The main objective of this paper is to explore the views of developers about the impact of construction industries development on the environment to ascertain feasibility practice of sustainable construction principles. A survey of developers registered with REHDA community was conducted to assess their views on the impact of construction industries development on the environment when implementation of their projects. Results reveal that environment problems are the effect of construction industries development. Furthermore, results identified a need for adopting environmental sound management approach in construction projects. Developers are very important people, who can play a significant role in planning and implementing sustainability strategies for the construction sector so environment and natural energies can be preserved for good. Cross-section views of these developers form the basis of this study, thus, it was a cross-sectional study based on the relationship of construction industries with environment within Penang. The study magnified the effect of localized construction industries into the environment, which was concurrent with the worldwide issues happening in the contemporary environment. The study of these relationships explores the current environmental practices in depth and incurs the attention of implementation of sustainability performance in built environment.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
In residential buildings, providing comfortable living environment for building occupants is a major challenge for architects, engineers and those who involved in the building industry. It is reported that considerable energy is consumed to provide and maintain acceptable indoor conditions for thermal comfort in residential buildings in hot-humid climate. The observable increase in energy consumption is chiefly resulting from the growing use of air conditioning system. There are various energy conservation measures which can be applied to reduce energy consumption and among these measures are passive envelope design measures. This paper addresses the energy performance of selected high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur. Energy Plus software is utilized in measuring the performance because of its availability, validity and accuracy. Possible energy savings due to passive envelope design measures integration are investigated. This includes investigating the effect of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings.
Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Question of Energy EfficiencyIOSR Journals
This article aims to examine the conditions in which technological innovation can foster and promote sustainable development. It takes into account all forms of technological innovation potential for sustainable development: process innovations, product innovations, organizational innovations, market innovations. It is also interested in the whole chain of innovation and pays particular attention to the plurality of devices innovation. This Research continues scientific representations which are guided by operational concerns. This paper will attempt to discern the relationship between innovation and energy efficiency. Thus, we will describe the technology and process innovation for sustainable development and where energy consumption is minimized for a service rendered identical. We will put the findings into perspective in relation to the Tunisian context
IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT AS AN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TOOL FOR BUI...ijmvsc
Today, several researches have been carried out in the area of sustainability with much emphasis being
placed on the environmental dimension. Though this is good, a balance needs to be created between the
environmental, economic and social sustainability dimensions. Bearing this in mind, the construction
professionals are saddled with the responsibility of delivering sustainable construction projects using
diverse tools. One of such tool is Value Management (VM). Hence, this research assessed the use of VM in
delivering economically sustainable constructions. A case study approach was employed and the study
revealed that VM has a great role to play in delivering economic sustainability in construction since both
VM and Sustainability (the economic dimension) have a common goal which is; achieving value for money.
Notable benefits of VM in providing economic sustainability in construction includes: reduction of overall
cost while maintaining function through identification and removal of unnecessary materials and process
and use of local materials to save cost of importation and transportation. The study therefore recommends
the implementation of VM in building construction and presentation at various workshops and seminars in
order to enhance sustainable construction development through VM practise
Business and Sustainability: New Business History PerspectivesDiego Fernandes
I've just found it very interesting and relevant for sharing.
Kudos to Ann-Kristin Bergquist for her work and HBS for supporting it.
"This working paper provides a long-term business history perspective on environmental
sustainability. For a long time, the central issues addressed in the discipline of business history
concerned how business enterprises innovated and created wealth, as well as patterns of success
and failure in that process, but there now exists a compelling stream of new research focused
on the environmental consequences of economic growth. The earliest theme to be explored, is
the story of how and why some conventional industries sought to become less polluting.
Researchers have dated this phenomenon back to the late nineteenth century, showed it gained
momentum from the 1960s, and explored how it resulted in the mainstreaming of sustainability
rhetoric, and sometimes practice, in large Western corporations from the 1980s. A more recent
research theme has been the story of how for-profit entrepreneurs developed entire new product
categories such as organic food and wind and solar energy. This process has also been traced
back to the nineteenth century. With the rise in green consumerism and public policy support
in some developed countries (primarily in Europe) for sustainability during the 1990s, these
two historical trends met, as the concept of sustainable development spread to large
conventional corporations, and visionary green firms scaled or were acquired by conventional
big businesses. The problem is that the concept of sustainability became socially constructed in
a sufficiently broad fashion as to include even the most unsustainable and dirty industries. The
working paper concludes that the emergent business history literature needs to be incorporated
in the wider management literatures on sustainability, and the issue of business and
sustainability deserves to become a central issue, rather than a marginal one, in the discipline
of business history."
