Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) on some microorganisms
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
The document discusses herbal cosmetics and provides details about various herbal ingredients used in cosmetics. It defines herbal cosmetics and categorizes them based on the body part they are applied to. Examples of commonly used herbal ingredients in hair care cosmetics like shampoos and conditioners are provided, such as amla, reetha, henna. The chemical constituents and uses of amla and henna are also summarized. The document provides formulations for herbal lime shampoo and highlights the benefits of various herbal ingredients.
This document provides an overview of the herbal industries in India. It discusses the growing demand for herbal medicines and products due to their lower costs and side effects compared to Western pharmaceuticals. India has a long history of using herbs in Ayurvedic medicine and is a major supplier of herbs globally. The document outlines the various sectors of the herbal industry in India including traditional Ayurvedic medicines, essential oils, cosmetics, and health supplements. It provides examples of some of the major companies in the herbal industry in India such as Dabur, Baidyanath, Himalaya Drug Company, and Vicco Laboratories.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
This document provides information about the nutraceutical properties of various herbs and foods. It discusses the health benefits of nutraceuticals in treating diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and gastrointestinal issues. Key points covered include the classification of nutraceuticals, probiotics and prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and the traditional and global market of nutraceuticals. Specific herbs discussed include alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, and honey.
This document discusses churnas, which are fine herbal powders used in Ayurvedic medicine. It describes how churnas are prepared by cleaning, drying, pulverizing and sieving herbs. Parameters for standardizing churnas include authentication of plant parts, morphology, microscopy, chemical composition, physical properties, and biological factors. Examples of evaluating physical parameters like pH, moisture content, and ash value are provided. Common uses of churnas include as carminatives, diuretics, laxatives, and for conditions like diarrhea. Some example churna formulations are listed.
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
The document discusses herbal cosmetics and provides details about various herbal ingredients used in cosmetics. It defines herbal cosmetics and categorizes them based on the body part they are applied to. Examples of commonly used herbal ingredients in hair care cosmetics like shampoos and conditioners are provided, such as amla, reetha, henna. The chemical constituents and uses of amla and henna are also summarized. The document provides formulations for herbal lime shampoo and highlights the benefits of various herbal ingredients.
This document provides an overview of the herbal industries in India. It discusses the growing demand for herbal medicines and products due to their lower costs and side effects compared to Western pharmaceuticals. India has a long history of using herbs in Ayurvedic medicine and is a major supplier of herbs globally. The document outlines the various sectors of the herbal industry in India including traditional Ayurvedic medicines, essential oils, cosmetics, and health supplements. It provides examples of some of the major companies in the herbal industry in India such as Dabur, Baidyanath, Himalaya Drug Company, and Vicco Laboratories.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
This document provides information about the nutraceutical properties of various herbs and foods. It discusses the health benefits of nutraceuticals in treating diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and gastrointestinal issues. Key points covered include the classification of nutraceuticals, probiotics and prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and the traditional and global market of nutraceuticals. Specific herbs discussed include alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, and honey.
This document discusses churnas, which are fine herbal powders used in Ayurvedic medicine. It describes how churnas are prepared by cleaning, drying, pulverizing and sieving herbs. Parameters for standardizing churnas include authentication of plant parts, morphology, microscopy, chemical composition, physical properties, and biological factors. Examples of evaluating physical parameters like pH, moisture content, and ash value are provided. Common uses of churnas include as carminatives, diuretics, laxatives, and for conditions like diarrhea. Some example churna formulations are listed.
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
Gymnema is a plant found throughout Asia whose leaves contain various compounds and have traditionally been used to treat diabetes and stimulate digestion. Research also suggests that supplements combining gymnema extract with other ingredients may help with weight loss. The leaves are opposite and elliptical or oval in shape, bearing small yellow flowers and follicle fruits up to 8 cm long.
Definition of drug interaction, potential of herb-drug interactions,significance of study of herb-drug interactions, reasons for their study, types according to ayurveda, effects & different ways of herb-drug interactions, their mechanism, hypericum, kava lava, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, garlic, pepper, ephedra.
The document discusses the herbal drug industry and infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities. It defines herbs and herbal drugs, noting their advantages like being non-toxic with few side effects. It describes the infrastructure of a model herbal drug company, including qualified personnel, extraction and formulation units, and GMP-compliant manufacturing of various dosage forms. It outlines infrastructure requirements for buildings, water supply, waste disposal, container cleaning, and raw material, packaging, and finished goods storage. Machinery needs are listed for different herbal drug categories.
