers. The basic design behind all of these amplifiers is derived from the simplest concepts of circuit design.
For our project, we set out to design an audio amplifier. The inputs of our circuit were stereo signals from a portable music player. Although we used a low-power speaker, we needed to achieve approximately three times gain over the entire circuit. In addition, the amplifier had to be produced at a low cost with available materials. Before building the actual amplifier, we realized that we had to design, simulate, and test the circuit. Each step was necessary to understand the concepts involved in amplification
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Team #3 presented their pre-amp and power amp project. The team encountered issues with bad connections that were resolved. Oscillation was observed and resolved by adding capacitors. Current draw was out of phase and resolved by adjusting a potentiometer. Testing of the power amp showed a gain of approximately 23 with a maximum undistorted voltage of 22.5 volts and loaded power of 5.5 watts. Meetings were held throughout the process and the power amp was built and tested as a group effort.
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This document summarizes an audio amplifier, including its working principle, main stages, block diagram, parameters, and applications. An audio amplifier strengthens low-power audio signals to a level that can drive speakers or headphones. It works by converting DC power from a supply into an AC voltage signal for the load. The main stages are a voltage amplification stage, driver stage, and output stage. Key parameters include gain, noise, and distortion. Important applications include public address systems, home audio systems, and instrument amplifiers for guitars and keyboards.
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1. The document describes the design and implementation of an audio amplifier circuit using the LM386 integrated circuit. It provides a block diagram, schematic, layout of the printed circuit board, list of components, and descriptions of how each component works and its role in the circuit.
2. The objective is to introduce audio amplifiers using the popular LM386 audio amplifier IC and to measure the amplifier's performance and gain. Gain is controlled using external resistors connected to pins 1 and 8 of the LM386 IC.
3. Applications of the audio amplifier circuit include use as computer speakers, mobile speakers, radios, toys, portable consumer products, and AM/FM amplifiers. The circuit can also be used as a
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An amplifier takes a weak audio signal and boosts it to a stronger signal that can drive a speaker. It does this through a process of multiple boosting stages within the amplifier. At the heart of most amplifiers is a transistor, which uses variations in its electrical resistance controlled by a small input signal to modify a larger output current supplied by the amplifier's power source. This allows it to accurately reproduce the original audio signal but at a higher volume level suitable for the speaker.
Simple Amp
This document provides instructions for building a simple audio amplifier circuit using only a few basic components. The circuit uses two LM386 integrated circuits to provide amplification with a gain of 200. It can be built and tested on a breadboard before permanently assembling the circuit on a small printed circuit board. The assembled amplifier requires only a 9V battery, audio input, and speaker to operate and provides excellent sound quality with a minimal component design.
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This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
Audio Amplifier with circuit diagram
The term amplifier refers to any device that increases the amplitude of a signal, usually measured in voltage or current. This versatile device is used in a variety of different electronic applications. Especially in audio technology, a wide range of amplifiers can be produced based on product specifications (i.e. power, voltage, current). Currently, there are many types of audio amplifiers available for consumers. Sound signal amplification is used for instruments, such as the guitar or the bass. They are also used commonly in home theater systems and with stereo speakers. The basic design behind all of these amplifiers is derived from the simplest concepts of circuit design.
For our project, we set out to design an audio amplifier. The inputs of our circuit were stereo signals from a portable music player. Although we used a low-power speaker, we needed to achieve approximately three times gain over the entire circuit. In addition, the amplifier had to be produced at a low cost with available materials. Before building the actual amplifier, we realized that we had to design, simulate, and test the circuit. Each step was necessary to understand the concepts involved in amplification
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1. An amplifier takes an input signal and increases its power output while maintaining the same signal shape, using energy from a power supply. It does this by controlling the output to match the input signal but with a larger amplitude.
2. A basic amplifier uses a transistor in a voltage divider circuit, where a small input current can vary the transistor's resistance dramatically. Multiple transistor amplifiers can be connected in series to further amplify the signal.
3. When digitizing biological signals like EEGs, the sampling rate and amplitude resolution of the analog-to-digital converter determine the time and amplitude resolution of the digitized recordings.
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The document provides information about the LM386 low voltage audio power amplifier. Key details include:
- The LM386 is designed for low voltage battery powered applications from 4V to 12V (or 5V to 18V).
- It has a fixed gain of 20 that can be increased to a range of 20 to 200 using an external resistor and capacitor.
- Quiescent current drain is only 4mA, making it suitable for battery operation.