Impact of CNG Load Shedding on Daily Routine: A Study of PakistanMuhammad Arslan
People of Pakistan are facing a number of problems due to CNG load shedding. This study investigated the consequences of energy on routines of people and also on social and economic performance of people. Primary data has been collected by conducting video recorded interviews and comment based interviews from twin cities i.e. Islamabad and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. The sample of study includes students, housewives, businessmen and professional workers who are affecting by this CNG shortage. This study focuses on relationship between CNG shortage and its effect on daily routine life and performance of people. It also focuses on psychological issues as well as the economic issues that are caused due to this shortage. This study utilizes in depth semi structured interviews to conduct the qualitative study. N-Vivo 10 is used as tool of data analysis. The CNG shortage in Pakistan caused many critical issues like unemployment, decrease in export contracts and commodities prices are increasing due to this shortage. Less working hours, lack of social and family gathering, increase in work load, depression and anxiety are results caused by CNG shortage. It is concluded that CNG shortage has bad impact on people’s lives and on their overall performance.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
In residential buildings, providing comfortable living environment for building occupants is a major challenge for architects, engineers and those who involved in the building industry. It is reported that considerable energy is consumed to provide and maintain acceptable indoor conditions for thermal comfort in residential buildings in hot-humid climate. The observable increase in energy consumption is chiefly resulting from the growing use of air conditioning system. There are various energy conservation measures which can be applied to reduce energy consumption and among these measures are passive envelope design measures. This paper addresses the energy performance of selected high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur. Energy Plus software is utilized in measuring the performance because of its availability, validity and accuracy. Possible energy savings due to passive envelope design measures integration are investigated. This includes investigating the effect of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings.
Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Question of Energy EfficiencyIOSR Journals
This article aims to examine the conditions in which technological innovation can foster and promote sustainable development. It takes into account all forms of technological innovation potential for sustainable development: process innovations, product innovations, organizational innovations, market innovations. It is also interested in the whole chain of innovation and pays particular attention to the plurality of devices innovation. This Research continues scientific representations which are guided by operational concerns. This paper will attempt to discern the relationship between innovation and energy efficiency. Thus, we will describe the technology and process innovation for sustainable development and where energy consumption is minimized for a service rendered identical. We will put the findings into perspective in relation to the Tunisian context
IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT AS AN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TOOL FOR BUI...ijmvsc
Today, several researches have been carried out in the area of sustainability with much emphasis being
placed on the environmental dimension. Though this is good, a balance needs to be created between the
environmental, economic and social sustainability dimensions. Bearing this in mind, the construction
professionals are saddled with the responsibility of delivering sustainable construction projects using
diverse tools. One of such tool is Value Management (VM). Hence, this research assessed the use of VM in
delivering economically sustainable constructions. A case study approach was employed and the study
revealed that VM has a great role to play in delivering economic sustainability in construction since both
VM and Sustainability (the economic dimension) have a common goal which is; achieving value for money.
Notable benefits of VM in providing economic sustainability in construction includes: reduction of overall
cost while maintaining function through identification and removal of unnecessary materials and process
and use of local materials to save cost of importation and transportation. The study therefore recommends
the implementation of VM in building construction and presentation at various workshops and seminars in
order to enhance sustainable construction development through VM practise
Business and Sustainability: New Business History PerspectivesDiego Fernandes
I've just found it very interesting and relevant for sharing.
Kudos to Ann-Kristin Bergquist for her work and HBS for supporting it.
"This working paper provides a long-term business history perspective on environmental
sustainability. For a long time, the central issues addressed in the discipline of business history
concerned how business enterprises innovated and created wealth, as well as patterns of success
and failure in that process, but there now exists a compelling stream of new research focused
on the environmental consequences of economic growth. The earliest theme to be explored, is
the story of how and why some conventional industries sought to become less polluting.
Researchers have dated this phenomenon back to the late nineteenth century, showed it gained
momentum from the 1960s, and explored how it resulted in the mainstreaming of sustainability
rhetoric, and sometimes practice, in large Western corporations from the 1980s. A more recent
research theme has been the story of how for-profit entrepreneurs developed entire new product
categories such as organic food and wind and solar energy. This process has also been traced
back to the nineteenth century. With the rise in green consumerism and public policy support
in some developed countries (primarily in Europe) for sustainability during the 1990s, these
two historical trends met, as the concept of sustainable development spread to large
conventional corporations, and visionary green firms scaled or were acquired by conventional
big businesses. The problem is that the concept of sustainability became socially constructed in
a sufficiently broad fashion as to include even the most unsustainable and dirty industries. The
working paper concludes that the emergent business history literature needs to be incorporated
in the wider management literatures on sustainability, and the issue of business and
sustainability deserves to become a central issue, rather than a marginal one, in the discipline
of business history."
Impact of CNG Load Shedding on Daily Routine: A Study of PakistanMuhammad Arslan
People of Pakistan are facing a number of problems due to CNG load shedding. This study investigated the consequences of energy on routines of people and also on social and economic performance of people. Primary data has been collected by conducting video recorded interviews and comment based interviews from twin cities i.e. Islamabad and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. The sample of study includes students, housewives, businessmen and professional workers who are affecting by this CNG shortage. This study focuses on relationship between CNG shortage and its effect on daily routine life and performance of people. It also focuses on psychological issues as well as the economic issues that are caused due to this shortage. This study utilizes in depth semi structured interviews to conduct the qualitative study. N-Vivo 10 is used as tool of data analysis. The CNG shortage in Pakistan caused many critical issues like unemployment, decrease in export contracts and commodities prices are increasing due to this shortage. Less working hours, lack of social and family gathering, increase in work load, depression and anxiety are results caused by CNG shortage. It is concluded that CNG shortage has bad impact on people’s lives and on their overall performance.
