This document discusses atypical mycobacteria (also known as nontuberculous mycobacteria or environmental mycobacteria), which are ubiquitous in the environment and can cause opportunistic infections in humans. It notes there are over 150 known species and describes their epidemiology, pathophysiology, taxonomy, and laboratory diagnosis. The document also provides details on treatment approaches for different atypical mycobacteria species/strains, including the use of multidrug regimens involving macrolides, rifamycins, and others.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
It discusses laboratory tests involved in diagnosing meningitis with more emphasis on details of each test and findings, esp useful for microbiologists and medical students.
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
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The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
It discusses laboratory tests involved in diagnosing meningitis with more emphasis on details of each test and findings, esp useful for microbiologists and medical students.
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
The school environment is an ideal place to begin the work of addressing mental health needs. Not only does the school offer a simple and cost-effective way of reaching youth, but it is also a convenient place where mental health can be linked with other aspects of health, such as physical health and nutrition, and with learning.
Meningitis is the inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by infection. It can be fatal and requires immediate medical care. Meningitis can be caused by several species of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Most infections can be transmitted from person to person.
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
This week, cerebrospinal meningitis is on the news. This disease, which is majorly prevalent during the dry season has been reported to be ravaging five states in the North-West region of Nigeria including- Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Niger States.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
ABSTRACT
Background: With the advances in medical care, invasive fungal
infections possess a significant health problem especially in
immunocompromised patients. These infections have varied aetiological
agents which are commonly found in soil, water, plant debris and organic
substrates. Aim: The overview of different fungal aetiological agents,
newer and rapid diagnostic modalities and overall treatment and
prevention options available is presented in this article. Methods:
Literature search was performed in PubMed by using MeSH terms
‘mycoses’ and ‘immunocompromised host’. Only relevant review articles
published within the last five years were considered. Google Scholar
search engine was also used. Results: Common invasive fungi include
Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., Trichosporon spp.,
Rhodotorula spp., Fusarium spp., Mucormycotina, Pheohyphomycosis
spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii, Scedosporium spp., and endemic mycoses
such as Penicillium, Histoplasma and Blastomyces. A high degree of
suspicion is required for early diagnosis and optimal management of these
infections. Conclusion: Early and rapid diagnosis of causative fungal
agents is required so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. Adequate
preventive measures must be applied in an immunocompromised host that
can prevent development of drug resistant super-infections.
Granulomatous diseases of the head & neckMammootty Ik
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Atypical Mycobacteria
• Known by several terms—
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–
–
–
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)
Atypical mycobacteria,
Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis,
Environmental mycobacteria—all refer to mycobacteria
other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its close relatives
(M. bovis, M. caprae, M. africanum, M. pinnipedii, M.
canetti), and M. leprae.
• The number of known species currently exceeds 150.
NTM are highly adaptable and can inhabit hostile
environments, including industrial solvents.
3. Epidemiology
• The true international epidemiology of infections due to NTM is
hard to determine.
• NTM are ubiquitous in soil and water.
• Most NTM cause disease in humans only rarely unless some aspect
of host defense is impaired, as in bronchiectasis, or breached, as by
inoculation (e.g., liposuction, trauma).
• Human-to-human transmission of NTM is not known.
• Disseminated disease denotes significant immune dysfunction
(e.g., advanced HIV infection), whereas pulmonary disease, which is
much more common, is highly associated with pulmonary epithelial
defects but not with systemic immunodeficiency.
4. Pathophysiology
• Because exposure to NTM is essentially universal and
disease is rare
• Normal host defenses against these organisms must be
strong and that otherwise healthy individuals in whom
significant disease develops are highly likely to have
specific susceptibility factors that permit NTM to
become established, multiply, and cause disease.
– HIV infection
– CD4+ T lymphocytopenia.
– Potent inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-), such as
infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, and etanercept
5. Taxonomy
• Earlier Runyon classification was used.
• This was based on growth characteristics and
pigment formation.