- Distortion is low at 0.2% for a 6V supply driving an 8 ohm load at 125mW output.
- It is available in small outline packages well-suited for portable applications.
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2. Advantages of class-D amplifiers include reduced heatsink size, low voltage requirements, and high theoretical efficiency. Disadvantages include higher cost and greater EMC challenges due to the need for multiple inductors.
3. Proper PCB layout is important for audio quality and EMC performance. This includes using a ground plane, placing decoupling caps close to the IC, and properly locating EMC filters and inputs
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2) An ideal operational amplifier is a three-terminal device with two high-impedance inputs and one output that can source or sink voltage or current.
3) Operational amplifiers have very high open-loop gain, near-zero input offset voltage, and near-zero output impedance. Feedback is used to control the closed-loop gain.
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2. The transfer characteristic of a DA relates its differential input voltage (Vd) to the collector currents (IC1 and IC2) of its transistors. This shows the linear operating region of the circuit.
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2) Testing showed the amplifiers functioned as designed, accurately amplifying input signals across a 0.5-100Hz range to outputs within 5% of theoretical values.
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1. An amplifier takes an input signal and increases its power output while maintaining the same signal shape, using energy from a power supply. It does this by controlling the output to match the input signal but with a larger amplitude.
2. A basic amplifier uses a transistor in a voltage divider circuit, where a small input current can vary the transistor's resistance dramatically. Multiple transistor amplifiers can be connected in series to further amplify the signal.
3. When digitizing biological signals like EEGs, the sampling rate and amplitude resolution of the analog-to-digital converter determine the time and amplitude resolution of the digitized recordings.
Lm386
The document provides information about the LM386 low voltage audio power amplifier. Key details include:
- The LM386 is designed for low voltage battery powered applications from 4V to 12V (or 5V to 18V).
- It has a fixed gain of 20 that can be increased to a range of 20 to 200 using an external resistor and capacitor.
- Quiescent current drain is only 4mA, making it suitable for battery operation.
- Distortion is low at 0.2% for a 6V supply driving an 8 ohm load at 125mW output.
- It is available in small outline packages well-suited for portable applications.
Fabrication Of Low Power Audio Amplifier Using IC LM386
This document describes the fabrication of an audio amplifier using the IC-LM386. It provides the circuit diagram and lists the components required, including the IC-LM386, capacitors, resistors, potentiometer, battery, speaker, and PCB board. It then explains the working principle of the circuit, describing the role of each pin of the IC-LM386 and how it functions as an audio amplifier. Details of the components used such as the IC, PCB board, capacitors, and resistors are also provided.
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Class A power amplifiers have the transistor ON full time, resulting in high fidelity but poor efficiency. The output current flows for the entire input waveform cycle. Class B amplifiers have the transistor conducting for only half of the input cycle, improving efficiency to a maximum of 78.5% but introducing crossover distortion. Class C amplifiers have the transistor conducting for less than half of the input cycle, further improving efficiency to a maximum of 90% but causing significant distortion unsuitable for audio applications.
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From detectors to automobiles, audible alarms (also known to be called buzzers) have become a part of our everyday life. Some of the uses of these alarms are innocuous such as in a microwave oven. However, in some applications such as in a smoke detector or medical equipment, a person’s life may depend upon the audible warning sound. In all cases, the equipment designer should consider the desired characteristics of the audible alarm at the initial design-planning phase to obtain satisfactory performance and avoid costly redesign. The first characteristic for a designer to consider is the type of sound such as a continuous, intermittent or specialty sound. Other critical criteria include sound level, frequency, current draw, quality, mounting configuration, cost, and availability
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This document is a project report on designing an audio amplifier. It discusses the objective of understanding how amplifiers work and their purpose of increasing low power audio signals to suitable levels for speakers. It describes what an amplifier is and why they are needed to boost signal power using an external energy source. It also outlines best practices for laying out amplifier circuits, including using a ground plane, proper decoupling and EMC component placement to minimize interference and optimize performance.
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The document discusses two types of summing amplifiers: inverting and non-inverting. The inverting summing amplifier sums multiple input voltages and produces an inverted output voltage equal to the negative sum of the input voltages, each divided by its corresponding resistor value. The non-inverting summing amplifier works similarly but keeps the non-inverting input grounded while summing the currents at the inverting input. Summing amplifiers can be used in applications like audio mixers, digital-to-analog converters, and LED modulation circuits. Differential amplifiers can also act as automatic gain control or amplitude modulation circuits.