A Study on Eco-friendly Building Management with Respect to Feasibility of Im...inventionjournals
The purpose of the study is to examine the factors affecting the eco-friendly building management with respect to feasibility of implementation. A cross sectional research on 487 citizens and 500 students through questionnaire method and analysed using SPSS software. The population of study consists of resident’s views on eco-friendly building management in Kochi. The study was conducted during the period of October 2016 to January 2017. This study identified five dimensions of eco-friendly building management such as public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management and water and energy management. Furthermore, this study confirmed that there is significant impact on public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management.
The occupational accidents are not standardized to rating the risk factors for timely execution of infrastructures. Particularly, developing countries do not have guided information on their accidents due to safety, health and environment which are lack of proper systems. The number of accidents occurring in each infrastructures construction projects are not projected and published in Nepal. Training, awarding for the workers is not done or not effective. Safety engineers along with the workers need to aware to every construction project is not yet started. Project owner, consultant and contractors must be responsible along with the construction safety act which must be promulgated as soon as possible to response the Health, Safety and Environment risks. Safety engineering and prosperous Nepal are two side of same coin. By ignoring safety engineering to achieve prospers Nepal and happy Nepali is baseless dream .There would be lot of chances to inviting the risk factors which can lose much more.
The Paradigm Shift of Managing Hilly Terrains Developments in Malaysia inventionjournals
Due to vigorous development in the hilly terrain areas has resulted in river pollution and slope failure. Management elements such as planning, enforcement and monitoring must be addressed properly to avoid further degradation of the hilly terrains. The involvement of the public, private sector and nongovernmental organizations must be given priority for maintaining sustainable development. This intended study involves how the constructs such as inspiration, moral values, volunteerism, cooperation and advice can be tested against the management elements. Even though there are various act, law, guidelines and plans being utilized to curb environmental problem, unfortunately the issues is persistence like thorn in the flesh. So, this study tries to explore the relationship between management and various stakeholders involving aspects such as inspiration, moral values, volunteerism, cooperation and advice related to planning, enforcement and monitoring in the hilly terrains areas
Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies: Identifying the Hierarchy and...scmsnoida5
The application of new, resource efficient
Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) has
become crucial for both development and the
environment. Technology transfer is most
fundamentally complex process of learning and the
effective transfer is not possible until all the factors
related to transfer process is well understood. Present
paper aims to understand Hierarchy and interrelationship
among barriers to the process of adoption
of environmentally sound technologies using an
interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique. The
paper will reveal how ISM supports policy planners
and implementing agencies in recognizing and
exploring interdependencies among barriers to EST.
The main findings of the paper contain the
development of Hierarchy and inter-relationship of
barriers to EST adoption with ISM model. The
identified barriers are divided into five blocks of
Hierarchy that display their inter-relationship depicting
the driving-dependence relationship. This academic
exercise of ISM model development is expected to
direct a way forward to the policy planners, makers
and implementers to leverage their resources
optimally with effective adoption of EST.
Severity Index of Environmental Factors Associated with Building Construction...IJERD Editor
Environmental impact assessment of construction projects is demanded by government of developed nations where the construction industry is regulated. This is however not the case in developing nations where the industry is not regulated. In this research, types and the degree of severity of environmental factors associated with building construction projects in Lagos state of Nigeria was examined. Twenty –eight on-going building projects scattered between Lagos Island and the mainland were randomly selected from each cluster using proportional allocation. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey administered on 3 senior management staff and 7 artisans at each site. The study established raw material consumption and transportation as the most always occurring, most severe construction activity constituting environmental hazard and having the highest impact level on the environment. It was concluded that on-site construction activities have significant impact on the environment across the broad spectrum of, natural resource, ecosystem and public health.
Towards Sustainability of Open Space’s Planning and Management in Nigeria: Ro...Agboola Paul
This paper critically explores the influencing roles plays by science and technology on evolving a sustainable environment integrated with appropriate open space planning and management. It identified and discussed the strategic imperatives for sustainable development, and recommends the need for the government of developing countries to initiate an effective policy formulation. The significance of the study hinged on efforts geared towards matching up with open space planning and managements in Nigeria as developing countries
A Study on Eco-friendly Building Management with Respect to Feasibility of Im...inventionjournals
The purpose of the study is to examine the factors affecting the eco-friendly building management with respect to feasibility of implementation. A cross sectional research on 487 citizens and 500 students through questionnaire method and analysed using SPSS software. The population of study consists of resident’s views on eco-friendly building management in Kochi. The study was conducted during the period of October 2016 to January 2017. This study identified five dimensions of eco-friendly building management such as public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management and water and energy management. Furthermore, this study confirmed that there is significant impact on public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management.