This document discusses herbs and herbal medicines. It covers the history of herbal medicine use dating back thousands of years, outlines quality control standards for herbal medicines, and describes methods used to authenticate herbal raw materials and ensure product quality. Key points include the importance of using standardized herbal extracts and validated production processes, as well as following guidelines from organizations like the WHO, EMEA and pharmacopoeias. Authentication of herbal drugs involves taxonomic, microscopic, physicochemical, spectral and molecular analysis to verify identity.
1. Asava and Arishta are traditional Ayurvedic liquid fermented medicines made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery in an earthen pot for 1-3 months to undergo fermentation.
2. The key difference is that Arishta is prepared from a decoction of dried herbs while Asava uses fresh dried herbs.
3. The fermentation process is initiated by the addition of flowers from the Woodfordia fruticosa plant and produces medicines that are moderately alcoholic and sweet with slight acidity and aroma.
Herbal cosmetics, Classification, Economic aspects and Industries involved in...NikitaSavita
Herbal cosmetics are the preparations which are prepared by using plant products having cosmetic action.
Its advantages and Classification
Economic aspects of herbal cosmetics
Import and Export of herbal cosmetics
This document discusses herbal formulations, including types such as herbal syrups, herbal mixtures, and tablets. It provides details on preparing herbal syrups, including using equal proportions of herbal infusions/decoctions and honey or sugar. Advantages of herbal syrups include masking bad tastes and soothing irritated tissues. The document also discusses novel herbal dosage forms like phytosomes, which are complexes of herbal extracts and phospholipids that can enhance absorption and bioavailability. Methods of preparing phytosomes and evaluating their properties and advantages are provided.
This document defines key terms related to herbal medicines and describes herbal materials, preparations, and products. It defines an herb as a plant used for medicinal purposes. Herbal medicines use plants to treat or prevent illness. Herbal medicinal products contain exclusively herbal substances or preparations as the active ingredient. Herbal preparations, such as extracts or tinctures, are the basis for finished herbal products and are produced through various extraction or processing methods. Finished herbal products consist of one or more herbal preparations from one or more plant sources, with or without additional excipients. The document also discusses good agricultural practices for cultivating medicinal plants, including organic farming and pest management techniques.
Herbal cosmetics are made using plant extracts that have cosmetic benefits and are generally milder and less toxic than synthetic cosmetics. The document discusses various types of herbal cosmetics like those for skin, hair, teeth, and nails. It provides examples of herbs commonly used in skin creams, hair oils, toothpastes, and other products. Some benefits of herbal cosmetics include lack of side effects, nourishment of skin and hair, and treatment of conditions like acne, hair fall, and fungal infections. The conclusion states that demand for herbal cosmetics is increasing as they provide nutrients for healthy skin and hair.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and their classification. It defines herbal cosmetics as beauty products that use herbal ingredients to provide physiological benefits like skin healing and conditioning. Herbal cosmetics can be classified by dosage form (oils, creams, etc.) or the body part they are applied to (skin, hair, nails). Common herbal ingredients used in skin care, hair care and oral care are discussed, along with their therapeutic properties and uses.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and provides information on various types. It begins by introducing cosmetics and herbal cosmetics. It then classifies herbal cosmetics based on dosage form and body part applied. Several herbal cosmetic formulations are described for skin, hair, teeth, and more. Key herbal ingredients and their skin benefits are outlined. Guidelines for using herbs safely are provided. The document concludes by emphasizing the growing demand and potential of herbal cosmetics.
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Phytochemical Investigation and the study of Drug Potential of Phytocompound ...Halavath Ramesh
The document summarizes research on the phytochemical investigation and study of drug potential of phytocompounds in Nicotiana tobaccum (tobacco). Key findings include:
1. Phytochemical screening of tobacco extracts using different solvents found various compounds including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins.
2. Estimation of specific compounds like alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and phenols was performed on the extracts.
3. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis aided in separation and identification of phytochemicals.
4. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy helped identify pharmacologically important compounds
The document discusses the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines as specified in Schedule T of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. It covers various components of GMP including factory premises requirements, machinery and equipment, production areas, raw material and finished goods storage, worker hygiene, and documentation. The objective of GMP is to ensure quality control throughout the manufacturing process to produce medicines of acceptable standards.