• Presently more 150 species have been isolated
6. Runyon Classsification
• Slow growing
– Photochromogens, which develop pigments in or after being exposed
to light. Examples include M. kansasii, M. simiae and M. marinum.
– Scotochromogens, which become pigmented in darkness. Examples
include M. scrofulaceum and M. szulgai.
– Non-chromogens, which includes a group of prevalent opportunistic
pathogens called M. avium complex (MAC). Other examples are M.
ulcerans, M. xenopi, M. malmoense, M. terrae,M.
haemophilum and M. genavense.
• Rapid growers include four well recognized pathogenic rapidly growing
non-chromogenic species: M. chelonae, M. abscessus, M.
fortuitum and M. peregrinum. Other examples cause disease rarely, such
as M. smegmatis and M. flavescens.
7. Am J of Resp Crit Care Med Vol 175, 367-416, 2007
8. Am J of Resp Crit Care Med Vol 175, 367-416, 2007
9. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Strong suspicion
• The optimal way is culture of tissue. This should
be performed at multiple temperatures
25°, 37°, and 42° to grow out all possible
pathogens.
• PCR.
• Imaging Studies
– The characteristic radiologic features of nonclassic
atypical mycobacteria infection include bronchiectasis
and centrilobular nodules isolated to or most severe
in the lingula and the middle lobe. In patients with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, mediastinal or
hilar adenopathy is the most common radiographic
finding.
10. • A biopsy of the skin, the cervical nodes, and the lung can be used to
diagnose atypical mycobacteria. The tissue obtained can be used for
cultures of the tissue and for histopathologic examination.
• Histopathologic examination of tissue can reveal
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
tuberculoid, palisading, and sarcoidlike granulomas;
a diffuse infiltrate of histiocytic foamy cells;
acute and chronic panniculitis;
nonspecific chronic inflammation;
cutaneous abscesses;
suppurative granulomas; and
necrotizing folliculitis.
Suppurative granulomas are the most characteristic feature in skin
biopsy specimens from cutaneous atypical mycobacteria infections.
11. Treatment
• MAC infection often requires multidrug therapy, one is a macrolide
(clarithromycin or azithromycin), ethambutol, and a rifamycin (rifampin or
rifabutin).
• For disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in HIV-infected
patients, the use of rifamycins poses special problems—i.e., rifamycin
interactions with protease inhibitors.
• For pulmonary MAC disease, thrice-weekly administration of a
macrolide, a rifamycin, and ethambutol has been successful.
• Therapy is prolonged, generally continuing for 12 months after culture
conversion; typically, a course lasts for at least 18 months. Other drugs
with activity against MAC organisms include IV and aerosolized
aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and clofazimine.
12. • M. kansasii lung disease is similar to tuberculosis and is also
effectively treated with isoniazid (300 mg/d), rifampin (600
mg/d), and ethambutol (15 mg/kg per day).
• Other drugs with very high-level activity against M. kansasii
include clarithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and
aminoglycosides.
• Treatment should continue until cultures have been negative
for at least 1 year.
• M. kansasii infection is easily cured.
13. • Rapidly growing mycobacteria :Extrapulmonary disease in an
immunocompetent host is usually due to inoculation (e.g., via
surgery, injections, or trauma) or to line infection
• Treated successfully with a macrolide and another drug (with the choice
based on in vitro susceptibility), along with removal of the offending focus
• Pulmonary disease, especially that caused by M. abscessus, is extremely
difficult to cure.
• Therapy generally includes a macrolide along with an IV-administered
agent such as amikacin, a carbapenem, cefoxitin, or tigecycline.
• Other oral fluoroquinolones, doxycycline, and linezolid. Because
nontuberculous mycobacterial infections are chronic, care must be taken
in the long-term use of drugs with neurotoxicities, such as linezolid and
ethambutol
14. .
• Treatment of the other NTM is less well defined, but
macrolides and aminoglycosides are usually effective.
15. References
• Am J of Resp Crit Care Med Vol 175, 367416, 2007
• Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th
edition.
• CDC, Atlanta (Web reference)
• American Thoracic Society guidelines