The occupational accidents are not standardized to rating the risk factors for timely execution of infrastructures. Particularly, developing countries do not have guided information on their accidents due to safety, health and environment which are lack of proper systems. The number of accidents occurring in each infrastructures construction projects are not projected and published in Nepal. Training, awarding for the workers is not done or not effective. Safety engineers along with the workers need to aware to every construction project is not yet started. Project owner, consultant and contractors must be responsible along with the construction safety act which must be promulgated as soon as possible to response the Health, Safety and Environment risks. Safety engineering and prosperous Nepal are two side of same coin. By ignoring safety engineering to achieve prospers Nepal and happy Nepali is baseless dream .There would be lot of chances to inviting the risk factors which can lose much more.
The Paradigm Shift of Managing Hilly Terrains Developments in Malaysia inventionjournals
Due to vigorous development in the hilly terrain areas has resulted in river pollution and slope failure. Management elements such as planning, enforcement and monitoring must be addressed properly to avoid further degradation of the hilly terrains. The involvement of the public, private sector and nongovernmental organizations must be given priority for maintaining sustainable development. This intended study involves how the constructs such as inspiration, moral values, volunteerism, cooperation and advice can be tested against the management elements. Even though there are various act, law, guidelines and plans being utilized to curb environmental problem, unfortunately the issues is persistence like thorn in the flesh. So, this study tries to explore the relationship between management and various stakeholders involving aspects such as inspiration, moral values, volunteerism, cooperation and advice related to planning, enforcement and monitoring in the hilly terrains areas
Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies: Identifying the Hierarchy and...scmsnoida5
The application of new, resource efficient
Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) has
become crucial for both development and the
environment. Technology transfer is most
fundamentally complex process of learning and the
effective transfer is not possible until all the factors
related to transfer process is well understood. Present
paper aims to understand Hierarchy and interrelationship
among barriers to the process of adoption
of environmentally sound technologies using an
interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique. The
paper will reveal how ISM supports policy planners
and implementing agencies in recognizing and
exploring interdependencies among barriers to EST.
The main findings of the paper contain the
development of Hierarchy and inter-relationship of
barriers to EST adoption with ISM model. The
identified barriers are divided into five blocks of
Hierarchy that display their inter-relationship depicting
the driving-dependence relationship. This academic
exercise of ISM model development is expected to
direct a way forward to the policy planners, makers
and implementers to leverage their resources
optimally with effective adoption of EST.
Severity Index of Environmental Factors Associated with Building Construction...IJERD Editor
Environmental impact assessment of construction projects is demanded by government of developed nations where the construction industry is regulated. This is however not the case in developing nations where the industry is not regulated. In this research, types and the degree of severity of environmental factors associated with building construction projects in Lagos state of Nigeria was examined. Twenty –eight on-going building projects scattered between Lagos Island and the mainland were randomly selected from each cluster using proportional allocation. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey administered on 3 senior management staff and 7 artisans at each site. The study established raw material consumption and transportation as the most always occurring, most severe construction activity constituting environmental hazard and having the highest impact level on the environment. It was concluded that on-site construction activities have significant impact on the environment across the broad spectrum of, natural resource, ecosystem and public health.
Towards Sustainability of Open Space’s Planning and Management in Nigeria: Ro...Agboola Paul
This paper critically explores the influencing roles plays by science and technology on evolving a sustainable environment integrated with appropriate open space planning and management. It identified and discussed the strategic imperatives for sustainable development, and recommends the need for the government of developing countries to initiate an effective policy formulation. The significance of the study hinged on efforts geared towards matching up with open space planning and managements in Nigeria as developing countries
sustainability re thinking a tool for planning and design in nigeria built e...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well being of the planet with continued growth and development. This requires awareness of full short and long term consequences of any transformation of the environment. The paper investigates the principles underpinning tools and physical measures within the scope of planning and design in built environment. Working for sustainability demands an awareness of how everything works whether natural or man-made. The available range of tools for planning and design nesting with planning and design process is hereby discussed. The paper highlights that environment are met to change with inspiration and human creativity involving the concept of designing professionals within the concept of planning and design tools. Therefore, a more appropriate understanding of sustainability based on the critical activities of planning and design in the face of development and constructions are needed.
Effect of quality culture on building construction project in nigeriaResearchWap
The aim of this study is to assess the quality culture on building construction works in Kwara State, Nigeria. To accomplish this aim, a number of research objectives have been established:
These include:
1. To assess the perception of quality in construction industry in Nigeria
2. To evaluate the factors affecting the implementation of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria
3. To examine the factors affecting the maintenance of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria
4. To evaluate the constraints encountered in the implementation of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria.
Jurnal Internasional – Dampak Energi Terbarukan Terhadap Ketenagakerjaan di I...Dani Gunawan
Sebuah permintaan global untuk energi telah memaksa banyak negara untuk mencari energi alternatif dan terbarukan . Efek diantisipasi pengembangan terbarukan adalah peningkatan lapangan kerja sebagai bagian dari penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan hijau baru , manfaat besar bagi Indonesia untuk mengatasi tingkat pengangguran yang tinggi . Makalah ini menjelaskan dampak pengembangan energi terbarukan pada penciptaan lapangan kerja di Indonesia .