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
Biodynamic agriculture, organic farming, biopestisides by Pooja KhanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
This document discusses organic farming and provides information on techniques for organic farming of medicinal plants. It discusses principles of organic farming including producing nutritious food, maintaining natural soil fertility, and enhancing efficiency without risking health. Basic steps of organic farming are outlined, including land conversion, crop production using organic sources of nutrients, and livestock management. Fifteen techniques for organic farming of medicinal plants are then described in detail, such as zero tillage cultivation, clean culture practices, and use of organic compost fertilizers and biological pest control.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
The document discusses various herbal excipients that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes natural colorants, sweeteners, and binding agents that are derived from plant sources. Some key points discussed include natural colorants like henna, turmeric, and saffron; sweeteners such as stevia, licorice root, and bitter orange; and binding agents including acacia, tragacanth, and various plant gums. The document emphasizes the advantages of herbal excipients like low toxicity, biodegradability, availability, and low cost. It provides details on the plant source, active compounds, and uses of some important natural excipients.
This document discusses the chemistry and biogenesis of digitalis glycosides. Digitalis glycosides are cardiac glycosides that are derived from plants of the genus Digitalis, including foxglove. They work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle cells.
Ginseng is a perennial plant with fleshy roots belonging to the genus Panax. The two most common varieties are Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Ginseng grows wild in northeast Asia and North America. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various conditions like erectile dysfunction, cardiovascular issues, cancer, and weight control. The active compounds in ginseng include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. Common side effects of ginseng include insomnia, diarrhea, and skin rashes if taken in excessive amounts.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Gymnema is a plant found throughout Asia whose leaves contain various compounds and have traditionally been used to treat diabetes and stimulate digestion. Research also suggests that supplements combining gymnema extract with other ingredients may help with weight loss. The leaves are opposite and elliptical or oval in shape, bearing small yellow flowers and follicle fruits up to 8 cm long.
Definition of drug interaction, potential of herb-drug interactions,significance of study of herb-drug interactions, reasons for their study, types according to ayurveda, effects & different ways of herb-drug interactions, their mechanism, hypericum, kava lava, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, garlic, pepper, ephedra.
The document discusses the herbal drug industry and infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities. It defines herbs and herbal drugs, noting their advantages like being non-toxic with few side effects. It describes the infrastructure of a model herbal drug company, including qualified personnel, extraction and formulation units, and GMP-compliant manufacturing of various dosage forms. It outlines infrastructure requirements for buildings, water supply, waste disposal, container cleaning, and raw material, packaging, and finished goods storage. Machinery needs are listed for different herbal drug categories.
This document discusses herbs and herbal medicines. It covers the history of herbal medicine use dating back thousands of years, outlines quality control standards for herbal medicines, and describes methods used to authenticate herbal raw materials and ensure product quality. Key points include the importance of using standardized herbal extracts and validated production processes, as well as following guidelines from organizations like the WHO, EMEA and pharmacopoeias. Authentication of herbal drugs involves taxonomic, microscopic, physicochemical, spectral and molecular analysis to verify identity.
1. Asava and Arishta are traditional Ayurvedic liquid fermented medicines made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery in an earthen pot for 1-3 months to undergo fermentation.
2. The key difference is that Arishta is prepared from a decoction of dried herbs while Asava uses fresh dried herbs.
3. The fermentation process is initiated by the addition of flowers from the Woodfordia fruticosa plant and produces medicines that are moderately alcoholic and sweet with slight acidity and aroma.
Herbal cosmetics, Classification, Economic aspects and Industries involved in...NikitaSavita
Herbal cosmetics are the preparations which are prepared by using plant products having cosmetic action.
Its advantages and Classification
Economic aspects of herbal cosmetics
Import and Export of herbal cosmetics
This document discusses herbal formulations, including types such as herbal syrups, herbal mixtures, and tablets. It provides details on preparing herbal syrups, including using equal proportions of herbal infusions/decoctions and honey or sugar. Advantages of herbal syrups include masking bad tastes and soothing irritated tissues. The document also discusses novel herbal dosage forms like phytosomes, which are complexes of herbal extracts and phospholipids that can enhance absorption and bioavailability. Methods of preparing phytosomes and evaluating their properties and advantages are provided.
This document defines key terms related to herbal medicines and describes herbal materials, preparations, and products. It defines an herb as a plant used for medicinal purposes. Herbal medicines use plants to treat or prevent illness. Herbal medicinal products contain exclusively herbal substances or preparations as the active ingredient. Herbal preparations, such as extracts or tinctures, are the basis for finished herbal products and are produced through various extraction or processing methods. Finished herbal products consist of one or more herbal preparations from one or more plant sources, with or without additional excipients. The document also discusses good agricultural practices for cultivating medicinal plants, including organic farming and pest management techniques.