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This document describes the components and circuitry for building a public address system amplifier. It discusses using multiple transistor stages in a cascaded configuration to increase overall gain. A two-stage pre-amplifier circuit is presented that uses a voltage divider with BJT transistors. The document also covers using a Darlington pair to boost input resistance and achieve beta multiplication. Finally, it provides details on combining the pre-amplifier with a push-pull class AB power amplifier to drive an 8 ohm speaker.
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This document provides information about class-D audio power amplifiers, including:
1. Class-D amplifiers are switching amplifiers that use pulse-width modulation to drive output devices. This significantly reduces power losses and allows efficiencies as high as 90-95%.
2. Advantages of class-D amplifiers include reduced heatsink size, low voltage requirements, and high theoretical efficiency. Disadvantages include higher cost and greater EMC challenges due to the need for multiple inductors.
3. Proper PCB layout is important for audio quality and EMC performance. This includes using a ground plane, placing decoupling caps close to the IC, and properly locating EMC filters and inputs
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The document is an assignment on operational amplifiers for an electronics course. It provides information on operational amplifiers including:
1) Operational amplifiers are basic building blocks of analog electronic circuits used for signal conditioning, filtering, and mathematical operations.
2) An ideal operational amplifier is a three-terminal device with two high-impedance inputs and one output that can source or sink voltage or current.
3) Operational amplifiers have very high open-loop gain, near-zero input offset voltage, and near-zero output impedance. Feedback is used to control the closed-loop gain.
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1. An introduction stating the trainer provides practical knowledge of a stereo cassette player circuit on a single PCB.
2. Specifications of the trainer including power supply, audio output, frequency response, tape speed, speaker size, recording/playback features, and included accessories.
3. Descriptions of the block diagram and working principles of the stereo cassette player circuit, including preamplifier, equalizer, driver, output, power supply, motor circuit, play heads, indicators, controls, and tape deck mechanisms.
4. Definitions of terms, parts names and codes, signals/sections
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This document provides an overview of an audio amplifier project. It is dedicated to the authors' parents, teachers, and friends for their support. It thanks the project advisor and other teachers for their assistance. The main objective is to understand how amplifiers work. The purpose is to gain knowledge of amplifiers and their need. It then describes what an amplifier is and some key specifications to characterize amplifiers, including gain, bandwidth, efficiency, linearity, noise, slew rate, and stability. It also provides a brief definition of an audio amplifier.
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
This document describes a summing amplifier circuit using an operational amplifier (op-amp). The summing amplifier allows multiple input signals to be added together at the output. It discusses an inverting summing amplifier configuration with three input voltages V1, V2 and V3. The circuit produces an output voltage proportional to the algebraic sum of the three input voltages, effectively adding them, because each input sees its own resistor and they are isolated by the op-amp's virtual earth. Scaling can also be achieved if the input resistors are unequal.
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The document discusses the modes of operation and analysis of a differential amplifier (DA). It contains the following key points:
1. A DA can operate in either differential mode or common mode. In differential mode, two input signals are 180 degrees out of phase, while in common mode they are in phase.
2. The transfer characteristic of a DA relates its differential input voltage (Vd) to the collector currents (IC1 and IC2) of its transistors. This shows the linear operating region of the circuit.
3. Techniques like using a constant current source or current mirror in place of the emitter resistor (RE) can improve the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a DA
Why Dc Power
1) DC power supplies and backup batteries provide a reliable power source for telecom equipment and ensure continued operation even when main power fails.
2) DC power is needed because telecom equipment uses DC and batteries can only be charged with DC power, which is produced from AC mains by a rectifier system.
3) When the mains power fails, the batteries supply power to the telecom equipment until mains power is restored, at which point the rectifier system recharges the batteries.
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This document presents information on engineering DC power plants for telecommunications and data applications. It discusses key considerations such as the equipment to power, required reserve time, voltage operating ranges, plant sizing, distribution architectures, applicable standards, and battery sizing. The presentation provides guidance on single point grounding, voltage drop allowances, rundown problems, and battery disconnects for DC power system design.
Audio Amplifier
This document reports on the design and simulation of an audio amplifier circuit. Key specifications of the amplifier include a voltage gain of 76db, input impedance greater than 10k ohms, lower cutoff frequency of 2.572Hz, and upper cutoff frequency of 852.56kHz. The circuit uses BJT transistors in three gain stages and a complementary-symmetry Darlington pair power stage. Simulation results show the circuit meets specifications for voltage gain, frequency response, input resistance, and voltage swing. Some challenges included achieving the needed 15V swing but this was solved using variable resistors.