Research trends are tending towards sustainability in construction and project
delivery is drawing the interest and attention of great researchers. This review work in
trying to get better understanding of the research area and presents current research
trends in the area of research in sustainability and construction and project delivery from
2003-2017. This review is done through thorough analysis of 50 published research
papers by different authors retrieved from Google Scholar, and Science Direct online
databases in the field of sustainable construction project delivery. All the analysis
conducted covers the researchable areas, the countries that have been frontiers to the
research, the research approaches, the tools for data collection and analysis and the
contributions of authors relating to identified areas and identification of main authors
contribution and lastly the prediction of possible future researchable areas relating to the
field of sustainability and construction in delivery of projects. The results of this review
identified seven researchable areas relating to sustainability and construction in project
delivery. Further results revealed that literature review, interviews, semi structured
interviews, industry surveys and content analysis were the main approaches adopted for
carrying out research work while research data were collected mainly through
questionnaires, interviews, and site observations. Discourse analysis, factor analysis and
multiple regression analysis were the major methods used in analysing the data collected
although the use of software is also trending during research on sustainable construction
project delivery. Jiang Zuo, Bo Xiang, Cheng Sien Goh and Steve Rowlinson are
researchers who were identified as part of those who have contributed enormously, with
some other following suite and breaking grounds in research work in the field of
sustainable construction project delivery. However there are still areas like the climate
and its effects on sustainable construction, BIM in sustainability and Lean applications
Technology And The Construction Industry Essay
Construction Of Construction And Construction
Construction Project Essay
Research Paper On Modern Construction Techniques
Essay On Construction Management
Construction Industry Literature Review
Essay on Construction
Essay On Construction Industry
Building Construction Essay
Construction Essay
Construction Of The Construction Industry Essay
The Complexity in Construction Projects
Essay About Construction
Construction Project : A Complex Process Essay
A Career in the Construction Industry
General Contractor Essay
Construction Economics
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In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
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Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries Development on Environment: Case Study in Penang, Malaysia
Cheen et al. 123
Construction itself creates a variety of
environmental problems, which is due to the layouts and
locations of the construction, materials used in the
construction, physical appearance of the building
structures and the nature of the design methods of
construction, (Ramachandran, 1990). One of the
examples of damage to the environment can be
understood through the water-related pollution.
Construction industry pollutes water by 22 percent in
comparison to the all substantiated pollution initiated
incidents in the sector (Morledge and Jackson 2001).
Unfortunately, construction industry is one of the least
sustainable practices in the entire industrial sector
(Willmott Dixon Group, 2010).
Penang, a well-known developed state amongst
others state in Malaysia. However, the construction
sector in Penang state is not different from other
developing countries. Penang focuses on construction
industry development after the demand for manufacturing
sector getting decrease gradually. The growth of
construction sector was 15.4 per cent in 2012 and
increased to 14.7 per cent in 2013, which implicated the
highest growth amongst all sectors in Penang (Mok,
2015). Apparently the development of construction
industry can contribute to the social and economic gains;
but the impact of construction industries development on
environment is the price to pay. The construction built
environment had exploited the most of both renewable
and non-renewable natural resources if compared with
others industry sector (Spence and Mulligan, 1995;
Curwell and Cooper, 1998; Uher, 1999).
Many researchers have proven the development
of the building had contributed to the environmental
deterioration with thus advocated the need of sustainable
practice for construction activities (Hill and Bowen, 1997;
Barret et al., 1999; Cole, 1999; Holmes and Hudson,
2000; Morel et al., 2001; Scheuer et al., 2003). In
addition, Green Restaurant Association (1990) reported
many construction waste and environmental problem
particular pollution issues were a part of construction by-
products. UNEP (2003) did emphasize in the report the
construction industry exploited more than one third of the
planet‟s resources and had generated tremendous huge
volume of solid waste. Thus, the huge consumption of
construction projects on resources had exaggerated the
environmental problems which caused by the high
release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Except the built of the building project such as:
residential housing; commercial building; facility building
for education center, hospitals, welfare center and etc.;
industrial zone and recreation for tourism spot, this
included the built up for civil engineering works of
transportation routes and accessibility. The development
of these kinds of construction project (ibid) significantly
consumed a huge quantity of natural resources through
the physical environment either renewable or non-
renewable had caused the paradoxical consequences.
The case became ever worse where the practice of not
sustainable construction process. Thus, the impact of
construction on the environment is huge and massive. In
order to preserve and conserve the natural environment,
construction industry should play a significant role by
undertaking the effective approaches, such as practicing
environmental management system in the building
projects. Synchronously, the purpose of this study is to
survey the extent of the awareness in stakeholders
regarding the impact of construction industries on the
environment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Penang state is located in the north-western part of the
Malaysia country where tucked in between the much
larger Kedah and Perak states along Peninsular
Malaysia‟s west coast. Penang is a metropolitan city and
is one of the most developed among the states in
Malaysia. However, Penang only occupied six per cent of
the population in Malaysia but yet contributed 36% of
Malaysia's foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2010 (Lim,
2011). The development of Penang propelled by it
prosperous growth of real estate market plus its
abundance of attractive tourism hotspots had lead the
burgeoning of tourism industries. These scenarios have
given rise to a host of construction opportunities.