Herbal cosmetics are made using plant extracts that have cosmetic benefits and are generally milder and less toxic than synthetic cosmetics. The document discusses various types of herbal cosmetics like those for skin, hair, teeth, and nails. It provides examples of herbs commonly used in skin creams, hair oils, toothpastes, and other products. Some benefits of herbal cosmetics include lack of side effects, nourishment of skin and hair, and treatment of conditions like acne, hair fall, and fungal infections. The conclusion states that demand for herbal cosmetics is increasing as they provide nutrients for healthy skin and hair.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and their classification. It defines herbal cosmetics as beauty products that use herbal ingredients to provide physiological benefits like skin healing and conditioning. Herbal cosmetics can be classified by dosage form (oils, creams, etc.) or the body part they are applied to (skin, hair, nails). Common herbal ingredients used in skin care, hair care and oral care are discussed, along with their therapeutic properties and uses.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and provides information on various types. It begins by introducing cosmetics and herbal cosmetics. It then classifies herbal cosmetics based on dosage form and body part applied. Several herbal cosmetic formulations are described for skin, hair, teeth, and more. Key herbal ingredients and their skin benefits are outlined. Guidelines for using herbs safely are provided. The document concludes by emphasizing the growing demand and potential of herbal cosmetics.
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Phytochemical Investigation and the study of Drug Potential of Phytocompound ...Halavath Ramesh
The document summarizes research on the phytochemical investigation and study of drug potential of phytocompounds in Nicotiana tobaccum (tobacco). Key findings include:
1. Phytochemical screening of tobacco extracts using different solvents found various compounds including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins.
2. Estimation of specific compounds like alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and phenols was performed on the extracts.
3. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis aided in separation and identification of phytochemicals.
4. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy helped identify pharmacologically important compounds
The document discusses the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines as specified in Schedule T of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. It covers various components of GMP including factory premises requirements, machinery and equipment, production areas, raw material and finished goods storage, worker hygiene, and documentation. The objective of GMP is to ensure quality control throughout the manufacturing process to produce medicines of acceptable standards.
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
Biodynamic agriculture, organic farming, biopestisides by Pooja KhanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
This document discusses organic farming and provides information on techniques for organic farming of medicinal plants. It discusses principles of organic farming including producing nutritious food, maintaining natural soil fertility, and enhancing efficiency without risking health. Basic steps of organic farming are outlined, including land conversion, crop production using organic sources of nutrients, and livestock management. Fifteen techniques for organic farming of medicinal plants are then described in detail, such as zero tillage cultivation, clean culture practices, and use of organic compost fertilizers and biological pest control.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
The document discusses various herbal excipients that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes natural colorants, sweeteners, and binding agents that are derived from plant sources. Some key points discussed include natural colorants like henna, turmeric, and saffron; sweeteners such as stevia, licorice root, and bitter orange; and binding agents including acacia, tragacanth, and various plant gums. The document emphasizes the advantages of herbal excipients like low toxicity, biodegradability, availability, and low cost. It provides details on the plant source, active compounds, and uses of some important natural excipients.
This document discusses the chemistry and biogenesis of digitalis glycosides. Digitalis glycosides are cardiac glycosides that are derived from plants of the genus Digitalis, including foxglove. They work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle cells.
Ginseng is a perennial plant with fleshy roots belonging to the genus Panax. The two most common varieties are Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Ginseng grows wild in northeast Asia and North America. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various conditions like erectile dysfunction, cardiovascular issues, cancer, and weight control. The active compounds in ginseng include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. Common side effects of ginseng include insomnia, diarrhea, and skin rashes if taken in excessive amounts.
Similar to Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) on some microorganisms
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Proximate composition, phytochemical and elemental analysisAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the proximate composition, phytochemicals, and mineral content of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom harvested in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Proximate analysis found moisture content was 10.54%, protein 17.55%, crude fats 2.60%, crude fiber 30.25%, and carbohydrates 33.13%.
- Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, saponins, volatile oils, and steroids in the raw powder. Variations were observed between solvent extracts.