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Abstract
Two stage BJT amplifiers for very small signal amplification is presented in this work. With maximum 20V supply voltage and 6mV peak to peak input signal, a fraction of input signal 130uV goes to the first pre amplifier stage and produces an output signal of 11.25V peak to peak at the second stage. The overall gain of the circuit is 86538 times the small signal appearing across the input terminal of the first stage. The design circuit works best for input voltage swing from 100uV peak to peak till 6 mv peak to peak signal voltage. The variation of amplifier gain wrt Vcc is also analyzed. From 7V till 20V if Vcc is varied the gain linearly increases. Maximum gain of 65.24db without output distortion is obtained when the supply voltage is 20V with the least bandwidth. Minimum gain of 31db is obtained with the least 7V voltage supply but having the highest bandwidth. The output noise voltage is from 1.6uV/Hz till 270uV/Hz as supply voltage increases. The main objective of this work is to optimized and enhanced both gain and bandwidth of the amplifier for very small and low frequency signal amplification.
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1. Signal conditioning circuits are used to modify signals to desired levels/formats before processing or transmission. This includes operations like filtering, impedance matching, level/bias adjustments, and conversion between voltage and current.
2. RC filters are used for filtering, with applications in high-pass and low-pass filters. RLC circuits including resonant circuits are also discussed.
3. Wheatstone bridges are used to convert resistance variations to voltage variations
AM Radio Receiver with Automatic Gain Control Unit
This document summarizes the design and implementation of an AM radio receiver circuit with an automatic gain control (AGC) unit. It includes:
- A block diagram of the full circuit including an antenna, tuned filter, peak detector, AGC unit, RF amplifier, audio amplifier, and loudspeaker.
- Descriptions of each circuit block, including simulations of the tuned filter, peak detector, RF amplifier, and audio amplifier.
- Issues encountered in implementing the peak detector, AGC unit, and audio amplifier circuits experimentally that differed from simulations.
- An overview of the experimental setup and limitations encountered with certain circuit elements like the peak detector time constant and heating in the audio amplifier transistors.
OP amp parameters
The document describes an experiment measuring parameters of operational amplifiers (op-amps), including offset voltage, bias and offset current, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), and slew rate. The experiment uses simulations in Multisim and theoretical formulas to calculate op-amp parameter values, which are then recorded and compared to datasheet specifications. Key findings are that measured input offset voltage, gain, bias current, input resistance, and CMRR are close to expected values, while slew rate is lower than specified. The document concludes by verifying op-amp parameters through various circuit configurations.
Lab1
This document describes an experiment characterizing the non-ideal properties of operational amplifiers using a LM741C op-amp. The experiment involves measuring the op-amp's open loop transfer characteristic to determine gain and offset voltage, nulling the offset voltage, measuring slew rate in unity gain configuration, and determining gain and bandwidth in both unity gain and non-inverting amplifier configurations through simulation and laboratory experiments. The results are to be recorded on a pre-lab and lab worksheet.
Exp no 3 setb118 Analog electronics
This document describes an experiment to analyze the frequency response of an amplifier circuit. Key points:
- The frequency response shows how the gain of a circuit varies with input signal frequency. An amplifier should maintain consistent gain across all audio frequencies to avoid distorting sound.
- The experiment was conducted using a CE amplifier circuit in Multisim and hardware. Gain and bandwidth were measured with and without a bypass capacitor.
- In both cases, gain decreased at high frequencies due to parasitic capacitances in the transistor. The bypass capacitor increased bandwidth by reducing gain, as expected theoretically.
- 3dB is used to define bandwidth as it represents a 0.707 reduction in voltage gain, a common standard for measuring
Op ampdesignfinalproject
1) The document describes an operational amplifier design project using LTSpice where the goal is to meet specific specifications.
2) The design utilizes BJT transistors, resistors, and multiple stages including a differential input stage, current mirror, common emitter amplifier, and output stage.
3) Simulation results show the design meets requirements with a differential gain of 2511 V/V, common mode gain of 0.05 V/V, CMRR of 94 dB, and output amplitude of 5.1 V with minimum distortion and average value close to 0 V.