Formerly, the state‟s gross domestic product (GDP)
increased from RM1.3 billion in 1970 to RM21 billion in
2009, of which 39 per cent was contributed by the
manufacturing industry and a substantial 57 percent from
the services sector (OECD, 2011). But in the recent year
by looking into the construction sector, Penang state had
ranked the fifth-largest value of contracts awarded in
Malaysia.
According to the recorded data in the
Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
(CIDB), the total amount was up to RM6.59bn ($2.06bn)
worth of projects for which spread over to 479 contracts
(Oxford Business Group, 2015). The historical of
economic development in Penang can show the overall
picture of the evolution in industrial sector. The
interesting fact is, the transformation progress of the state
was stimulant by the Penang Chief Ministers. Penang
had undergone the fourth time of chief ministers
swapping since the year of independence, 1957 till the
current year. There are Wong Pow Nee (1957-1969) who
is the first State Chief Minister, Lim Chong Eu (1969-
1990) is the second State Chief Minister, then followed by
KohTsu Koon (1990-2008) for being the third State Chief
Minister, and the fourth State Chief Minister is Lim
GuanEng (2008 till the present) (Wan Fairuzat el., 2013).
3. Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries Development on Environment: Case Study in Penang, Malaysia
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 124
The well-established construction sector in
Penang is induced by the development of infrastructure
and transportation projects; residential and non-
residential of projects development. The paradigm shift of
development plan in Penang has changed into
construction sector because of plunging demand for the
manufacturing sector in the recent year (Mok, 2015).
However, the burgeoning development of construction
sectors are harmful to the environment for which might
give the impact detrimentally. The significance impacts of
construction industries into the environment are attributed
by the huge exploitation of natural resources and the
generation of pollutants and wastes as construction
byproducts. The statistically data recorded the
construction industry consumed approximately 45-50
percent proportional of the global energy usage;
approximately 50 percent of worldwide water usage; and
approximately 60 percent of the total usage of raw
materials (Willmott Dixon Group, 2010).
Meanwhile, based on the report of US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)in archive
document (2009), the emissions of construction
industries are ranked the top amongst the sector. Based
on the their statistical report, the construction sector in
the worldwide had produced side elements which harmful
to the environment are such as: 23 percent of air
pollution, 50 percent of climate change gases, 40 percent
of water pollution, and another 50 percent of landfill
wastes. The development of construction sector in
Penang (a part of state in Malaysia) not excluded for its
contribution to environment catastrophe. Unfortunately,
these harmful emissions of construction byproducts had
caused the serious impact into the environment had
given the cascade impact on the ecological system and
thus threatened all living creatures in the Earth.
The economic oriented development in the end
has to compensate by the loss good environmental due
to the deterioration of the environment. The evidence of
climate change can be seen through the International
Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) (2014), they reported
the increment of temperature by average 0.6°C for this
new age compared with the last hundred years ago.
However, the infinitesimal increment of the temperature
had induced the global warming problem to the Earth for
which was the catalyst to the nature disaster of
evolvement. The cause of global warming due to the
increasing discharge of man-made concentration trace
such as: greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and
nitrogen oxide.
The proven evidences for which given by the
international scientists are firstly, the rising of global
temperature due by the increased amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere had prevailed the accepted
safe level. The unexpected of dangerous level carbon
dioxide had reached 400 parts per million (PPM) had
beyond the underestimated 350 ppm of the optimum level
for which permissible the increase of global temperature
below 2 degrees centigrade, reported in the International
Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) (2014).
The scientists believed the development in the
construction sector had been counted for the large extent
impact in the detrimental of the environment. Except the
huge consumption of natural resources, the construction
industry had produced various forms of wastes and
pollutants during the different stages of construction
typical processes. According to US EPA (2009), the
construction industry contributed the wastes and
pollutants in the forms of greenhouse gas elements;
toxicity gases, liquidity and solid substances elements;
plus the construction byproducts of such as: electric
wiring, particle woods, rubble, concrete, dredging
materials, rubber, and asbestos. Nonetheless, the
buildings substantially contributed ample of carbon
dioxide emissions due to its huge consumption of energy
utility. In fact, the buildings had counted for the primary of
energy consumption amongst other sectors that in turn
accelerated the deterioration of climate change (US
Department of Energy, 2009).
The adverse environmental impacts of climate
change are complex and complicated that indirectly
influence the environment and economic sectors. Climate
change is the powerful weapon and can kindle a
devastating loss to the Earth. Beside the global warming
problem, the climate change can cause the acidification
of sea water and dying off of coral reefs that harmful to
marine productivity. In addition, the increase of sea
temperature had caused the drastic change of
temperature induced the occurrence of frequent and
destroying typhoons and tornados. However, the ironic of
climate change had caused drought problems in some of
the countries like China, India, and Australia; but severe
flooding faced by certain countries at particular
experienced by the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia in
December 2014.
Moreover, the impact of global climate change
had caused the suffering of extreme climatic events
locally, especially the facing of bad weather in frequently.