- Mineral analysis found high amounts of calcium, potassium
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND (1).pdframya874116
This document reports on a study that analyzed the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of different parts of the Martynia annua plant. The study found that the methanolic extracts of the flower, leaves, and stem contained various phytochemicals including phenols, glycosides, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. The flower extract showed the highest level of total phenolic content. Evaluation of antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed that the flower extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant effects, reducing DPPH radicals by 73.54% after 16 minutes, followed by the leaf extract at 56.45% and stem extract at 40.64%. The results suggest that the Martynia
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
This study analyzed the phytochemical and mineral content of seven medicinal plants used in Nigeria. Phytochemical analysis found alkaloids to be highest in Euphorbia hirta, terpenoids in Croton zambesicus, flavonoids in Bambusa vulgaris, saponins in Mimosa pudica, and tannins also in M. pudica. Mineral analysis found calcium to be highest in Lawsonia inarmic. Pearson correlation revealed significant correlation between phytochemicals and minerals. The antioxidants in these plants may help prevent diseases like cancer and heart disease.
Phytochemical analyses of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants from gabon...Alexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that analyzed the phytochemical composition of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants used in Gabon, Pseudospondias longifolia and Antrocaryon klaineanum. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and reductor compounds in extracts of both plants, while flavonoids were only present in P. longifolia extracts. Sterols and terpenoids were not detected in either plant. The results provide insight into the biochemical basis for the traditional medicinal uses of the plants.
Antibacterial activity of azadirachita indica and psidium guajava extracts ag...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of extracts from Azadirachita indica and Psidium guajava, two Nigerian plant species used in traditional medicine, against three bacterial strains. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plants' bark and leaves were prepared and screened for antibacterial compounds. The extracts showed antibacterial activity, with P. guajava exhibiting the strongest effects. Specifically, P. guajava's hot water extract was most active against Staphylococcus aureus, while A. indica and P. guajava extracts showed varying levels of activity against Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study suggests these plants may be a potential source of antibacterial compounds
Characterization of the Volatile Components and Antimicrobial Properties of t...Premier Publishers
The characterization of the ethanol leaf extract of Uvaria chamae was carried out with the aim of identifying and determining the chemical compounds present in the extract. Initial phytochemical results showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins. Phenols, steroids and alkaloids. Interpreted spectrum obtained from the GC-MS revealed twelve absorption peaks. Peak 1 was identified as Benzene carboxylic acid with molecular weight of 122g and molecular formula C7H6O2. Similarly, peaks 2-12 were identified as, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, phytol, 6-octadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, tetradecanamide. hexadecanoic acid-2,3-dihydroxpropyl ester, 9-octadecenamide, 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride and 13-octadecanal with corresponding molecular formulas of C17H34O2, C16H36O2, C19H36O2, C20H40O, C18H34O2, C18H36O2, C14H29NO, C19H38O4, C18H35NO, C18H31ClO and C18H34O respectively. The extract inhibited the growth of some selected human pathogen; Pseudomonas aureginosa by 6mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50mg/cm3. Similar results were also obtained for Candida albicans 8mm with MIC 50mg/cm3 and Trichophyton spp 4mm with MIC OF 100mg/cm3
Phytochemical evaluation of different solvent extracts of aegle marmelos frui...Alexander Decker
1) The study evaluated the phytochemicals in extracts of ripe and unripe Aegle marmelos fruit extracted using different solvents including methanol, ethanol, acetone, and an aqueous decoction.
2) The decoction and ethanol extract of ripe fruit contained the most phytochemicals, while the decoction and ethanol extract of unripe fruit contained equal numbers.
3) The methanol extract of both ripe and unripe fruit showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids as major bioactive compounds. The acetone extract showed fewer secondary metabolites.
4) Ethanol extract and decoction of ripe and unripe fruits contained both
Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Rudraksh...Pratyush Kumar Das
Since time immemorial plants have played a vital role in the
field of health care and medicines. There are many plants with high medicinal values among which Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksh) holds utmost importance, both scientifically as well as spiritually. The different parts of a rudraksh tree have high concentrations of important phytochemical constituents thus adding to its medicinal value. This work is focused on phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts from the epicarp, endocarp of the seed and bark sample of rudraksh tree and their comparison to justify the high medicinal efficacy of the plant.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids and evaluation of in vitro a...researchplantsciences
The document summarizes a study that quantified the total phenolics, flavonoids, and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Tarenna asiatica, an endemic medicinal plant from Western Ghats, India. Key findings include:
- The leaf extract showed the presence of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids.
- Total phenolic content was 16.95μg of GAE/100mg extract and flavonoid content was 3.72μg of QE/100mg extract.