Experiment no 2 setb118
This document describes an experiment conducted on a small signal amplifier for a public address system. The objectives are to identify the role of an amplifier circuit in a PA system and to design, test, and analyze an amplifier circuit. The experiment involves designing a voltage divider biasing circuit, simulating the circuit in Multisim, and building the circuit on a breadboard. Key measurements taken include the quiescent current, voltage, and gain with and without a bypass capacitor. The results show that adding a bypass capacitor increases the gain while removing it reduces the gain due to increased degeneration.
REPORT
The document summarizes the internship work of analyzing and modeling a DC/DC buck converter. Key points:
1) The intern designed a buck converter with a 5V load using a 20V source and an analog control system. Simulations were done in MATLAB.
2) Components like inductor, capacitor, controller gain were calculated. Simulation results showed the control system ensured a steady 5V output.
3) A circuit layout was designed but not realized due to lack of components. An Arduino-based approach was explored but not fully implemented.
4) The internship provided hands-on experience in power electronics design from modeling to implementation that will help in future academic pursuits.
Basic electrical lab manual
This document describes experiments on measuring power in electrical circuits. The first experiment measures three-phase power using a two-wattmeter method. Connections are made to measure power under both balanced and unbalanced load conditions. The second experiment measures single-phase power using three-ammeter and three-voltmeter methods. Power is calculated from current and voltage measurements at different power factors. The third experiment tests a single-phase energy meter under power factors of 0.5, 0.866 and 1. The final experiment investigates the voltage-current relationship and locus diagram of a series R-L circuit by varying resistance at a fixed inductance.
Reflectometer Product Cal/Test Signal Simulation
Describes a production proven method for replacing mechanical load-pulls in VSWR monitor calibration/validation setups.
Unity power factor control by pwm rectifier
Abstract This paper analyzes the principle of PWM rectifier and presents a unity power factor control method of PWM rectifier. Controller used double closed-loop PI control, which inner uses three-phase input current control method controlled by unity power factor and outer controls the output DC voltage of rectifier. Voltage phase detection methods which proposed could eliminate the affection of the voltage harmonics on phase detection accuracy. The result of the simulation and experiment verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. Keywords- PWM, rectifier, unity power factor, filter
Pulse amplitude modulation
The document provides instructions for 14 experiments in analog communications lab, including voltage feedback amplifier, amplitude modulation and demodulation, class A power amplifier, RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier, DSBSC modulation and demodulation, SSBSC modulation and demodulation, frequency modulation and demodulation, pre-emphasis - de-emphasis circuits, verification of sampling theorem, PAM and reconstruction, PWM and PPM generation and reconstruction, and the effect of noise on communication channels. The experiments are designed to help students learn important concepts in analog signal processing and analog communications systems.
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Group 1 Audio Amplifier Final Presentation
- 1. Amplifier Project Team Murphy, Allen – Pre-Amp builder Toshua, Ruben – Power Amp tester Ahluwalia, Akshay - Pre-amp tester Enzerillo, Richard – Power Amp builder Lorenzo, Charles – Power Amp builder
- 2. Procedure Build a Pre Amp and Power Amp from a supplied parts kit Testing of Both units Final Hook up of both circuits Detailed Reports to analyze our circuits
- 4. Pre-Amp Assembly The pre-amplifier circuit was constructed as per the schematic that was provided. The images below provide views of the assembly process at approximately the halfway point and at completion. Upon the advice of the lab instructor, two additional 1 μF capacitors were added in order to stabilize the signal (see figure 2). Note that during unit testing a third 0.1μF signal-stabilizing capacitor was added across the positive and negative voltage inputs (ports 8 and 4, respectively) of the LM833 op-amp chip. Figure 1 Circuit construction - phase I
- 5. Additional capacitor for signal stabilization Amplified AC signal out -12V DC Input for LM833 chip LM833 Op Amp chip +12V DC Input for LM833 chip AC signal in Additional capacitor for signal stabilization Figure 2 Circuit construction - phase II
- 6. Pre-Amplifier Unit Testing Prior to handing the pre-amplifier circuit over to the tester, unit testing was conducted in order to verify that the circuit was working correctly. 12 volt positive and negative power were supplied for the LM833 chip by the DC power terminals of a protoboard. AC signals of low, medium and high frequency produced by a function generator were used as input to the pre-amplifier and the resulting input and output wave forms were visually checked with an oscilloscope. The potentiometer in the circuit was also rotated in both directions to verify that the amplitude of the output signal was adjusted appropriately. The images below document the unit testing process: Figure 3 Pre-amp circuit and test equipment
- 10. Power Amp
- 13. The table and the graph