The example cases such as: the formation of mini
tornadoes in Kedah in year 2014 (Oh, 2014) for the
respectively year; the increased rainfall and high winds in
certain areas; and the flooding strikes with heavy rain and
high tides happened in some areas of Penang. However,
the most worrisome part is the rise of sea level with just a
few centimeters would capable to flood the large parts of
the Penang Island. Although Malaysia have not been
threaten by the dire projections of the impacts of climate
change as some other countries are already facing, but it
4. Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries Development on Environment: Case Study in Penang, Malaysia
Cheen et al. 125
is the right time to take the precautionary principles and
undertake the efforts to preserve the environment with
the purpose to increase the capability to withstand for
such changing as well.
To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to
take the efforts to investigate the possible scenarios
which will contribute to climate change problem that
concurrently to this research study purpose. To range
between the best cases scenario to the worst cases
scenario of climate change, construction industries have
been ranked the worst scenario in climate change
contribution by most scientists unanimously. Therefore,
this study has undertaken the survey of the impact of
construction industries development on environment
based on the perspective view of those stakeholders
involved in Penang construction sector. The purpose of
the study is to examine the perspective views of the
locally construction stakeholders whether in consistency
views with those scientists. This in turn raises the
awareness of the impact of climate change by
construction industry to the project stakeholders and
prepares to devise the strategies to overcome this
problem in the consequences.
RESEARCH METHOD
A questionnaire was adopted in order to assess the
impact of construction industries development on the
environment. The response of questionnaire is based on
the perspective view of housing developers,. The
coverage of the survey area focused in Penang which
located at the North part of Peninsular Malaysia. Total
developers registered in Real Estate Housing
Developers‟ Association (REHDA) are78 companies. .
However, the sample size of the respondent which based
on the REDHA in the region‟s population is 43 of project
stakeholders. The adopted formula for sample size (n)
calculation is η=n
1
/ [1+ (n
1
/N)] (Sediary, 1994).
Where,
η = sample size;
n
1
= S
2
/v
2
;
N = total population;
v = standard error of the sampling distribution (0.05);
S = standard deviation in population at a confidence level
of95%,
S
2
= (p) * (1 − p) = (0.5) * (0.5) = 0.25.
THEORY AND CALCULATION
The questionnaire using five-point Likert scale and
respondents were asked to assign appropriate rating to
the variables. Data Analysis was done by the help of
Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version
16.0 for Windows. Significance <0.05 was revealed in the
results of data analysis. Parametric and non-parametric
correlation tests were the subjects of the sample data.
The statistical significance of standard probability
between 0 and 0.1 was used for examining the direct
relationship between the impact of construction industries
development and environment matters are exactly true.
38 percent of response rate was achieved; however, the
sample size of this survey is very small but is acceptable
for it regional survey study. The number of respondents
indicated a very good sample of developers in Penang
and all the information given is adequately represents the
population.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Relationship between Human Beings and
Environment
The relationship between the man and the environment
has been established in the early periods itself and
interaction of human beings with the nature works in
constantly. Meanwhile,, The definition of environment is
defined as the physical factors surrounding our earth in
the Environment Quality Act 1974These are the
constituents of air, water, soil, sound, particles of the
atmosphere, smell, the variety of color and included the
biological factors of flora and fauna with the social
aesthetical factors. However, the sensation of nature
towards human life can be implicated through the air we
are breathing; the water we are drinking, the food we are
eating, and the cycle flow of energy metabolizing. In this
survey, Figure 1 presented the majority respondents,
who unanimously agreed that there is a relationship
between the reactions of human beings with the
mechanisms of the environment. Cited by UNEP (2012)
in World Environment Day“Any change in the
environment can not only result in devastating effects, but
can also pose a threat to the human race”. This indicates
that humankind should play an important role for the
protection of the environment with coincide feedback
because environment itself is unable to reconstruct once
being affected by the pace of earth‟s restoration
capability, which is rather slow in comparison to the
speed of human beings at which, they are deteriorating
earth‟s environment.
The Causes of Environmental Matters
Many scientifically proven researches and facts indicate
that the earth is suffering sick due to ozone depletion,
greenhouse effect, acid rain, and extinction of creatures
and the sign of natural disasters. According to the report
of United Nations Human Settlements Program
(UNHSP), natural disasters cause a considerable amount
of damage every year in the entire world. This damage
costs around US$24 billion every year. Due to this high
5. Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries Development on Environment: Case Study in Penang, Malaysia
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 126
Figure 1. Relationship between human-being and environment
Source: Given by the Author.
Figure 2. Causes of Environmental Matters.
Source: Given by the Author.
ratio of damage, a number of living creatures are
affected, and a number of important buildings and
resources are sabotaged. Killing of innocent living
creatures due to natural disasters is not a justified act in
the present world of technology. In addition, the die of
innocent living creatures should attribute to human
beings who are responsible for making environment
suffer. Most of the respondents agreed that the
development processes in construction activities result in
the occurrence of environmental problems (Pulaski,
2004).
Meanwhile, Bennett (1991) advocated the
environment do interfere with the planned progress of
construction projects. It is been acknowledged that the
obsolescence of the earth might happen naturally but the
progression of human development activities accelerated
the problem of environment. Figure 2 represents the
causes of environmental methods, both which occur
naturally and due to the construction carried out by
human activities. The construction industry itself
accounted for around 4% of particulate emissions. The
observed environmental problem due to the effect of
construction activities is the nuisance of pollution from
noise which mainly from vehicles, heavy equipment and
machinery; air emitted dust which is classified as PM10
(invisible to the naked eye); sewage discharge and solid
wastage, plus water pollution from the sources of diesel
and oil; paint, solvents, cleaners and other harmful
chemicals; and construction debris and dirt (Gray, 2016).