- The extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays like DPPH, ferrous ion
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Senna siamea leaf. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, but absence of saponins. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis in a dose-dependent manner. The highest inhibition was observed for E. coli at the highest extract concentration. The antimicrobial activity is likely due to the phytochemical constituents, supporting traditional use of the plant to treat infections. Further research is recommended to explore other solvent extracts and
Determining the Phytochemical Constituents and the Antimicrobial Activity of ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Similar to Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) on some microorganisms (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) on some microorganisms
2. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) on some
microorganisms
Itelima et al. 057
isoprenoids that include terpenoids containing
limonoids, azadirone and its derivatives (Xu et al.,
2010).
The medicinal properties of the plant were studied by
several workers. The antipyretic effect (Kirtikar and
Basu, 1975; Okpanyi and Ezekwu, 1981) antimalaria
effect (Tella, 1977; Rochankij et al., 1985) antidiabetic
effect (Shukla and Bhandari, 1973), antifertility effect
(Sinha et al., 1984), effect on the central nervous
system (Phillai and Shanthakumari, 1984),
cardiovascular effect (Thompson and Anderson, 1978)
and wound healing (Jayaprakasan et al., 2014) were
some of the studies of earlier workers. A. indica has
been shown to possess anti-microbial properties by
several studies. Rao et al. (1986) reported the anti-
microbial activity of the seed oil against a variety of
pathogens. Oils from the leaves, seeds and bark
possess antibacterial action against certain bacteria
(Khan and Wassilar, 1987). Extracts of neem leaf,
neem oil and seed kernels are effective against certain
human fungi (Biswas et al., 2002). More than 135
compounds have been isolated from different parts of
neem and several reviews have also been published on
the chemistry and structural diversity of these
compounds (Fujiwara et al., 1982; Khan and Wassilar,
1987). In view of the reported medical properties of the
plant this work is intended to determine the chemical
constituents of the leaf by carrying out its
phytochemical screening and to investigate the
antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic
extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica on some
microorganisms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Collection and Preparation of Plant
Materials
Fresh leaves of A. indica Juss were collected from Jos
North Local Government area, Plateau State, Nigeria
and authenticated at the Botany Department of
University of Jos. After collection, the leaves were dried
in the shade. The dried leaves were then ground to
powder using an electric blender and kept in the
refrigerator prior to use. The aqueous and ethanolic
extracts of the plants were extracted from 100g of dried
powdered leaves with 400ml sterile distilled water and
400ml ethanol respectively using Soxhlet method
(Nwachukwu et al., 2006). The extracts of the plant
were evaporated in an oven at 40
O
c, and then used for
Phytochemical screening and microbiological studies
(Reeves et al., 1978).
Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous and
Alcoholic Extracts of A. indica leaf
The phytochemical screening for major constituents
was undertaken using standard qualitative methods as
described by Trease and Evans (1989), Harbone
(1985), Odebiyi and Sofowora (1990) and Sofowora
(1993). The phytochemical screening of the aqueous
and alcoholic extracts of the leaf of A. indica was
carried out for the presence alkaloids, cardiac
glucosides, flavonoids phenols, resins, saponins,
tannins, terpenes and steroids using standard
phytochemical methods. The phytochemical screening
of the ethanolic extracts of the plant was carried out in
order to elucidate the chemical constituents (bioactive
agents) responsible for their antimicrobial and
therapeutic activities.
Tests for Alkaloid
Preliminary test (Dragendorff reagent test)
A few drops of Dragendorff reagent were added to
2.0ml of the extract and a solution of potassium
bismuth iodine was also added and observed for
orange colouration.
Confirmatory test (Wagner reagent test)
A few drops of the Wagner Reagent were added to
2.0ml of the extract and a solution of iodine in
potassium iodine was also added and the formation of
deep brown precipitate would indicate the presence of
alkaloid (Trease and Evans, 1989).
Tests for Cardiac Glycoside
Preliminary test (Lieberman’s test)
Two millilitres of the plant extract was added to 2.0ml of
acetic anhydride and cooled in ice. Sulphuric acid was
added carefully along the side of the test tube. A colour
change from violet to blue green indicates the presence
of steroid nucleus (i.e. a glycone portion of the cardiac
glycoside).
Confirmatory test (Salkowski test)
Two millilitres of the extract was dissolved in 2.0ml of
chloroform. Sulphuric acid was carefully added to form
a lower layer. A reddish–brown colour at the interphase
indicates the presence of cardiac glycoside (Sofowora,
1993).
