The document discusses solid waste management. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding solid waste management and its importance. It then provides background on how waste disposal has evolved from early methods like digging pits to modern municipal collection. Key points made include that waste generation increases with population and industrialization. The types of solid waste are defined, including municipal solid waste and construction debris as the two major components. Regulations and policies governing solid waste management are also discussed. The document outlines how waste is classified in the Philippines into compostable, recyclable, residual, and special categories.

1. SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Prepared by:
Sophia Angela Lampitoc

2. Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter the students should be able to:
❏ discuss the importance of solid waste management;
❏ compare and contrast the different waste generated from different places
of origin;
❏ describe the types of waste disposal method and identify its advantages
and disadvantages;
❏ realize the importance of solid waste management and proper handling of
waste through the existing waste management methods; and
❏ determine the laws governing the implementation of waste management
programs locally and abroad.

3. As the number of population increases, the
number of waste that could be generated will
likely to increase causing waste disposal
problems. As long as humans have been living in
settled communities, solid waste, or garbage,
has been an issue, and modern society's
produces far more solid waste than in early
times. Early methods of waste management
consisted of digging pits and throwing garbage
into them. This created a record of the kinds of
lives that people lived, the type of living
environment they have and other interesting
glimpses into historic daily life.
Introduction to Solid
Waste Management

4. As human cities began to be more
concentrated; however, dealing with the
garbage became a serious issue. Houses that
did not have room to bury their trash would
throw it into the streets, making a stroll to the
corner store an unpleasant prospect. In
industrialized nations, a day can generate
several kilograms of solid waste per
consumer, not only directly from the
households, but indirectly from factories that
manufacture goods purchased by consumers.
At a conservatively estimated daily average
per-capita waste generation rate of 1.5
kilograms, about 4 billion tons of waste per
day would be produced in a year. This is
enough to build a 2-meter-high wall of waste
of a length equivalent to that of the great
wall, or to blanket the entire City of Singapore
with a 1-meter-thick coating of wastes in 40
days. (Rollan, 2012 p.262).

5. In response, many cities started to
come up with a municipal garbage
collection, in the form of a man with a cart
who would buy useful garbage from people
and recycle it, or waste collection teams
that would dispose of unusable waste. This
strategy basically describes what a waste
management is all about.

6. Waste Management
is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of
waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health,
the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice from
resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural
resources. All wastes materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or
radioactive fall within the remit of waste management.

7. Waste management practices can differ for
developed and developing nations, for urban and
rural areas, and for residential and industrial
producers. Management of non-hazardous waste
residential and institutional waste in metropolitan
areas is usually the responsibility of government
authorities, while management for non hazardous
commercial and industrial waste is usually the
responsibility of the generator subject to local,
national or international controls.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Waste management)

8. In Metro Manila, Asian Development Bank (2003)
reported that the average trash generated per person
per day is a half kilo which translates to 7,000 tons of
trash per day. On the other hand, a total of Php 3.8
billion has been spent for an annual garbage collection
which translates to Php1,500 per ton of garbage or
Php10.5 million per day. And if solid waste
management is employed such as segregations of
recyclables and biodegradables at source and do not
end up in dumpsites, Php 3.61 billion will be saved that
translates to cost savings of 95%. Based on studies
made by the National Solid Waste Management
Commission-Secretariat. situated at the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB) of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, with the above-
mentioned magnitude of generated waste, only 73%
are collected daily by dump trucks, with the remaining
27% ending up in canals, rivers, or any other space
where garbage could possibly be dumped into.

9. According to Medrano (2000), the problem of solid waste management
brought to the environment evidences of neglect and abuse. Wastes flood
the metropolis as canals and esteros become filled with trash. In the year
2000, countless lives have been lost as hundreds of people got buried alive
as mountains of garbage collapsed due to heavy downpour- a disaster
which we all regard now as the Tragedy of Payatas. This tragedy tempted
the government towards enactment of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act to provide a framework for managing the
growing problem of solid waste in the country.

10. Furthermore, Republic Act 9003 gives prime
importance to the roles of local government units
in managing their solid wastes. The law promotes a
way of thinking that waste is a resource that can
be recovered. This can be achieved by practicing
the 3 Rs: reduction, reuse, and recycle. It also
mandates us to put these principles into practice.
By doing so, the problem of solid waste
management can be solved. The law requires the
following: (a) solid waste must be reduced at
source; (b) recyclable materials must be recovered;
(c) the remaining waste, after recyclable and
biodegradable materials have been separated and
used, is to be disposed of properly.

11. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES,
REGULATIONS, ACTS, PROGRAMS AND
ORDINANCES
In order for a solid waste management
program to become fully implemented, it is a must
that national legislations and policies should be
formulated. The Urban Development Series of
Asian Development Bank (2012) has identified the
different laws in most of the Asian countries that
have been implemented with varying degrees of
success (Table 1: Visvanathan, Adhikari, and
PremAnanth 2007).

12. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES,
REGULATIONS, ACTS, PROGRAMS AND
ORDINANCES
Source: Green City Solid
Waste Management
(2012); ADB, Urban
Development Series (2012)

13. WHAT ARE SOLID
WASTES?
The Global Environment Center in Malaysia
(2013) defined solid waste as the useless and
unwanted products in the solid state derived
from the activities of and discarded by society.
It is produced either by-product of production
processes or arise from the when objects or
materials are discarded after use. However,
Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection-MassDEP (2013) describes solid
waste as wide variety of materials which come
in many forms that comprised of two major
components:

14. Two major components of Solid Waste:
trash generated by residents, businesses,
institutions and municipalities, but not including
hazardous waste or other industrial by-products-is the
first and largest component of the solid waste stream.
MSW typically contains a wide variety of discarded
materials: food scraps, yard wastes, paper and
paperboard products, plastics, metal, rubber, leather,
textiles, wood, glass, and other miscellaneous materials.
generated from the construction, renovation and demolition
of buildings, roads, bridges and other structures – is the
other major component of solid waste. C&D waste typically
includes asphalt, brick, concrete, metal, wood, wallboard and
plaster, and roofing and siding materials (such as wood and
asphalt shingles). Wood waste can be painted or stained,
unpainted or untreated, pressure-treated, or “engineered”
(particle board, for example), and also can take the form of
discarded pallets and crates.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Construction and Demolition Debris
(C&D)

15. There are other types of non-hazardous
waste produced in our society, including
include non-hazardous industrial wastes and
sludge, sewage sludge, junked cars,
contaminated soil, medical wastes, and
dredge spoils. While these materials can be
produced in large quantities in a typical year,
they are usually managed at specific
facilities and not disposed of as municipal
solid waste. For example, “end of life”
vehicles are crushed and shredded; the
resulting steel is shipped to Asia for
recycling and residual material is used for
daily cover at landfills.

17. ❖ Compostable Wastes
❖ Special Wastes
❖ Recyclable Wastes
❖ Residual Wastes
In the Philippines, the Ecological Management Bureau (EMB) of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) classified solid wastes into the
following:
Compostable wastes are biodegradable wastes
such as food waste, gardert waste, animal waste and
human waste. They undergo biological degradation
under controlled conditions and can be turned into
compost (soil conditioner or organic fertilizer) by
mixing them with soil, water, air and biological
additives/activators (optional).
Residual wastes are solid waste materials that
are non compostable and non-recyclable. It should be
disposed ecologically through a long term disposal
facility or sanitary landfill.
Recyclable materials refer to any waste material
retrieved from the waste stream and free from
contamination that can still be converted into suitable
beneficial use. These may be transformed into new
products in such a manner that the original products
may lose their identity.
Special wastes refer to household hazardous
wastes.

18. Classification of Solid Wastes:
Compostable Wastes
➢ Fruit and
vegetables peelings
➢ Leftover foods
➢ Vegetable trims
➢ Fish/fowl/meat/ani
mal entrails
➢ Soft shells
Recyclable Wastes
➢ Newspaper
➢ Ferrous scrap metal
➢ Non-ferrous scrap metal
➢ Corrugated cardboard
➢ Aluminum
➢ Glass
➢ Office paper
➢ Tin cans
➢ Seeds
➢ Leaves
➢ Flowers
➢ Twigs
➢ Branches
➢ Stems

19. Classification of Solid Wastes:
Residual Wastes
➢ Sanitary napkins
➢ Disposable
diapers
➢ Worn-out rugs
Special Wastes
➢ Paints
➢ Thinners
➢ Household
batteries
➢ Lead-acid batteries
➢ Spray Canisters
➢ Bulky Wastes such as:
★ Large worn-out or
broken furniture
★ Lamps
★ Filing Cabinets
➢ Consumer Electronics
★ Radios
★ Stereos
★ TV Sets
➢ White Goods- large broken
household appliances:
★ Stoves
★ Refrigerators
★ Dishwashers
★ Washing Machine
★ Dryers
★ Oil
★ Tires

20. End.