Consciousness of Environmental Problem
Paraskevopoulos et. al. (1998) stated that people will act
to preserve environment if they are aware of the need for
and the ways of protecting the environment. Several of
the environmental problems presently faced by
humankind are directly or indirectly caused by exploiting
of environment and unconsciousness of the society about
environmental education (Özmen and Karamustafaoglu,
2006). The scenario did reflect in this study survey. The
responded stakeholders concurred that the impact of
construction industries development into the environment
will be reduced if consciousness about environmental
problems due to the construction projects is raised. This
is reflected in the views of respondents for the
improvements in environmental conditions and the
procrastination of environment deterioration are
necessary if conscious of the occurrence of environment
problem due by construction activity. However, there is
uncertainty in the argument of the respondents that
whether their efforts are feasible because of not
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Influence each other Good living Human responsibilityAbility of environment to reconstruct
Responses(%)
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
0
10
20
30
40
50
Happen naturally Effect of construction
Responses(%)
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
6. Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries Development on Environment: Case Study in Penang, Malaysia
Cheen et al. 127
Figure 3. Consciousness of Environmental Problem.
Source: Given by the Author.
Figure 4. Obstacles to Improve Environment Quality.
Source: Given by the Author.
foreseeable prospection. Figure 3 represents the level of
consciousness regarding environmental problems in the
local population.
Obstacles to Improve Environment Quality
In this survey, it is demonstrated the blame circle exists
amongst the stakeholders in construction industries. The
developers presumed no enforcement and regulations
being undertaken for the preservation of the environment
during a construction process. However, the regulation of
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is
inapplicable in the construction processes and had been
suggested to be customized prior for application (Zobel
and Burman, 2004). In addition, they admitted the
unconsciousness of the society welfare also one of the
factors contributing to the lack of confinement and
improvement in environment quality. This reflected the
citation of Langston and Ding (1997) whom justified the
lack of environmental awareness amongst building
practitioners may not practice for the usefulness of
recycling. Figure 4 represents different hurdles that come
across in the improvement process of environmental
quality.
Efforts to Improve Construction Industries
Sustainability Performance
According to the World Report (1994), one-tenth of the
global resources is exploited by construction activities,
which is equal to 40 percent of the material flows entering
the world economy. This obviously indicated the
development of construction industries accurately give
the concrete impact on the environment. The
respondents unanimously agreed that they are
responsible for catering the needs of their environment in
order to have sustainability practice by adopting the
environmental management system, improving site
management, wise use of resources, and certain of
management philosophy, such as, lean construction and
principle of just in time. Most of every nation‟s savings is
represented by its construction as construction plays a
very important role in up boosting the economic
conditions of the countries.
However, according to the report of World Bank,
natural disaster losses in developing countries are 20
times larger than the industrialized nations. This can be
attributed to the construction development process where
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Improve environment Nothing forseeable Procrastinate deterioration
Responses(%)
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Weak regulation Lack enforcement Unconsciousness
Responses(%)
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
7. Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries Development on Environment: Case Study in Penang, Malaysia
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 128
Figure 5. Efforts to Improve Construction Industries Sustainability Performance.
Source: Given by the Author
has implication with the environmental destruction. The
example case of Kazakhstan the poorest water supply
and sanitation systems due to deficient design, use of
poor construction materials and methods, and insufficient
maintenance and rehabilitation (Jarbussynova, 2001).
Unsustainable approaches in the construction business
leads to further social problems, such as, poverty,
inflation, economic depression, criminal and etc. In order
to avoid them, it is necessary to incorporate sustainable
means of construction (Ofori, 2004). Figure 5 represents
the efforts made by construction industries to sustain
their performances with regard to the environment.
CONCLUSION
This research study has explored different stages of
awareness amongst the stakeholders towards the
impacts of construction industries development into the
environment. Most of the event that took place in the last
decade made natural disaster management authorities
contact government and international organizations to
build sustainable environment with their help. Health and
safety of human beings should be one of the top most
priorities of all the construction authorities. They should
keep in mind that human beings in the neighborhood
have a right to safer life. Government should also play
their integral role in making strict construction policies for
all private and government. Construction organizations
should follow in the matters of land use. It is always to be
remembered that ineffective construction polices will
make natural disasters more worst and cause lethal
damage. The aim of this research study is to measure the
current practice of stakeholders in the construction
industries by assessing their perspective view of the
impact of current construction industries development on
environmental matters, plus ascertain their views on the
implementation of environment management system
approach for the conservation of the environment.. The
results show that developers have a good level of
knowledge about the adverse effects of construction
industries development on the environmental issues. This
would promote the production of environmentally sound
building by implementing sustainable construction
strategies in order to minimize the deterioration of the
environment through waste production minimizing and
maximizing the use of recycling.
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