Test for Flavonoids
A few drops 10% of lead acetate solution was added to
2.0ml of the extract in a test tube. The observation of
either cream or light yellow colourations confirms the
presence of flavonoids (Harbone, 1985).
Test for Phenols
Two millilitres of the extract was added to 2ml of ferric
chloride. A deep blush green solution indicates the
presence of phenols (Odebiyi and Sofowora, 1990).
Test for Resins
Two milliliters of acetic anhydride was added to 2.0ml
of the extract and a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid
was also added. The observation of a purple colour,
3. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) on some
microorganisms
World J. Microbiol. 058
Table 1. Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica
Chemical Component Aqueous Extract Ethanol Extract
Alkaloids + +
Cardiac glycosides + +
Flavonoids + +
Phenols + +
Resins + +
Saponins + +
Tannins + +
Terpens and Steriods + +
+ = Presence of chemical component.
rapidly changing to violet indicates the presence of
resins (Trease and Evans, 1989).
Test for saponins
Five millilitres of distilled water was added to 2.0ml of
the extract in a test tube. This was shaken vigorously
after which a few drops of olive oil was added.
Formation of an emulsion will indicate the presence of
saponins. Also the formation of persistent foams during
plant extraction or during the concentration of plant
extract is reliable evidence that saponins are present
(Sofowora, 1993).
Tests for Tannins
Preliminary test
One millilitre of the extract was diluted with 4.0ml of
distilled water (in a ration 1:4) and a few drops of 10%
very dilute ferric chloride solution was gradually added
to the aqueous extract. The presence of blue or green
precipitate or colourations shows the presence of
tannins.
Confirmatory test
A few drops of lead acetate solution were added to
2.0ml of the extract. The resulting solution was
observed for brown precipitate which indicates the
presence of tannins (Sofowora, 1993).
Test for Terpenes and Steroids
One millilitre of acetic anhydride was added to 2.0ml of
the extract and then concentrated sulphuric acid was
carefully added down the side of the test tube. An
observation for reddish brown colour at the interphase
indicates the presence of terpenes and steroids
(Harbone, 1973).
Source and Preparation of Microorganisms
The microorganisms used in this study were obtained
from Microbiology Unit of Jos University Teaching
Hospital (JUTH), Nigeria. The microorganisms used for
the investigation included Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and
Candida albicans. The cultures of the microorganisms
were on agar slopes at 4
O
C and were sub-cultured into
nutrient broth and incubated at 37
O
C for 24 hour prior to
sensitivity testing in order to obtain a more vigorous
population.
Sensitivity Testing
Before carrying out the antimicrobial test, the ethanolic
and aqueous plant extracts and the standard were
prepared using doubling dilution method described by
(Taura and Oyeyi, 2009) to obtain 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml
and 12.5mg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of the plant
extracts was determined using agar well diffusion
method (Thormberry, 1983; Irobi et al., 1996; Akande
and Hayashi, 1998). About 0.5ml of the standardized
portion of the new microbial culture was aseptically
transferred into Petri dishes containing Nutrient Agar
(NA) for bacterial isolates and Potato dextrose Agar
(PDA) for Candida albicans and left for about 20
minutes to allow the microorganisms fix on the media.
Wells where extracts were to be introduced into the
plates were carefully marked using sterile cork borer
(6mm diameter) and small drops of extract of various
concentrations (50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml)
were added into the wells. A well was also made at the
central portion of the agar medium and drops of sterile
distilled water and or 95% ethanol were placed therein
to serve as controls. The plates which were prepared in
triplicates were incubated at 37
O
C and the zones of
inhibition were measured after 24 hours (Mudi and
Ibrahim, 2008). The presence of zones of inhibition was
regarded as the evidence of antimicrobial action. The
zones of inhibition were measured with a ruler at right
angles across the zones to find the average diameter in
millimeters.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preliminary phytochemical investigation of aqueous and
ethanolic leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica are
presented in Table 1. The result revealed the presence
of alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, flavonoids, phenols,
resins, saponins, tannins, terpenes and steroids in both
aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts.
The results obtained from the present study showed
4. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) on some
microorganisms
Itelima et al. 059
Table 2. Anti-microbial Effects of different Concentrations of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica on
Some Microorganisms
Mean diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) at Different concentrations (mg/ml)
Organism AE EE
50.0 25.0 12.5 50.0 25.0 12.5
Staphylococcus aureus 40.00 35.00 - 0.50 0.35 -
Bacillus subtilis 21.00 19.00 - 21.00 18.00 -
Escherichia coli 28.00 25.20 - 1.00 0.60 -
Klebsiella sp 0.04 0.30 - 4.00 2.00 -
Salmonella typhi 26.00 20.50 - 3.00 2.20 -
Pseudomonas aerugenosa 0.03 0.20 - 4.00 3.00 -
Candida albicans 12.30 10.00 - 18.00 5.00 -
AE = Aqueous Extract
EE = Ethanolic Extract
- = No inhibition
that the aqueous and ethanolic extract of the leaf of A.
indica have some antimicrobial activities against the
test microorganisms (Table 2). The aqueous and
alcoholic extracts of the leaf of A. indica showed anti-
microbial activity against all the test organisms at
concentrations 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml; however both
extracts showed no activity at concentration 12.5mg/ml.
On comparing the two extracts, aqueous extract seem
to exhibit higher anti-microbial effect than the ethanolic
extract except with Baciilus subtilis, which showed
almost similar sensitivity to both extracts. This may be
suggesting that the anti-microbial activity of A. indica
leaf extract seemed to depend on its polar constituents
with the aqueous extract being more polar than the
ethanolic extract (Onoruvwe, 1965).
The degree of inhibition by aqueous extract was
observed to be highest in S. aureus and lowest in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results on the effect of the
ethanolic extract of the plant showed that the growth of
B. subtilis was most strongly inhibited followed by
Candida albicans at 50mg/ml, while activity against S.
aureus was least at the same concentration. The crude
extract of the leaf of A. indica was active against Gram
positive and Gram negative bacteria as revealed in the
study. This finding confirms the studies of Rao et al.
(1986), which reported that A. indica possesses a wide
spectrum of antibacterial activities. Also results
obtained show that the extracts of neem plant inhibited
the growth of Candida aibicans as corroborated by the
work of Khan and Wassilew (1987).
The inhibition of various microbial isolates used in this
study by the leaf of A. indica can be extrapolated to
explain that it could be effective in the treatment of
infection caused by the organisms (George, 1980;
Burkill, 1985). Staphylococcus aureus is found in
wounds and also causes skin infections; Bacillus
subtilis is involved in gastroenteritis, Salmonella typhi
causes typhoid fever, E. coli is a common organism
involved in diarrhoea of bacterial origin, while Candida
aibicans has been implicated in thrush.
The anti-microbial property exhibited by the leaf
extracts of A. indica may be due to the presence of
individual bioactive ingredients in the plant. These
chemical constituents are known to possess anti-
microbial properties (Erique, 1988). The presence of
glycosides in the leaf of A. indica is important in
therapeutic use of this plant because of their ability to
increase the force of systolic concentration (Tyler et al.,
1988). Phenolic compounds extracted from many plant
parts have shown an excellent antioxidant capacity
(Harbone, 1985). Since the extracts showed no activity
at concentration 12.5mg/ml, it is possible that the
quantity of the active ingredients present at this
concentration is not sufficient to encourage their
inhibition of the microorganisms. The high inhibitory
effect exhibited by neem leaf extracted on some of the
test microorganisms further supports the traditional
uses of the plant for curing various infections and thus
confirming its therapeutic potency.
The observed activity of the leaf extracts of A. indica
against all the test microorganisms may present it as a
useful agent in treating bacterial and fungal-based
infections. Neem leaf can serve as a potential source of
drugs which may be a subject of great interest among
drug and cosmetic manufacturers.
REFERENCES
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contents from selected tropical chewing sticks against
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus
auricularis. World Journal of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, 14:235-238.
Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Ranajit KB, Bandyopadhya
U (2002). Biological activities and medical properties
of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Sciences. 82
(11): 1336 -1345.
Bodunrin OO (1999). Determination of sulphur content
and pH of the bark of mango and neem trees. Thesis
(Bsc); Chemistry department, University of Jos.
pp.34.
Burkill HM (1985). A Revised of Delziel's. The Useful
Plants of West Tropical African. Royal Botanica-l
Gardens, Kew 2, pp. 44 -45.
Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Handa KL, Kapur LD (1958).
Indigenous Drugs of India, U.N. Dhur and sons,
Kolkala. pp.595.
Erique G (1988). Natural Remedies for Health and Well
Being 5
th
Edition Orvit publishing Company, Mexico
pp.359.
Fujiwara T, Takeka TO, Gihara Y, Shimizu M, Nomura
T, Tomuta Y (1982), Studies on the structure of
polysaccharides from the bark of Medica azadirachta.
Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 30: 4025 - 4030.